Estudio retrospectivo. Influencia de la Terapia Kinesiológica Temprana en el uso de Casco Modelador Craneal / Retrospective study. Influence of early physical therapy on the need to wear a skull molding helmet

Introducción. La plagiocefalia no sinostósica es una condición de salud caracterizada por una asimetría de cráneo que tiene diversas consecuencias en el desarrollo. Los principales tratamientos son la kinesioterapia y el casco de moldeado craneal (CMC). Objetivo. Evidenciar la influencia de la kinesioterapia temprana en la necesidad de usar casco modelador craneal. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y retrospectivo en lactantes mayores de tres meses ingresados al Centro de Rehabilitación Integral de Carabineros (CRICAR) con diagnóstico confirmado de plagiocefalia mediante la técnica de craneometría. Se recopilaron datos de 39 pacientes diagnosticados con plagiocefalia, evaluados y tratados entre 2017 y 2019. Se dividieron en dos grupos, ingreso temprano (bajo los 5,5 meses de edad cronológica) e ingreso tardío (sobre los 5,5 meses de edad cronológica). Resultados. Al realizar un análisis bivariado, se obtuvo que 9 de 20 pacientes tuvieron que usar CMC en el grupo de ingreso tardío, y solo 4 de 19 pacientes en el grupo de ingreso temprano. Al contrastar la razón de riesgo de usar CMC en el grupo expuesto versus el grupo no expuesto se obtiene que es 3 veces mayor, sin embargo, esta diferencia no es estadísticamente significativa (OR=3.06, IC95% 0.6-16.8) Conclusiones. El principal resultado de este estudio es la disminución en la diferencia de diagonales evaluadas con craneometría. Además, se ha observado que en nuestra muestra el uso de CMC es tres veces mayor cuando el ingreso a terapia kinesiológica es tardío.

Introduction. Non-synostotic plagiocephaly is health condition characterized by a skull asymmetry that has various developmental consequences. The main treatments are kinesiotherapy and cranial molding helmet (CMH). The purpose of this study is to evidence the influence of early kinesiotherapy on the need to use CMH. Methods. A quantitative, descriptive and retrospective study of infants older than three months, admitted to the Carabineros Comprehensive Rehabilitation Center (CRICAR) since January 2017 with a confirmed diagnosis of plagiocephaly by craniometry technique was performed. Data were collected from 39 patients diagnosed with plagiocephaly, evaluated and treated between 2017 and 2019. They were divided into two groups, early admission (under 5.5 months of chronological age) and late admission (over 5.5 months of chronological age). Results. When performing a bivariate analysis, we obtained that 9 out of 20 patients had to use CMC in the late admission group, and only 4 out of 19 patients had to use it in the opposite group. When contrasting the oods ratio of using CMC in the exposed group versus the non-exposed group we obtain that it is 3 times higher, however, this difference is not statistically significant (OR=3.06, IC95% 0.6-16.8). Conclusions. The main result of this study is the decrease in the difference in diagonals assessed with craniometry. In addition, it has been observed that in our sample the use of CMC is three times higher when admission to physical therapy is late.

Can COVID-19 pandemic worsen previous neurological/psychiatric diseases?

Introduction: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has been affecting the world since January 2020. Although its pathogenesis is primarily directed to the respiratory tract, other organs may be affected, including the nervous system. It has also been shown that the social context (confinement, lack of treatment) has affected neurological patients during this period. The aim of the study it was to assess the subjective worsening of neurological/psychiatric diseases in the context of the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic. Methods: Three groups of neurological/psychiatric patients were included: Patients who had symptomatic COVID-19 (n = 89), patients who had asymptomatic COVID-19 (n = 40), and a control group (n = 47), consisting of neurological/psychiatric patients without a history of SARS-Cov-2 infection. Results: 30.7% of the included individuals considered that their basal pathology had worsened during the study period. This feeling was significantly more frequent (P = 0.01) in patients with symptomatic COVID-19 (39.3%) than in patients of the other 2 groups (21.8%). Worsening was not related to the severity of COVID-19. The neurological conditions that significantly worsened after COVID-19, comparing symptomatic COVID-19 with the other 2 groups, were demyelinating and degenerative diseases. Conclusions: These results confirmed the impact of the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic on patients with neurological/psychiatric diseases. Confinement, lack of medical care, and the threat of diagnosis are surely contributing factors. Although the finding of a higher frequency of worsening in symptomatic COVID-19 patients may be related to greater anxiety/depression in this group of patients, we cannot exclude the role of direct affectation of the nervous system by the virus or damage due to neuroinflammation.

Introducción: La pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 afecta al mundo desde enero de 2020. Aunque su patogenia se dirige principalmente a las vías respiratorias, otros órganos pueden verse afectados, incluido el sistema nervioso. También se ha demostrado que el contexto social (confinamiento, falta de tratamiento) ha afectado a los pacientes neurológicos durante este periodo. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el empeoramiento subjetivo de enfermedades neurológicas/psiquiátricas en el contexto de la pandemia por SARS-Cov-2. Métodos: Se incluyeron tres grupos de pacientes neurológicos/psiquiátricos: pacientes que tenían COVID-19 sintomático (n = 89), pacientes que tenían COVID-19 asintomático (n = 40) y un grupo control (n = 47), formado por pacientes neurológicos/psiquiátricos sin antecedentes de infección por SARS-Cov-2. Resultados: El 30,7% de los individuos incluidos consideró que su patología basal había empeorado durante el período de estudio. Este sentimiento fue significativamente más frecuente (p = 0,01) en pacientes con COVID-19 sintomático (39,3%) que en pacientes de los otros 2 grupos (21,8%). El empeoramiento no estuvo relacionado con la gravedad de COVID-19. Las condiciones neurológicas que empeoraron significativamente después de la COVID-19, comparando la COVID-19 sintomática con los otros 2 grupos, fueron las enfermedades desmielinizantes y degenerativas. Conclusiones: estos resultados confirmaron el impacto de la pandemia del SARS-Cov-2 en pacientes con enfermedades neurológicas/psiquiátricas. El encierro, la falta de atención médica y la amenaza del diagnóstico son seguramente factores contribuyentes. Aunque el hallazgo de una mayor frecuencia de empeoramiento en pacientes sintomáticos de COVID-19 puede estar relacionado con una mayor ansiedad/depresión en este grupo de pacientes, no podemos excluir el papel de la afectación directa del sistema nervioso por el virus o el daño por neuroinflamación.

Utilidad práctica de la fibrina autóloga en medicina reparadora y cirugía plástica / Pratical use of autologous fibrin in repartive medicine and plastic surgery

El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar la eficacia clínica de la fibrina autóloga en heridas traumáticas con exposición de tejido noble, en el pie diabético y en úlceras por insuficiencia venosa crónica. El concepto es regenerar el tejido afectado e inducir de manera asistida la formación de tejido de granulación suficientemente compacto para incorporar autoinjertos de piel o facilitar el cierre por segunda intención cuando no puede realizarse injerto. La regeneración más rápida del tejido lesionado se traduce en la reducción del tiempo de morbilidad, disminución de los costes hospitalarios y mejora de la calidad de vida del paciente. Realizamos un estudio clínico prospectivo, observacional, longitudinal y aleatorio, con casos controles, entre octubre de 2011 y noviembre de 2013, en una muestra de 34 pacientes que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión de entre un total de 84 pacientes examinados. Estudiamos lesiones de 3 etiologías diferentes, todas ellas localizadas en miembros inferiores y que correspondían a heridas traumáticas con exposición de hueso y/o tendón, úlceras por insuficiencia venosa crónica Clase VI y lesiones de pie diabético Tipo II. A todos los pacientes incluidos en el estudio se les aplicó fibrina autóloga de forma asistida y ambulatoria, completando el tratamiento con la aplicación de gasas parafinadas y vendaje oclusivo durante 4 días. El control evolutivo y de ventajas de la técnica se realizó sobre lesiones de similar extensión, profundidad y localización, en 50 pacientes tratados de forma convencional, sin fibrina. Las lesiones que evolucionaron más rápidamente fueron las secundarias a traumatismos que exponían tejidos nobles, seguidas de las lesiones por insuficiencia venosa y, por último, de las lesiones correspondientes al pie diabético. En las lesiones de origen traumático, el tiempo de granulación para incorporar autoinjertos de piel parcial y/o de cierre por segunda intención fue en promedio 72,7% más rápido; en contraste con las lesiones del grupo control (8 semanas de diferencia). Las úlceras por insuficiencia venosa se recuperaron un 70,6% más rápido, con un promedio de 12 semanas de diferencia en comparación con el grupo control. En las lesiones de pie diabético la recuperación supuso un 58,3% de promedio, con 14 semanas de diferencia respecto a los controles. Todos los pacientes, tanto los de consulta externa como los hospitalizados por lesiones incapacitantes, fueron atendidos ambulatoriamente en el consultorio externo sin necesidad de ningún tipo de anestesia. El tiempo de evolución se redujo en un 64,7% de promedio con respecto al grupo de pacientes no tratados con fibrina. El tiempo de recuperación, estancia hospitalaria y la satisfacción mostrada por los pacientes frente a los resultados obtenidos alcanzaron significación estadística p < 0,05. La utilización de fibrina autóloga en lesiones de reconocida evolución lenta e incierta, acorta el tiempo de recuperación al inducir mejor cicatrización, mejora la calidad del tejido resultante, disminuye el tiempo de hospitalización y conlleva un alto grado de satisfacción de los pacientes por los resultados obtenidos (AU)

Our aim is to determine the clinical efficacy of autologous fibrin in traumas with deeply exposed open wounds; in diabetic foot, and ulcers due to chronic venous insufficiency. The goal was to regenerate the affected tissue and assist in inducing the formation of sufficiently compact granulation tissue, in order to enable auto-skin grafts or facilitate the closure by second intention, when grafts are not able to be used. The most rapid tissue regeneration becomes in a lower morbidity rate, reduction in hospital costs and a better quality of life. We present a clinical prospective study, observational, over time and random with control cases, carried out between October 2011 and November 2013, in a sample of 34 patients that met the inclusion criteria of a total of 84 patients examined. Lesions of 3 different etiologies were studied, all of them located in the lower limbs and that corresponded to trauma wounds with exposure of bone and/or tendons. Ulcers due to chronic venous insufficiency class VI and diabetic foot wounds type II were also included. All patients received autologous fibrin with assistance as outpatients, completing the treatment with the application of paraffin dressings and occlusive bandaging cures were done every 4 days. Controls of treatment and advantages of the technique were carried out on lesions of similar size, deepness and location, in 50 patients that were treated in a conventional way without using fibrin. Lesions that evolved faster were those due to trauma with exposure of bones or other soft tissue, followed by those due to venous insufficiency and lastly, those diabetic foot ones. In those lesions of traumatic origin, the granulation time, in order to incorporate partial auto-skin grafts and/or closure by second intention, was in an average of 72,7% faster when compared to those of the control group (8 weeks difference). Ulcers due to venous insufficiency healed 70,6% faster, with an average of 12 weeks difference with the control group. Diabetic foot wounds healed in an average of 58,3%, with 14 weeks difference with respect to the control group. All patients both consulted externally and those hospitalized due to their serious wound characteristics, were treated as outpatients with no need for any type of anaesthesia. Healing was reduced in an average of 64,7% in comparison to those treated without fibrin. Recovery time, hospital stay and satisfaction as reported by patients with regards to results obtained, was statistically significant p < 0,05. In conclusion, the use of autologous fibrin in lesions of known slow healing and uncertain evolution, decreases recovery time as it induces better wound healing. The use of fibrin helps to obtain better tissue quality, decreases hospital stay and achieves high patient satisfaction with results obtained (AU)

Tratamiento de quemaduras mediante plasma rico en plaquetas (PRP). Parte I / Treatment of burns with platelet rich plasma (PRP). Part I

El objetivo del presente trabajo es determinar la eficacia clínica del plasma rico en plaquetas (PRP) en las quemaduras de segundo grado. Estudiamos el tiempo requerido en la reepitelización del tejido dañado, la estancia hospitalaria asociada a la curación de las lesiones y la satisfacción del paciente. Realizamos un estudio prospectivo, observacional y longitudinal, en una muestra de 115 pacientes con quemaduras de segundo grado según la clasificación de Converse-Smith. Las lesiones fueron de menos de 48 horas de evolución, en diferentes zonas de cara y cuerpo. A todos los pacientes se les aplicó de forma ambulatoria PRP por goteo, completándose el tratamiento con la aplicación de gasas parafinadas. El estudio se realizó entre marzo de 2011 y agosto de 2013. Las quemaduras que evolucionaron mejor y de forma más rápida fueron las de cara, seguidas por las de abdomen y, por último, las de extremidades inferiores. En todas, el tiempo de epitelización fue un 30 % inferior que en quemaduras de similar extensión, profundidad y localización, en pacientes anteriormente tratados sin PRP. Los pacientes fueron atendidos ambulatoriamente cuando las lesiones lo permitieron, y si presentaban lesiones más extensas fueron hospitalizados. El tiempo de internamiento en estos casos se redujo como promedio 18 días con respecto al grupo no tratado con PRP. El tiempo de reepitelización, estancia hospitalaria y la satisfacción de los pacientes, alcanzaron significación estadística p< 0,05. En conclusión, creemos que el uso de PRP acorta el tiempo de recuperación en quemaduras de segundo grado, reduce el tiempo de hospitalización y conlleva un alto grado de satisfacción de los pacientes por los resultados obtenidos (AU)

The aim of this study is to determine the clinical efficacy of platelet rich plasma (PRP) for second degree burns. The time required for tissue reepithelization of lesions, down time associated with wound healing and patient satisfaction, are studied. We conduct a prospective, observational and long term study on 115 patients with second degree burns according to Converse-Smith classification. The lesions were of less than 48 hour evolution, located in different areas of the face and body. All patients received outpatient drip PRP, completing the treatment with the application of paraffin wax coated dressing and occlusive bandage. The study was carried out between March 2011 and August 2013. Lesions wit a better outcome and faster heal were those located on the face, followed by those on the abdomen and lastly those on the legs. In all cases reepithelization time was 30 % less compared to patients with burns of similar size, deepness and location, treated without PRP. Patients were treated as outpatients when lesions permitted. When lesions were more extensive, patients were hospitalized. Hospital stay in these case was decreased an average of 18 days when compared to patients not treated with PRP. Reepitelizatión time, hospital stay and patient satisfaction with the results achieved, reached a statistical value of p < 0,05. In conclusion, the use of PRP shortens recovery time for second degree burns, reducing hospital stay as well as obtaining a high patient satisfaction with results achieve (AU)

Morphine stimulates cancer progression and mast cell activation and impairs survival in transgenic mice with breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Morphine stimulates angiogenesis and cancer progression in mice. We investigated whether morphine influences tumour onset, development, and animal model survival, and whether µ-opioid receptor (MOR), lymphangiogenesis, mast cell activation, and substance P (SP) are associated with the tumour-promoting effects of morphine. METHODS: Transgenic mice with a rat C3(1) simian virus 40 large tumour antigen fusion gene which demonstrate the developmental spectrum of human infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma were used. Mice were treated at different ages with clinically relevant doses of morphine or phosphate-buffered saline to determine the effect on tumour development and progression, and on mouse survival. Tumours were analysed for MOR, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, SP, and mast cell activation by immunofluorescent- or laser scanning confocal-microscopy. Cytokine and SP levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Morphine did not influence tumour development when given before the onset of tumour appearance, but significantly promoted progression of established tumours, and reduced survival. MOR-immunoreactivity (ir) was observed in larger but not in smaller tumours. Morphine treatment resulted in increased tumour angiogenesis, peri-tumoural lymphangiogenesis, mast cell activation, and higher levels of cytokines and SP in tumours. SP-ir co-localized with mast cells and elsewhere in the tumours. CONCLUSIONS: Morphine does not affect the onset of tumour development, but it promotes growth of existing tumours, and reduces overall survival in mice. MOR may be associated with morphine-induced cancer progression, resulting in shorter survival. Mast cell activation by morphine may contribute to increased cytokine and SP levels, leading to cancer progression and refractory pain.

Evolutionary perspectives in a mutualism of sepiolid squid and bioluminescent bacteria: combined usage of microbial experimental evolution and temporal population genetics.

The symbiosis between marine bioluminescent Vibrio bacteria and the sepiolid squid Euprymna is a model for studying animal-bacterial Interactions. Vibrio symbionts native to particular Euprymna species are competitively dominant, capable of outcompeting foreign Vibrio strains from other Euprymna host species. Despite competitive dominance, secondary colonization events by invading nonnative Vibrio fischeri have occurred. Competitive dominance can be offset through superior nonnative numbers and advantage of early start host colonization by nonnatives, granting nonnative vibrios an opportunity to establish beachheads in foreign Euprymna hosts. Here, we show that nonnative V. fischeri are capable of rapid adaptation to novel sepiolid squid hosts by serially passaging V. fischeri JRM200 (native to Hawaiian Euprymna scolopes) lines through the novel Australian squid host E. tasmanica for 500 generations. These experiments were complemented by a temporal population genetics survey of V. fischeri, collected from E. tasmanica over a decade, which provided a perspective from the natural history of V. fischeri evolution over 15,000-20,000 generations in E. tasmanica. No symbiont anagenic evolution within squids was observed, as competitive dominance does not purge V. fischeri genetic diversity through time. Instead, abiotic factors affecting abundance of V. fischeri variants in the planktonic phase sustain temporal symbiont diversity, a property itself of ecological constraints imposed by V. fischeri host adaptation.

Salinity and temperature effects on physiological responses of Vibrio fischeri from diverse ecological niches.

Vibrio fischeri is a bioluminescent bacterial symbiont of sepiolid squids (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae) and monocentrid fishes (Actinopterygii: Monocentridae). V. fischeri exhibit competitive dominance within the allopatrically distributed squid genus Euprymna, which have led to the evolution of V. fischeri host specialists. In contrast, the host genus Sepiola contains sympatric species that is thought to have given rise to V. fischeri that have evolved as host generalists. Given that these ecological lifestyles may have a direct effect upon the growth spectrum and survival limits in contrasting environments, optimal growth ranges were obtained for numerous V. fischeri isolates from both free-living and host environments. Upper and lower limits of growth were observed in sodium chloride concentrations ranging from 0.0% to 9.0%. Sepiola symbiotic isolates possessed the least variation in growth throughout the entire salinity gradient, whereas isolates from Euprymna were the least uniform at <2.0% NaCl. V. fischeri fish symbionts (CG101 and MJ101) and all free-living strains were the most dissimilar at >5.0% NaCl. Growth kinetics of symbiotic V. fischeri strains were also measured under a range of salinity and temperature combinations. Symbiotic V. fischeri ES114 and ET101 exhibited a synergistic effect for salinity and temperature, where significant differences in growth rates due to salinity existed only at low temperatures. Thus, abiotic factors such as temperature and salinity have differential effects between free-living and symbiotic strains of V. fischeri, which may alter colonization efficiency prior to infection.

[Cholelithiasis in patients with liver cirrhosis]. / Colelitiasis en pacientes con cirrosis hepática.

We retrospectively studied 67 cirrhotic patients hospitalized in the service of gastroenterology of Hospital Daniel A. Carrión, Callao, Perú, between June 1993 and July 1995, aimed to determine the frequency of cholelithiasis and its main clinical and epidemiological features. Twelve out of 67 cirrhotic patients (17.91%) had cholelithiasis. 24% of women and 14.3% of men were affected (p > 0.05). The mean age of women and men were 57.33 and 57.5 years old respectively (range: 41-67 years old). The frequency of cholelithiasis did not increase with age and the proportionally most affected age group was 41-50 years (33.33%). Alcoholic etiology was the most often in cirrhotic patients with cholelithiasis (41.67%). The severity of liver disease influenced in the cholelithiasis frequency (p = 0.001) and 33.33% of patients with gallstones were in grade C of Child Pugh Score. Two thirds of patients were asymptomatic. We conclude: 1. Cholelithiasis in our cirrhotic patients more prevalent than in general population (17.91% vs 0.7-5%). 2. Age did not influence in cholelithiasis prevalence in our cirrhotic patients. 3. The severity of liver disfunction influenced in highly significant way (p = 0.001) on cholelithiasis prevalence. 4. Cirrhotic patients with gallstones had mostly (66.67%) an asymptomatic course.