ABSTRACT
Around 1980, many perinatal centers began prospective cranial screening of preterm infants using portable ultrasonography at the bedside. This study examined developmental outcome at 1 and 2 years in relation to the presence and severity of neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). It varies from earlier reports in the size of the sample, restriction to infants without periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), and an attempt to formulate a predictive model by examining development longitudinally. Parametric and nonparametric analyses demonstrated that IVH related to Bayley mental and motor scores and neurologic ratings at 1 year but not at 2 years. Developmental delay and/or neurologic abnormality were more prevalent in infants with severe IVH but were far from universal. Regression analyses on prediction from neonatal and 1-year performance to 2-year scores revealed significant associations between the 1- and 2-year measures but not the neonatal and outcome measures. A direct insult to the CNS such as IVH thus constitutes only a limited model of risk status.
Subject(s)
Cerebral Hemorrhage/psychology , Child Development , Infant, Premature, Diseases/psychology , Brain Damage, Chronic/psychology , Cerebral Ventricles , Child, Preschool , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Neuropsychological TestsABSTRACT
The preterm infant is subjected to prolonged exposure to ambient nursery illumination at levels that have been found to produce retinal damage in animals. We prospectively investigated the effect of exposure to light in two intensive care nurseries by comparing the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity among 74 infants from the standard bright nursery environment (median light level, 60 foot-candles [ftc]) with the incidence among 154 infants of similar birth weight for whom the light levels were reduced (median, 25 ftc). There was a higher incidence of retinopathy of prematurity in the group of infants who had been exposed to the brighter nursery lights, particularly in those with birth weights below 1000 g (86 percent vs. 54 per cent, P less than 0.01 by chi-square test). We conclude that the high level of ambient illumination commonly found in the hospital nursery may be one factor contributing to retinopathy of prematurity and that safety standards with regard to current lighting practices should be reassessed.
Subject(s)
Intensive Care Units, Neonatal , Lighting/adverse effects , Nurseries, Hospital , Retinopathy of Prematurity/etiology , Birth Weight , District of Columbia , Female , Gestational Age , Hospital Bed Capacity, 100 to 299 , Hospital Bed Capacity, 300 to 499 , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Intensive Care Units, Neonatal/standards , Male , Nurseries, Hospital/standards , Prospective Studies , Retinopathy of Prematurity/epidemiologyABSTRACT
In the present paper behaviors of mentally retarded children were recorded simultaneously on real time and time lapse video recorders. Behaviors on the time lapse recordings occurred at a rate 12 times faster than they actually occurred in real time resulting in a 92 percent reduction in the time required to score the tapes. Reliability estimates from real time and time lapse records were high and correspondence between the two methods was good. The limitations of time lapse and the feasibilities for the extended use of time lapse video recorders in behavioral and ecobehavioral assessment of mentally retarded individuals are discussed.
Subject(s)
Intellectual Disability/psychology , Videotape Recording/methods , Autistic Disorder/psychology , Autistic Disorder/rehabilitation , Behavior Therapy/methods , Child Behavior , Child, Preschool , Feeding and Eating Disorders/therapy , Female , Humans , Male , Time FactorsSubject(s)
Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing) , Arousal/physiology , Fetal Blood/enzymology , Infant, Newborn , Motor Skills/physiology , Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH Group Donors/blood , Amines/blood , Behavior/physiology , Blood Platelets/enzymology , Humans , Monoamine Oxidase/blood , Racial Groups , Sex FactorsSubject(s)
Bibliographies as Topic , Child Behavior , Infant, Newborn , Psychological Tests , Humans , ResearchABSTRACT
The present study investigated whether the Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale predicts 10-week performance on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and examined whether early temperament relates to performance on both scales. 18 normal, term infants were studied. Conceptual, a priori scoring dimensions were applied to neonatal assessments at a mean of 8.6 days. Infant temperament data were available for 12 of the subjects at a mean of 13.3 days, and mental and motor development were assessed for all subjects at a mean of 68.8 days. The results indicate that the total of a priori Brazelton scoring dimensions and neonatal state control were predictive of Bayley mental quotients at 10 weeks. Caretakers' judgments of temperamental intensity and distractability at 2 weeks correlated with the Bayley scales and the Brazelton dimensions. Furthermore, dividing the infants into worrisome and optimal groups on the basis of the total produced significant differences in Bayley mental scores.
Subject(s)
Infant , Personality , Psychological Tests , Temperament , Attention , Child Behavior , Child Development , Humans , Intelligence , Motor SkillsABSTRACT
Time of day differences in sleep-waking state organization were studied in 2- and 8-week-old infants by means of videotape recordings. Observations were made prior to and following adaptation to standard laboratory conditions previously found to be stressful. Diurnal rhythms occurred for a number of component sleep-waking states under the nonstressful conditions only, and increased with age.
Subject(s)
Circadian Rhythm , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Sleep , Stress, Physiological/complications , Wakefulness , Adaptation, Psychological , Age Factors , Crying , Humans , Longitudinal StudiesABSTRACT
The stability of the OR habituation rate as an individual difference trait was investigated in 2 studies. The 1st focused on motor OR's to auditory stimuli at 3 ages within the 1st month of life, and the 2nd examined the HR responses to auditory stimuli at 4 and 8 months. The results indicate that motor OR's did not differ significantly with age and were moderately stable across ages. The stability decreased with age across consecutive days but increased across consecutive weeks. The cross-age correlation for HR responses was moderate. The results were compared with similar findings on other parameters of the OR.
Subject(s)
Conditioning, Classical/physiology , Habituation, Psychophysiologic/physiology , Heart Rate , Motor Activity/physiology , Orientation/physiology , Age Factors , Female , Humans , Individuality , Infant, Newborn , Male , Reflex, Startle/physiologySubject(s)
Sleep , Videotape Recording , Wakefulness , Age Factors , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Lie Detection , Male , Sleep, REMABSTRACT
Previous studies have found that laboratory conditions influence sleep-waking behavior in older infants, children, and adults. The present study employed videotape recordings to monitor continuous 24-hr sleep-waking activity in 2- and 8-week-old infants before, during, and after 12 hr of polygraphic recordings. Sleep- and waking-state organization were affected by laboratory conditions. At both age levels, increased fussy-crying and decreased alertness occurred during the first 4 hr in the laboratory when they were video recorded only and during the first 4 hr that the leads were in place. Decreased fussy-crying and increased alertness were noted in the following periods, indicating adaptation. Latency to sleep was shorter, and drowsiness increased and active sleep decreased while the leads were in place. At 8 weeks, quiet sleep increased and active sleep decreased while the leads were in place. These data suggest that the unfamiliar laboratory conditions inherent in both observational and polygraphic studies are stressful and that time for adaptation is needed.