Gender differences in workplace violence against physicians and nurses in Latin America: a survey from the Interamerican Society of Cardiology.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate gender differences in workplace violence (WPV) against physicians and nurses in Latin America. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: A cross-sectional electronic survey was conducted between January 11 and February 28, 2022. A prespecified gender analysis was performed. RESULTS: Among the 3056 responses to the electronic survey, 57% were women, 81.6% were physicians, and 18.4% were nurses. At least one act of violence was experienced by 59.2% of respondents, with verbal violence being the most common (97.5%). Women experienced more WPV than men (65.8% vs 50.4%; P < 0.001; odds ratio [OR]: 1.89; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.63-2.19). Women were more likely to report at least one episode of WPV per week (19.2% vs 11.9%, P < 0.001), to request for psychological help (14.5% vs 9%, P = 0.001) and to experience more psychosomatic symptoms. In addition, women were more likely to report having considered changing their job after an aggression (57.6% vs 51.3%, P = 0.011) and even leaving their job (33% vs 25.7%, P = 0.001). In a multivariate analysis, being a woman (OR: 1.76), working in emergency departments (OR: 1.99), and with COVID-19 patients (OR: 3.3) were independently associated with more aggressive interactions, while older age (OR: 0.95) and working in a private setting (OR: 0.62) implied lower risk. CONCLUSIONS: Women are more likely to experience WPV and to report more psychosomatic symptoms after the event. Preventive measures are urgently needed, with a special focus on high-risk groups such as women.

Early treatment with low-dose enalapril after acute myocardial infarction: an equilibrium radionuclide angiographic study. Enalapril despues del Infarto (EDI) Trial Investigators.

BACKGROUND: To further elucidate the mechanisms involved in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, we compared the effects on left ventricular volumes of early (< 48 hours) versus late (45 days) administration of a fixed low dose of enalapril (10 mg) in patients with AMI. We also analyzed the changes of left ventricular volumes after withdrawal of the study drug. Reduced dilation of the left ventricle is one of the beneficial effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition after AMI. However, the nature of this effect is not completely understood. METHODS AND RESULTS: We included 89 patients within 48 hours after onset of a first AMI and radionuclide left ventricular ejection fraction less than 45%. The study was double-blind and compared enalapril and placebo with a crossover design. All patients were randomly assigned to a sequence A (enalapril, 45 days; placebo, 45 days) or B (placebo, 45 days; enalapril, 45 days). The end point was the change of left ventricular volume at 45 and 90 days. Thrombolysis was administered to 26 patients (70%) in group A and 25 (75%) in group B. All pretreatment clinical variables were similar in both groups. Median and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of left ventricular diastolic volumes were 46.8 ml/m2 (39 to 61 ml/m2) and 46.6 ml/m2 (39 to 60 ml/m2) for groups A and B, respectively. Baseline end systolic volumes were 28.5 ml/m2 (20 to 36 ml/m2) and 28.9 ml/m2 (23 to 28 ml/m2) in the same groups. Placebo treatment during the initial 45 days was associated with an increase of left ventricular diastolic volume of 8.75 ml/m2 (95% CI, 3.25 to 17.1 ml/m2; p < 0.01) and end-systolic volume of 4.20 ml/m2 (95% CI, 0.00 to 10.1 ml/m2; p < 0.05). No significant changes during other phases of the study were observed. At 45 days left ventricular diastolic volume was 11.1 ml/m2 (95% CI, 0.5 to 2.2 ml/m2), greater in placebo-treated patients compared with patients receiving enalapril. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with a first Q wave AMI and left ventricular ejection fraction less than 45%, treatment with enalapril can prevent left ventricular dilation. This protective effect involves at least partially a structural modification of the left ventricle. Hence, maximal benefit can be obtained only with early initiation of treatment.

Results of delivered therapy for VT or VF in patients with third-generation implantable cardioverter defibrillators.

Third-generation implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) offer tiered therapy and can provide significant advantage in the management of patients with life-threatening arrhythmias. Three different types of ICDs were implanted in 21 patients with ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF). Arrhythmia presentation was VT (76%), VF (10%), or both (14%). The mean left ventricular ejection fraction for the group was 32.4 +/- 7%. No surgical mortality occurred. Prior to discharge individual EPS determined the final programmed settings of the ICDs. During a mean follow-up of 13 +/- 1.4 months (range 2-20) the overall patient survival was 85.7%. No sudden arrhythmic or cardiac death occurred. Twenty of 21 patients (95%) received therapy by their device. In 14 patients (67%) antitachycardia pacing (ATP) was programmed "on," 13 of which was self-adaptative autodecremental mode. There were 247 VT episodes, 231 of which were subjected to ATP with 97% success and 3% acceleration or failure. Low energy shocks reverted all other VT episodes. VF episodes were successfully reverted by a single shock (93%), two shocks (6%), or three shocks (1%). We conclude that ATP therapy of VT is successful in the large majority of episodes with rare failures, and that VF episodes are generally terminated by a single ICD shock.

[The selection of resident physicians. The evaluation of their cardiology knowledge and of their pregraduate experience]. / Selección de médicos residentes. Evaluación de los conocimientos cardiológicos y de las experiencias del pregrado.

The purpose of this work was to assess the level of cardiological knowledge in a population of recently graduated physicians and to compare the examination results with pregraduation experiences. The results of the residency entrance examinations of 230 physicians from different universities were analyzed (Table 1). The examination consisted of 70 questions (69 by multiple choice and 1 of professional competence). The cardiovascular area was explored through 28 questions including basic and clinical subjects (Fig. 1). A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the examination was made based on difficulty and discrimination levels (Annex 1-2). A danger level was established when the answer involved a potential risk of death for the patient. Thirty percent of applicants passed the exam (60% of correct answers). Informative questions were easier than those of application and interpretation. A greater difficulty was evidenced with respect to questions in the clinical area (Fig. 3). A higher performance was noted in men, graduates from the University of Buenos Aires and those applicants with assistance and teaching experience. A remarkable positive correlation between average marks during the students career and the level of marks obtained in this exam (Fig. 2) was noted. Twenty-six percent of the physicians who failed gave potentially dangerous answers (Fig. 4). The examination results give us the opportunity to obtain information regarding features of university education.

Selección de médicos residentes. Evaluación de los conocimientos cardiológicos y de las experiencias del pregrado. / [The selection of resident physicians. The evaluation of their cardiology knowledge and of their pregraduate experience]

The purpose of this work was to assess the level of cardiological knowledge in a population of recently graduated physicians and to compare the examination results with pregraduation experiences. The results of the residency entrance examinations of 230 physicians from different universities were analyzed (Table 1). The examination consisted of 70 questions (69 by multiple choice and 1 of professional competence). The cardiovascular area was explored through 28 questions including basic and clinical subjects (Fig. 1). A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the examination was made based on difficulty and discrimination levels (Annex 1-2). A danger level was established when the answer involved a potential risk of death for the patient. Thirty percent of applicants passed the exam (60

of correct answers). Informative questions were easier than those of application and interpretation. A greater difficulty was evidenced with respect to questions in the clinical area (Fig. 3). A higher performance was noted in men, graduates from the University of Buenos Aires and those applicants with assistance and teaching experience. A remarkable positive correlation between average marks during the students career and the level of marks obtained in this exam (Fig. 2) was noted. Twenty-six percent of the physicians who failed gave potentially dangerous answers (Fig. 4). The examination results give us the opportunity to obtain information regarding features of university education.

Selección de médicos residentes. Evaluación de los conocimientos cardiológicos y de las experiencias del pregrado. / [The selection of resident physicians. The evaluation of their cardiology knowledge and of their pregraduate experience]

The purpose of this work was to assess the level of cardiological knowledge in a population of recently graduated physicians and to compare the examination results with pregraduation experiences. The results of the residency entrance examinations of 230 physicians from different universities were analyzed (Table 1). The examination consisted of 70 questions (69 by multiple choice and 1 of professional competence). The cardiovascular area was explored through 28 questions including basic and clinical subjects (Fig. 1). A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the examination was made based on difficulty and discrimination levels (Annex 1-2). A danger level was established when the answer involved a potential risk of death for the patient. Thirty percent of applicants passed the exam (60

of correct answers). Informative questions were easier than those of application and interpretation. A greater difficulty was evidenced with respect to questions in the clinical area (Fig. 3). A higher performance was noted in men, graduates from the University of Buenos Aires and those applicants with assistance and teaching experience. A remarkable positive correlation between average marks during the students career and the level of marks obtained in this exam (Fig. 2) was noted. Twenty-six percent of the physicians who failed gave potentially dangerous answers (Fig. 4). The examination results give us the opportunity to obtain information regarding features of university education.

Simultaneous measurement of ventricular function and myocardial perfusion using the technetium-99m isonitriles.

To assess both ventricular function and myocardial perfusion, five normal volunteers, 19 patients with coronary artery disease, and two patients with cardiomyopathy and normal coronary arteries were injected with 20 mCi of Tc-99m isonitrile (either methoxyisobutyl isonitrile or carbomethoxyisopropyl isonitrile) at peak bicycle exercise and again at rest. A standard Tl-201 stress test was performed in all patients at the same level of exercise within one month of the isonitrile study. In all normal subjects, myocardial perfusion was normal at stress levels and the left ventricular ejection fraction increased 5% or more with exercise. In the 19 patients with coronary artery disease, the ejection fraction response to exercise was abnormal in 14 patients. Perfusion images with the Tc-99m isonitriles correlated well with Tl-201 images during exercise and at rest, with 89% concordance in areas of ischemia or infarction and 93% in normal segments. A simultaneous study of myocardial perfusion and ventricular function can be performed using a single Tc-99m labeled myocardial agent. Tc-99m isonitriles, particularly Tc-99m MIBI, result in sufficiently high photon flux that ventricular performance can be studied at peak exercise and again during rest using the first pass method.

[Simultaneous test of ventricular function and myocardial perfusion, during exercise, using a new agent labeled with Tc99m]. / Test simultáneo de función ventricular y perfusión miocárdica, durante el ejercicio, mediante un nuevo agente marcado con Tc99m.

One a tribute of a Tc 99m labeled myocardial agent is the possibility to measure both ventricular function and myocardial perfusion with a single injection. To assess this, normal volunteers, 14 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and two suffering from cardiomyopathy with normal coronaries, were injected with 8-10 mci carbomethoxy-isopropyl-isonitrile or 20 mci Rp-30 Tc 99m at peak semi-recumbent bicycle exercise and again at rest. Thirty msec per frame first pass data, and 5 min static anterior, 40(0-) and 70(0-) left anterior oblique images were obtained. Standard Thallium 201 stress test were also done, within one month, and were at the same level of exercise. The left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) increased with exercise (69%-76%) in normal patients. All studies showed normal myocardial perfusion on exercise. In CAD patients the EF increased in some patients who had ischemia. Perfusion images with Tc 99m during exercise and at rest had an identical correlation with Thallium 201. The results support the concept of dual ventricular function and perfusion studies using a single Tc 99m labelled myocardial agent, and suggest that this could become the standard radionuclide stress tests in the future.

Test simultaneo de function ventricular y perfusion miocardica durante el ejercicio mediante un nuevo agente marcado con Tc99m / Simultaneous test of ventricular function and myocardial perfusion during exercise with a anew agent labelled with Tc99m

Utilizar un radiocompuesto con Tc99m para estudiar la perfusión miocárdica, permite determinar la función ventricular en la misma inyección, mediante la técnica de primer pasaje. Fueron estudiados 4 voluntarios normales, 14 pacientes con angina de esfuerzo y 2 portadores de miocardiopatía con coronarias normales. Todos fueron inyectados con 8-10mci de Tc99 carbometoxi-isopropil isonitrilo (CPI-Tc99m), o con 20mci de Tc99m-Nen-30, en el pico del ejercicio ergométrico y luego en reposo. Fue registrado el primer pasage del bolo radioactivo en imágenes de 30ms/frame. Se adquirieron luego a los 60 min las imágenes de perfusión correspondientes al esfuerzo, en las proyecriones anterior, OAI 45- y OAI 70-. Todos los pacietnes tenían realizado un estudio de perfusión de ejercicio con Talio 201 con similares niveles de esfuerzo. la fracción de eyección (FE) de ejercicio incrementó 69-76% en los normales; la perfusión miocárdica (PM) fue normal en todos ellos. En losportadores de miocardiopatía con coronarias normales, se observó disminución de la FE y la perfusión miocárdica con CPI-Tc99m. En los pacientes isquémicos la perfusión fue anormal en los 14 pacientes y la correlación con el Talio 201 fue excelente. Durante el ejercicio la FE incrementó en 4/14, disminuyó en 6/14 y permaneció sin cambios en 4/14. Estos resultados sugieren la posibilidad de utilizar el test simultáneo de perfusión y función ventricular con un solo ejercicio y radiocompuesto. La información de estos dos estudios mejoraría considerablemente la eficiencia del método, el cual podría convertirse en el test-radioisotópico estándar en el futuro (AU)

Test simultaneo de function ventricular y perfusion miocardica durante el ejercicio mediante un nuevo agente marcado con Tc99m / Simultaneous test of ventricular function and myocardial perfusion during exercise with a anew agent labelled with Tc99m

Utilizar un radiocompuesto con Tc99m para estudiar la perfusión miocárdica, permite determinar la función ventricular en la misma inyección, mediante la técnica de primer pasaje. Fueron estudiados 4 voluntarios normales, 14 pacientes con angina de esfuerzo y 2 portadores de miocardiopatía con coronarias normales. Todos fueron inyectados con 8-10mci de Tc99 carbometoxi-isopropil isonitrilo (CPI-Tc99m), o con 20mci de Tc99m-Nen-30, en el pico del ejercicio ergométrico y luego en reposo. Fue registrado el primer pasage del bolo radioactivo en imágenes de 30ms/frame. Se adquirieron luego a los 60 min las imágenes de perfusión correspondientes al esfuerzo, en las proyecriones anterior, OAI 45- y OAI 70-. Todos los pacietnes tenían realizado un estudio de perfusión de ejercicio con Talio 201 con similares niveles de esfuerzo. la fracción de eyección (FE) de ejercicio incrementó 69-76% en los normales; la perfusión miocárdica (PM) fue normal en todos ellos. En losportadores de miocardiopatía con coronarias normales, se observó disminución de la FE y la perfusión miocárdica con CPI-Tc99m. En los pacientes isquémicos la perfusión fue anormal en los 14 pacientes y la correlación con el Talio 201 fue excelente. Durante el ejercicio la FE incrementó en 4/14, disminuyó en 6/14 y permaneció sin cambios en 4/14. Estos resultados sugieren la posibilidad de utilizar el test simultáneo de perfusión y función ventricular con un solo ejercicio y radiocompuesto. La información de estos dos estudios mejoraría considerablemente la eficiencia del método, el cual podría convertirse en el test-radioisotópico estándar en el futuro