Resiliencia en estudiantes universitarios de ciencias de la salud chilenos en el contexto de la telesimulación / Resilience in Chilean university health science students in the context of telesimulation

Introducción: El presente trabajo tuvo como propósito conocer el nivel de resiliencia en contexto pandémico en una muestra de estudiantes de pregrado de ciencias de la salud y cómo ésta se comporta en escenarios de telesimulación. Sujetos y métodos: El estudio tuvo un enfoque cuantitativo, con diseño observacional y temporalidad transversal. Se incluyó a 192 estudiantes pertenecientes a cinco carreras de las ciencias de la salud, cuyas edades oscilaron entre los 20 y los 49 años. Para medir la variable de interés se utilizó el cuestionario de resiliencia adaptado a 44 ítems con respuestas en escalamiento de tipo Likert. Resultados: Los resultados muestran niveles altos de resiliencia en carreras con programas de estudio que incluyen la telesimulación y las diferencias entre cada una de estas carreras. Conclusiones: Se sugiere la ampliación de la línea de investigación en otros contextos situacionales e intervención de metodologías de enseñanza-aprendizaje, con el fin de potenciar los procesos de adaptación de los estudiantes de salud y evaluar competencias esperadas del perfil de egreso, directamente relacionadas con su desempeño en su quehacer profesional.(AU)

Introduction: The purpose of this work was to know the level of resilience in a pandemic context in a sample of undergraduate students of health sciences, and how it behaves in tele-simulation scenarios. The study had a quantitative approach, with observational design, cross-sectional temporality and prospective.Subjects and methods: We included 192 students belonging to 5 careers in health sciences, whose ages ranged between 20 and 49 years. To measure the variable of interest, the resilience questionnaire adapted to 44 items with Likert-type scaling responses was used. Results: The results show high levels of resilience in careers with study programs that include tele-simulation and the differences between each of these careers. Conclusions: It is suggested to expand the line of research in other situational contexts and intervention of teachinglearning methodologies, to enhance the adaptation processes of health students and evaluate expected competencies of the graduation profile, directly related to their performance in their professional work.(AU)

Hand-Portable Miniaturized Liquid Chromatography for the Determination of Chlorogenic Acids in Dietary Supplements.

With the explosive growth of the dietary supplements industry, new demands have emerged that cannot be faced with the sophisticated instrumentation available in well-equipped laboratories. In particular, there is a demand for simplified and easy-to-use instruments, capable of providing results in short times of analysis. In this study, a hand-portable miniaturized liquid chromatograph (portable LC) has been tested for the determination of chlorogenic acids (CGAs) in products intended to supplement the diet and elaborated with green coffee extracts. CGAs offer several health benefits due to their antioxidant properties, and an increasing number of dietary supplements are marketed with claimed high contents of these compounds. The results obtained with the proposed portable LC approach have been compared with those obtained with two other miniaturized benchtop liquid chromatography instruments, namely, a capillary liquid chromatograph (capLC) and a nano liquid chromatograph (nanoLC). Although compared with the methods that used the benchtop instruments, the sensitivity attainable was lower, the portable LC instrument provided a comparable analytical performance for the quantification of the main GCAs at low mg g-1 levels, and it was clearly superior in terms of speed. The proposed portable LC-based method can be applied to assess the content and distribution profile of the predominant CGAs in this kind of dietary supplement. It can be also used to estimate the antioxidant power due to CGAs, as well as their preservation state.

Optical determination of black carbon mass concentrations in snow samples: A new analytical method.

Black carbon (BC) aerosols in the atmosphere strongly affect direct radiative forcing and climate, not only while suspended in the atmosphere but also after deposition onto high albedo surfaces. Snow surfaces are especially sensitive to BC deposition, because of their high surface albedo and additional positive feedbacks further enhance faster snowpack melting caused by BC deposition, resulting in modifications in water resources and recession of glaciers. For the analysis of BC deposition on snow, a precise quantification of BC mass is needed. Instead, optical methods have the potential of quantifying only BC, based on its characteristic spectral absorption. Commercial optical transmissometers commonly use quartz filters to filter BC and measure its optical attenuation. They are calibrated for the determination of BC mass concentrations in air, but not adapted or calibrated for their determination in water or snowmelt samples. Additionally, they are generally calibrated using BC-simulating materials that are not representative of ambient BC particles. Here, a new analytical method is demonstrated for the quantitative determination of BC mass concentration in snow samples that considers filtering of melted snow with polycarbonate filters in a new device, and optical filter attenuation BC mass concentration measurement (880 nm). The attenuation can be obtained with any optical equipment that can measure the 880-nm attenuation of filters impacted with BC/snow impurities. This method has been calibrated using real diesel vehicle exhaust soot with well-known optical properties as reference material, yielding a multipoint calibration curve for common BC concentration levels in snow. The limits of detection (0.011 mg of BC), quantification (0.036 mg of BC) and reproducibility (96.39%) of this new analytical method have been determined. Real surface snow samples collected at different locations in "Los Andes" mountains of Chile were measured with this method given a BC concentrations ranged from 151 to 5987 µg kg-1.

Spatio-temporal characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi infection and discrete typing units infecting hosts and vectors from non-domestic foci of Chile.

BACKGROUND: Trypanosoma cruzi is a protozoan parasite that is transmitted by triatomine vectors to mammals. It is classified in six discrete typing units (DTUs). In Chile, domestic vectorial transmission has been interrupted; however, the parasite is maintained in non-domestic foci. The aim of this study was to describe T. cruzi infection and DTU composition in mammals and triatomines from several non-domestic populations of North-Central Chile and to evaluate their spatio-temporal variations. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A total of 710 small mammals and 1140 triatomines captured in six localities during two study periods (summer/winter) of the same year were analyzed by conventional PCR to detect kDNA of T. cruzi. Positive samples were DNA blotted and hybridized with specific probes for detection of DTUs TcI, TcII, TcV, and TcVI. Infection status was modeled, and cluster analysis was performed in each locality. We detected 30.1% of overall infection in small mammals and 34.1% in triatomines, with higher rates in synanthropic mammals and in M. spinolai. We identified infecting DTUs in 45 mammals and 110 triatomines, present more commonly as single infections; the most frequent DTU detected was TcI. Differences in infection rates among species, localities and study periods were detected in small mammals, and between triatomine species; temporally, infection presented opposite patterns between mammals and triatomines. Infection clustering was frequent in vectors, and one locality exhibited half of the 21 clusters found. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We determined T. cruzi infection in natural host and vector populations simultaneously in a spatially widespread manner during two study periods. All captured species presented T. cruzi infection, showing spatial and temporal variations. Trypanosoma cruzi distribution can be clustered in space and time. These clusters may represent different spatial and temporal risks of transmission.

¿Qué sucede en las comunidades cuando se cierra la escuela rural? Un análisis psicosocial de la política de cierre de las escuelas rurales en Chile / What happens in rural communities when school is closed? A psychosocial analysis about policy of closing rural schools in Chile

El cierre de escuelas municipales rurales en Chile es un fenómeno que cobra relevancia en los últimos años. Este ha dejado de constituirse como un conjunto de decisiones aisladas, materializándose como una política escasamente estudiada. Con los objetivos de analizar y comprender los procesos psicosociales que emergen a nivel de comunidad local y escolar cuando se cierra una escuela municipal rural, se desarrolla una investigación cualitativa con un diseño cuasi etnográfico, en dos comunidades rurales del sur de Chile cuyas escuelas fueron cerradas luego del terremoto del 2010. Los resultados muestran que el cierre de la escuela en comunidades rurales afecta la cohesión social a distintos niveles, en lo cual las formas en que los cierres se producen adquieren influencia.

The closure of rural municipal schools in Chile is a phenomenon that becomes relevant in recent years. These decisions have ceased to be isolated, materializing as a policy that has been poorly studied. With the objective to analyze and understand the psychosocial processes that emerge at the level of local community and school when closing a rural school, develops a qualitative research with quasi ethnographic in two rural communities in the south of Chile, where the schools were closed after the earthquake in 2010. The results of the research suggest that the closure or schools in rural contexts affect the social cohesion at different levels, where the particularly way of the closure happens is very important.

Cambios neuropsccológicos asociados a estimulacón cerebral profunda en enfermeedad de parkinson: revisión teórica / Neuropsychologcaal changes associated with dee brain stimulation of parkinsonn disease: theoreticalrreview

La enfermedad de Parkinson es una patología neurodegenerativa causada por la pérdida de células dopaminergicas en la sustancia negra mesencefálica. Esto produce una disfunción de los núcleos basales que se manifiesta con síntomas motores como temblor, rigidez y bradicinecia, entre otros. Con la estimulación cerebral profunda (ECP) ha resurgido la cirugía como opción terapéutica y es el núcleo subtalámico el área diana predilecta. Los estudios muestran mejoras significativas en los déficits motores, pero no hay claridad sobre los cambios neuropsicológicos de los pacientes sometidos a ECP. Se hace una revisión de los diferentes estudios que han investigado los cambios cognitivos, emocionales y comportamentales, concluyendo que la mayoría de habilidades cognitivas se mantienen o mejoran después de la ECP, pero pueden existir cambios emocionales y comportamentales adversos que están relacionadas con el núcleo cerebral donde se implanta el electrodo y con las características premorbidas de personalidad.

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder attributable to midbrain dopaminergic cell loss within the substantia nigra. This causes a dysfunction of the basal ganglia manifested by motor symptoms such as tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia among others. With Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), neurosurgery has emerged as a therapeutic option, being the subthalamic nucleus its main target area. Studies show significant improvement in motor deficits, but there is no knowledge on the neuropsychological changes in patients after DBS. A review of several studies that have researched the cognitive, emotional and behavioral changes concluded that most cognitive skills are either maintained or improved after DBS, but there may be adverse emotional and behavioral changes that are related to the core brain where the electrode is implanted and with its premorbid personality characteristics.