Riesgo psicosocial de los trabajadores inmigrantes en España / Psichosocial risk of inmigrant workers in Spain

Introducción: España en las últimas décadas ha sido un receptor de un intenso flujo migratorio, sin embargo, por la crisis financiera actual, se está evidenciando un gran descenso. La inmigración está ligada al trabajo y búsqueda de mejores condiciones de vida. El trabajador inmigrante presenta una serie de riesgos psicosociales. Metodología: Se realiza búsqueda en principales bases de datos bibliográficas mediante palabras clave y se descriptores, aplicando posteriormente criterios de pertinencia, inclusión y exclusión, seleccionándose un total de 15 artículos que se clasifican mediante los criterios de evidencia del Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Resultados: Ser inmigrante conlleva a mayor discriminación, racismo y xenofobia en el lugar del trabajo. Las mujeres son más vulnerables a riesgos psicosociales. La mayoría de estudios resaltó la existencia de precariedad laboral. También hay discriminación más notable con ciertas nacionalidades. Muchos inmigrantes con estudios de alto nivel, se dedican a trabajos poco cualificados. Discusión: La mayor parte de los artículos revisados consideran que las condiciones de trabajo del inmigrante en España están caracterizadas por la precariedad, inestabilidad y por tanto vulnerabilidad en el ámbito laboral. También hay peor salud auto percibida, distrés físico y mayor riesgo de trastornos mentales. Diferencias de incidencia de acuerdo al género, siendo el sexo femenino más vulnerable. Conclusiones: En los artículos revisados la población inmigrante, en su mayoría, procede de países de menores rentas. Es relevante la discriminación percibida por un alto porcentaje de los inmigrantes en España en el entorno laboral. En general, el inmigrante se ve limitado en cuanto al tipo de trabajo al que accede, sus condiciones y derechos laborales (AU)

Introduction: During the last decades, Spain has been a receptor of an intense migratory flow, however, by the current financial crisis, it is showing a great fall. Immigration is linked to work and the search of better living conditions. The immigrant worker has several psychosocial risks. Methods: We performed a search in the main bibliographic databases using key words and descriptors, subsequently applying relevance, inclusion and exclusion criteria, selecting a total of 15 articles to which we applied the evidence criteria of the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Results: Being an immigrant leads to greater discrimination, racism and xenophobia at the workplace. Women are most vulnerable to psychosocial risks. Most of the studies also highlighted the existence of job insecurity. There is more discrimination among some nationalities. Many immigrants with a high level of studies, dedicate to low qualified jobs. Discussion: Most of the studies reviewed considered that work conditions in the immigrant in Spain are characterized by precariousness, unsteadiness and therefore vulnerability in the occupational sphere. There are also poor self-perceived health, physical distress and major risk of mental disorders. Incidences differ on gender, where females are more vulnerable. Conclusions: In the articles reviewed, immigrant population mostly comes from countries with lower incomes. It is outstanding the perceived discrimination on this field by a high percentage of the immigrants in Spain. Generally, the immigrant is limited in type of work that accesses, conditions and rights (AU)

Microsatellite instability and cytogenetic survey in myeloid leukemias.

Microsatellites are short tandem repeat sequences dispersed throughout the genome. Their instability at multiple genetic loci may result from mismatch repair errors and it occurs in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. This instability is also found in many sporadic cancers. In order to evaluate the importance of this process in myeloid leukemias, we studied five loci in different chromosomes of 43 patients, 22 with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) in the chronic phase, 7 with CML in blast crisis, and 14 with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), by comparing leukemic DNA extracted from bone marrow and constitutional DNA obtained from buccal epithelial cells. Only one of the 43 patients (2.1%), with relapsed AML, showed an alteration in the allele length at a single locus. Cytogenetic analysis was performed in order to improve the characterization of leukemic subtypes and to determine if specific chromosome aberrations were associated with the presence of microsatellite instability. Several chromosome aberrations were observed, most of them detected at diagnosis and during follow-up of the patients, according to current literature. These findings suggest that microsatellite instability is an infrequent genetic event in myeloid leukemias, adding support to the current view that the mechanisms of genomic instability in solid tumors differ from those observed in leukemias, where specific chromosome aberrations seem to play a major role.

Microsatellite instability and cytogenetic survey in myeloid leukemias

Microsatellites are short tandem repeat sequences dispersed throughout the genome. Their instability at multiple genetic loci may result from mismatch repair errors and it occurs in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. This instability is also found in many sporadic cancers. In order to evaluate the importance of this process in myeloid leukemias, we studied five loci in different chromosomes of 43 patients, 22 with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) in the chronic phase, 7 with CML in blast crisis, and 14 with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), by comparing leukemic DNA extracted from bone marrow and constitutional DNA obtained from buccal epithelial cells. Only one of the 43 patients (2.1 percent), with relapsed AML, showed an alteration in the allele length at a single locus. Cytogenetic analysis was performed in order to improve the characterization of leukemic subtypes and to determine if specific chromosome aberrations were associated with the presence of microsatellite instability. Several chromosome aberrations were observed, most of them detected at diagnosis and during follow-up of the patients, according to current literature. These findings suggest that microsatellite instability is an infrequent genetic event in myeloid leukemias, adding support to the current view that the mechanisms of genomic instability in solid tumors differ from those observed in leukemias, where specific chromosome aberrations seem to play a major role

Walker-Warburg syndrome. Report of two cases.

The purpose of this study is to describe two infants that were diagnosed with Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS), a rare form of congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD). They were studied in their clinical, laboratory, and neuroradiologic features. The index case had a brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the second patient had a head computerized tomography (CT). In addition, a literature review was performed to describe the main forms of CMD. The index case fulfilled all criteria for WWS. A brain MRI performed at age 4 months served to corroborate the clinical diagnosis, showing severe hydrocephalus, type II lissencephaly, cerebellar vermian aplasia, and a hypoplastic brain stem. The authors were able to establish a retrospective diagnosis of WWS in the index case's older sister, based upon her clinical picture and head CT report.