Next steps to advance general physical activity recommendations towards physical exercise prescription: a narrative review.

Physical inactivity is a major health concern, associated with the development of several non-communicable diseases and with an increased mortality rate. Therefore, promoting active lifestyles has become a crucial public health necessity for enhancing overall health and quality of life. The WHO guidelines for physical activity (PA) present valuable contributions in this respect; however, we believe that greater specificity should be added or complemented towards physical exercise (PE) testing, prescription and programming in future recommendations. In this review article, we suggest simple and practical tools accessible to the entire population to improve the specificity of this approach, highlighting aspects of PE programming used by trained subjects. By adopting these suggestions, exercise professionals, clinicians and physical trainers can optimise the current general PA recommendations towards PE prescription to improve fitness status and encourage PE adherence in the general population.

Efectividad de la Rehabilitación basada en Ejercicio Físico sobre la Sintomatología Prolongada de COVID-19 en Personas Mayores: Una Revisión Sistemática / Effectiveness of Rehabilitation based on Physical Exercise on Prolonged Symptoms of COVID-19 in Older People: A Systematic Review

Propósito. Sistematizar la evidencia respecto a la efectividad de los programas de rehabilitación, basados en la prescripción del ejercicio físico, aplicados en personas mayores con síntomas prolongados de COVID-19. Métodos. Se revisaron las bases de datos PubMed, Science Direct, SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE Complete y Web of Science. Se buscaron estudios de tipo ensayo controlado aleatorizado con fecha de publicación desde el año 2020 hasta octubre de 2022 centrados en programas de rehabilitación, o intervención terapéutica, basados en ejercicio físico en individuos mayores o igual de 60 años que manifiesten síntomas persistentes de COVID-19 posterior a la fase aguda. Resultados. Dos ensayos controlados aleatorizados, que midieron la eficacia de la rehabilitación con ejercicio físico en personas de edad avanzada (mayores o iguales a 60 años), fueron identificados. Los resultados mostraron mejoría de la tolerancia al esfuerzo, la función respiratoria y el bienestar psicológico en los adultos mayores con síntomas post-COVID-19. Sin embargo, la cantidad de estudios es baja y la representación de este grupo etario, también. Conclusión. Los programas de rehabilitación, en personas mayores, basados en ejercicio, son efectivos para tratar los síntomas post-COVID-19. Se necesitan más estudios comparativos de alta calidad, en personas mayores, para desarrollar programas de rehabilitación que permitan afrontar la fase prolongada de la enfermedad.

Purpose. To systematize the evidence regarding the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs, based on the prescription of physical exercise, applied in older people with persistent symptoms of COVID-19. Methods. The PubMed, Science Direct, SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE Complete and Web of Science databases were reviewed. Randomized controlled trial-type studies with a publication date from 2020 to October 2022 and that were focused on physical exercise-based rehabilitation programs that were applied to individuals over or equal to 60 years of age who manifest persistent COVID-19 symptoms post-acute phase. Results. Two randomized controlled trials, which measured the effectiveness of physical exercise-based rehabilitation in elderly people (over or equal to 60 years), were identified. The results showed improvement in exercise tolerance, respiratory function, and psychological well-being in older adults with post-COVID-19 symptoms. However, the number of studies is low and the representation of this age group, too. Conclusion. Physical exercise-based rehabilitation programs in older people are effective in treating post-COVID-19 symptoms. More high-quality comparative studies are needed, in older people, to develop rehabilitation programs that allow coping with the prolonged phase of the disease.

Programas de Intervención para la Promoción de Actividad Física y Hábitos Saludables en Escolares Chilenos: Una Revisión Narrativa / Intervention Programs for the Promotion of Physical Activity and Eating Habits in Chilean Schoolchildren: A Narrative Review

Introducción. Los programas de intervención escolar en actividad física y hábitos de vida saludable, surgen debido a que el sobrepeso y la obesidad infantil en Chile, han aumentado progresivamente, llegando en la actualidad a cifras que superan el 30 % de la totalidad en el país. Objetivo. sistematizar los efectos de programas de intervención para la promoción de actividad física y/o de hábitos saludables implementados en escolares chilenos. Metodos. Se revisaron artículos publicados entre los años 2011 y 2021, en las bases de datos de: Pubmed, Scopus y Dialnet. Resultados. Se contabilizaron un total de 237 artículos de los cuales luego de la lectura de títulos y resumen (53) y lectura del texto completo (21), las que una vez filtradas dejó un total de 5 artículos. En todos los programas se muestra que por medio de la educación nutricional mejoró el conocimiento alimentario de manera significativa, así también se demuestra que la actividad física realizada por profesionales favorecen el gasto energético y es efectiva en reducir la prevalencia de obesidad. Conclusión. El fomento de la AF y educación nutricional logran un efecto positivo para el logro del control del sobrepeso y obesidad en población infantil.

Background. School intervention programs in physical activity and healthy lifestyles arise because childhood overweight and obesity in Chile have progressively worsened, currently reaching figures that exceed 30% of the total in the country. Objective. to investigate in the literature the effects of intervention programs aimed at promoting physical activity and healthing habits in Chilean schoolchildren. Methods. Articles published between 2011 and 2021 are reviewed, in the databases of: Pubmed, Scopus and Dialnet. Results. A total of 237 articles were counted, of which after reading the titles and abstract (53) and reading the full text (21), which once filtered left a total of 5 articles. In all the programs it is shown that through nutrition, food knowledge improved significantly, as well as it is shown that physical activity carried out by professionals favors energy expenditure and is effective in reducing the prevalence of obesity. Conclusion. The promotion of PA and nutritional education achieved a positive effect in achieving control of overweight and obesity in the child population

Habilidades motoras fundamentales en preescolares chilenos

Fernández-Valero, P.B. y Soto-Sánchez, J. (2022). Habilidades motoras fundamentales en preescolares chilenos. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(1), 1-13. Las habilidades motoras fundamentales (HMF) son vinculadas como un factor clave en la promoción de estilos de vida activos y de salud a lo largo de la vida. No obstante, los resultados sobre HMF en preescolares son heterogéneos. El objetivo del estudio es describir la categorización de la puntuación obtenida en el test de HMF, así como dilucidar las diferencias por sexo y edad. Se realizó un estudio de diseño transversal, con 145 preescolares (84 varones) de 4 a 6 años (5.44 ± 0.58 años) participantes de un programa nacional del Ministerio del Deporte. Las HMF se midieron usando la prueba de desarrollo motor grueso (segunda edición). Para el análisis por categorías de las HMF, se convirtieron en percentiles los puntajes obtenidos en la prueba, presentados a través de tablas de frecuencias. Para analizar las diferencias por sexo y edad se utilizaron U de Mann-Whitney y Kruskal-Wallis para aquellos sin distribución normal y los análisis de t de student y ANOVA de una vía para aquellas variables con distribución normal. Los principales resultados indican que los preescolares presentan mayormente puntajes sobre el percentil ( p50). Los niños poseían mayores puntajes  p50 en las habilidades de locomoción, control de objetos (p = .007) y HMF total que las niñas. Niños y niñas mostraron mayores puntajes  p50 con el aumento de la edad en habilidades de locomoción (p = .002), control de objetos (p <.001) y HMF total (p <.001). En conclusión, los preescolares chilenos presentan un adecuado desempeño en las HMF, dilucidando diferencias significativas por sexo y edad, principalmente en el control de objetos.

Fernández-Valero, P.B. & Soto-Sánchez, J. (2022). Fundamental motor skills in chilean preschoolers. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(1), 1-13. Fundamental Motor Skills (FMS) have been identified as a key factor in fostering active, healthy lifestyles throughout life. However, FMS findings among preschoolers are mixed. The objective of this study is to describe the categorization of the scores obtained in the FMS test, as well as to clarify the differences by sex and age. A cross-cutting design study was carried out with 145 preschool children (84 of them boys) of ages 4 to 6 (5.44 ± 0.58 years old) participating in a national program of the Ministry of Sports. FMS were measured by using the gross motor development test (second edition). For the category analysis of the FMS, the scores obtained in the test were converted to percentiles, presented through frequency tables. In order to analyze sex and age differences, U of Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis were used for those without normal distribution, and the Student t and one-way ANOVA analyses for variables with normal distribution. The main outcomes indicate that preschoolers mostly obtain scores above the ≥p50 percentile. Boys showed higher ≥p50 scores in locomotion skills, object control (p = 007) and total FMS than girls. Boys and girls showed higher ≥p50 scores with increase in age in locomotion skills (p = .002), object control (p <.001) and total FMS (p <.001). In conclusion, Chilean preschoolers show fair performance in FMS, and manifest significant differences by sex and age, mainly in object control.

Fernández-Valero, P.B. y Soto-Sánchez, J. (2022). Habilidades motoras fundamentais em pré-escolares chilenos. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(1), 1-13. As habilidades motoras fundamentais (HMF) estão vinculadas como fator-chave na promoção de estilos de vida ativos e de saúde ao longo da vida. No entanto, os resultados da HMF em pré-escolares são heterogêneos. O objetivo do estudo é descrever a categorização do escore obtido no teste da HMF, bem como elucidar as diferenças por sexo e idade. Foi realizado um estudo transversal com 145 pré-escolares (84 meninos) de 4 a 6 anos (5,44 ± 0,58 anos) participantes de um programa nacional do Ministério do Esporte. As HMFs foram medidas por meio do teste de desenvolvimento motor grosso (segunda edição). Para a análise por categorias da HMF, os escores obtidos no teste, apresentados por tabelas de frequência, foram convertidos em percentis. Para analisar as diferenças por sexo e idade, foram utilizados o teste U de Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis para aqueles sem distribuição normal, e o teste t de Student e ANOVA de uma via para aquelas variáveis com distribuição normal. Os principais resultados indicam que os pré-escolares têm, em sua maioria, escores em relação ao percentil ( p50). Os meninos apresentaram maiores escores  p50 nas habilidades de locomoção, controle de objetos (p = 0,007) e HMF total do que as meninas. Meninos e meninas apresentaram maiores escores  p50 com o aumento da idade em habilidades de locomoção (p = 0,002), controle de objetos (p <0,001) e HMF total (p <0,001). Em conclusão, os pré-escolares chilenos apresentaram desempenho adequado nas HMFs, elucidando diferenças significativas por sexo e idade, principalmente no controle de objetos.

Diferencias en el estado nutricional y potencia aeróbica máxima en adolescentes de acuerdo al nivel de vulnerabilidad

RESUMEN Introducción: Chile, en los últimos 40 años, ha presentado cambios sociales que han influido en el nivel de vulnerabilidad de niños, niñas y adolescentes. Este nivel es determinado a través del índice de vulnerabilidad (IVE). El objetivo de este estudio es analizar diferencias en el estado nutricional y potencia aeróbica máxima de acuerdo al IVE, en estudiantes de 14 años de establecimientos educacionales de comunas de la Región Metropolitana de Chile. Método: fueron evaluados 186 escolares de 14,1 ± 0,7 años (88 hombres y 98 mujeres), pertenecientes a 8 establecimientos educacionales, caracterizados por IVE (IVE-0 e IVE-89). Las variables antropométricas medidas fueron peso, talla, perímetro de cintura, IMC, Z-score-IMC y relación cintura estatura. La potencia aeróbica máxima fue medida por el consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2máx) relativo al peso corporal (mlO2·kg−1·min−1) obtenido de la prueba de 20 m ida y vuelta. Resultados: Fueron observadas diferencias por IVE en Zscore-IMC [IVE-0: 0,761 (0,352 −1,19) IVE-89: 1,29 (0,341-2,45) (p<0,0001)] y potencia aeróbica máxima [IVE-0: 46 (42,1-50,2) IVE-89: 43,7 (33,2-46,3) (p<0,0001)] en los escolares. Además, se demostró que adolescentes obesos presentan 5,34 mayor probabilidad de presentar menores valores VO2máx, de igual forma, este modelo demuestra que, pertenecer al grupo con mayor vulnerabilidad (IVE 89), expone a los adolescentes a 5,09 veces la probabilidad de presentar valores bajos de VO2máx. Conclusiones: Adolescentes, pertenecientes a establecimientos educacionales con mayor índice de vulnerabilidad presentan mayor prevalencia de sobrepeso u obesidad y menor capacidad cardiorrespiratoria.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In the last 40 years, Chile has presented social changes, which influence the level of vulnerability of children and adolescents, as measured by a vulnerability index (EVI). Objective: To analyze the differences by EVI in nutritional status and cardiorespiratory fitness, as well as, the relationship between these variables in 14-year-old students. Method: Adolescents (n= 186, 88 males and 98 females) were 14.08±0.72 years of age from 8 educational establishments were characterized according to the EVI (EVI-0 and EVI-89) of their educational establishment. Weight and height were measured to determine BMI and BMI z-score, waist circumference, waist height ratio and cardiorespiratory fitness was measured by the maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) relative to body weight (mlO2·kg−1·min−1) using the 20 m shuttle run test. Results: Differences were observed by EVI in BMI z-score [EVI-0: 0.761 (0.352 −1.19) EVI-89: 1.29 (0.341 −2.45) (p<0.0001)] and cardiorespiratory capacity of adolescents [EVI-0: 46 (42.1-50.2) EVI-89: 43.7 (33.2 - 46.3) (p<0.0001)]. In addition, it was shown that obese adolescents had 5.34 greater probability of presenting lower VO2max values, in the same way, this model shows that, belonging to the group with greater vulnerability (IVE 89), exposed adolescents to 5.09 times the probability of presenting low VO2max values. Conclusions: Adolescents belonging to educational establishments with greater vulnerability due to EVI present a higher prevalence of overweight or obesity and lower cardiorespiratory fitness than those more economically favored.

Telerehabilitation is Effective to Recover Functionality and Increase Skeletal Muscle Mass Index in COVID-19 Survivors.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a telerehabilitation program for COVID-19 survivors on their functionality, aerobic capacity, upper-lower body strength and skeletal muscle mass index. Methods: Fifty patients (22 M); age 54.1±15.4 who became ill with COVID-19 during 2020 completed a 24-session telerehabilitation program. The following measures were taken: Barthel's index, two minutes step test (2MST), elbow flexion one-repetition maximal (1RM), short physical performance battery (SPPB), hand grip strength, 30-second chair stand, skeletal muscle index (SMI), body fat percentage, resting pulse, arterial blood pressure, and pulse oximetry. Results: There was a significant increase in the Barthel index (p≤0.0001), 2MST (p≤0.0001), 1RM elbow flexion (p≤0.0001), SPPB (p≤0.0001), hand grip strength (p≤0.0001), 30-second chair stand (p≤0.000l), and SMI (p≤0.0001). Conclusion: A 24 session in-home telerehabilitation program promoted the recovery of physical independence and increases in skeletal muscle mass index and physical fitness.

[Maximum aerobic power output in overweight and obese individuals]. / Potencia aeróbica máxima en el obeso: Valores de referencia.

BACKGROUND: The evaluation of physical fitness is important to determine workloads and to assess the effectiveness of exercise interventions in obese people. AIM: To determine the maximum aerobic power output (MAPO) in overweight and obese individuals and to establish reference parameters for the Chilean population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred five men and 218 women performed a cycle ergometer test up to 85% of their maximum heart rate. MAPO was determined by linear extrapolation of the theoretical maximum heart rate. RESULTS: Among men, MAPO values were 234.9 ± 48.4 w for body mass index (BMI) values between 30 and 34.9 kg/m2, 235.1 ± 69.7 w for BMI between 35 and 39.9 kg/m2, 270.2 ± 86.5 w for BMI over 40 kg/m2. MAPO relative values were 2.27 ± 0.5, 2.16 ± 0.6 and 1.96 ± 0.8 w/kg, respectively. Among women, MAPO was 172.6 ± 36.1 w for a BMI < 30 kg/m2, 169.2 ± 39.4 w for BMI between 30 and 34.9 kg/m2, 179.5 ± 48.8 w f179.5 ± 48.8 w for BMI between 35 and 39.9 kg/m2 and 202.3 ± 57.3 w for BMI of 40 kg/m2 or over. The relative values were 2.33 ± 0.5; 2.02 ± 0.5; 1.91 ± 0.5 and 1.81 ± 0.5 w / kg (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: MAPO estimation with a cycle ergometer test is well tolerated in overweight and obese individuals. MAPO decreased along with BMI increments in women. No association between BMI and MAPO in men was observed.

Potencia aeróbica máxima en el obeso: Valores de referencia / Maximum aerobic power output in overweight and obese individuals

Background: The evaluation of physical fitness is important to determine workloads and to assess the effectiveness of exercise interventions in obese people. Aim: To determine the maximum aerobic power output (MAPO) in overweight and obese individuals and to establish reference parameters for the Chilean population. Material and Methods: One hundred five men and 218 women performed a cycle ergometer test up to 85% of their maximum heart rate. MAPO was determined by linear extrapolation of the theoretical maximum heart rate. Results: Among men, MAPO values were 234.9 ± 48.4 w for body mass index (BMI) values between 30 and 34.9 kg/m2, 235.1 ± 69.7 w for BMI between 35 and 39.9 kg/m2, 270.2 ± 86.5 w for BMI over 40 kg/m2. MAPO relative values were 2.27 ± 0.5, 2.16 ± 0.6 and 1.96 ± 0.8 w/kg, respectively. Among women, MAPO was 172.6 ± 36.1 w for a BMI < 30 kg/m2, 169.2 ± 39.4 w for BMI between 30 and 34.9 kg/m2, 179.5 ± 48.8 w f179.5 ± 48.8 w for BMI between 35 and 39.9 kg/m2 and 202.3 ± 57.3 w for BMI of 40 kg/m2 or over. The relative values were 2.33 ± 0.5; 2.02 ± 0.5; 1.91 ± 0.5 and 1.81 ± 0.5 w / kg (p < 0.05). Conclusions: MAPO estimation with a cycle ergometer test is well tolerated in overweight and obese individuals. MAPO decreased along with BMI increments in women. No association between BMI and MAPO in men was observed.

Oxygen pulse as a protective factor of insulin resistance in sedentary women with overweight or obesity.

BACKGROUND: obesity is associated with insulin resistance (IR). Through exercise, insulin resistant obese patients can effectively improve theircardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). The effect of exercise on patients CRF can be determined by oxygen pulse (PO2) analysis. Despite its usefulness, there is limited literature on PO2 analysis in patients with obesity and insulin resistance. OBJECTIVE: the goal of the present study is to evaluate the relation between PO2 and IR in sedentary obese women. METHODS: fifty-five women were submitted to a maximal exercise test for evaluation of maximal oxygen consumption and PO2. The subjects with a homeostatic model assessment of IR index greater or equal to 2.5 were considered as insulin-resistant (IR). Participants were divided into two groups, IR group (n = 35) and non-IR group (n = 20). RESULTS: the IR group had lower values of PO2 relative to body weight (11.0 ± 1.7 versus 12.6 ± 1.4 ml∙kg∙beats-1, p = 0.001) and relative to lean mass (21.7 ± 2.9 versus 23.2 ± 2.8 ml∙kg∙beats-1, p = 0.038) than non-IR group. No statistical differences were found in maximal oxygen consumption between the groups (non-IR = 1.53 ± 0.27 l∙min-1, IR = 1.51 ± 0.28 l∙min-1; p = 0.386). PO2 relative to body weight and HOMA-IR was inversely correlated (p < 0.001; r = -0.465). Logistic regression analysis showed an association between PO2 relative to weight (p = 0.001, OR = 0.47) and fat free mass (p = 0.01, OR = 0.73), both models adjusted by age. CONCLUSIONS: this study demonstrates a relation between HOMA-IR and PO2. Our results suggest that PO2 could be a protective factor against insulin resistance.

Oxygen pulse as a protective factor of insulin resistance in sedentary women with overweight or obesity / Pulso de oxígeno como factor protector de resistencia a la insulina en mujeres sedentarias con sobrepeso u obesidad

Background: obesity is associated with insulin resistance (IR). Through exercise, insulin resistant obese patients can effectively improve their cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). The effect of exercise on patients CRF can be determined by oxygen pulse (PO2) analysis. Despite its usefulness, there is limited literature on PO2 analysis in patients with obesity and insulin resistance. Objective: the goal of the present study is to evaluate the relation between PO2 and IR in sedentary obese women. Methods: fifty-five women were submitted to a maximal exercise test for evaluation of maximal oxygen consumption and PO2. The subjects with a homeostatic model assessment of IR index greater or equal to 2.5 were considered as insulin-resistant (IR). Participants were divided into two groups, IR group (n = 35) and non-IR group (n = 20). Results: the IR group had lower values of PO2 relative to body weight (11.0 ± 1.7 versus 12.6 ± 1.4 ml∙kg∙beats-1, p = 0.001) and relative to lean mass (21.7 ± 2.9 versus 23.2 ± 2.8 ml∙kg∙beats-1, p = 0.038) than non-IR group. No statistical differences were found in maximal oxygen consumption between the groups (non-IR = 1.53 ± 0.27 l∙min-1, IR = 1.51 ± 0.28 l∙min-1; p = 0.386). PO2 relative to body weight and HOMA-IR was inversely correlated (p < 0.001; r = -0.465). Logistic regression analysis showed an association between PO2 relative to weight (p = 0.001, OR = 0.47) and fat free mass (p = 0.01, OR = 0.73), both models adjusted by age. Conclusions: this study demonstrates a relation between HOMA-IR and PO2. Our results suggest that PO2 could be a protective factor against insulin resistance

Introducción: la sensibilidad a la insulina ha sido ampliamente relacionada con el fitness cardiorrespiratorio (FCR), el cual puede ser evaluado a través del pulso de oxígeno (PO2). Este corresponde al producto entre el volumen sistólico y la diferencia arteriovenosa de oxígeno y en sujetos sin alteraciones cardiovasculares podría ser un indicador de alteraciones del metabolismo a nivel periférico como la resistencia a la insulina (RI). Objetivo: el objetivo del presente estudio es evaluar la relación entre el PO2 y la RI en mujeres sedentarias con obesidad. Métodos: cincuenta y cinco mujeres fueron sometidas a una prueba de ejercicio maximal para la evaluación del consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2max) y del PO2. Los sujetos con un índice HOMA-IR mayor o igual a 2,5 fueron considerados con resistencia a la insulina. Los participantes fueron divididos en dos grupos, RI (n = 35) y no-RI (n = 20). Resultados: el grupo RI presentó valores menores de PO2 relativo al peso corporal (11,0 ± 1,7 versus 12,6 ± 1,4 ml∙kg∙latidos-1, p = 0,001) y relativo a la masa libre de grasa (21,7 ± 2,9 versus 23,2 ± 2,8 ml∙kg∙latidos-1, p = 0,038) respecto al grupo no-RI. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el VO2max entre ambos grupos (no-RI = 1.53 ± 0.27 l∙min-1, RI = 1,51 ± 0,28 l∙min-1; p = 0,386). Se encontró una correlación inversa entre el PO2 relativo al peso y el índice HOMA-IR (p < 0,001; r = -0,465). El análisis de regresión logística mostró una asociación entre el PO2 relativo al peso (p = 0,001, OR = 0,47) y la masa libre de grasa (p = 0,01, OR = 0,73), ambos modelos ajustados por edad. Conclusiones: este estudio demuestra que existe una relación entre el índice HOMA-IR y el PO2. Estos resultados sugieren que el PO2 podría ser un factor protector de RI

In preschool children, physical activity during school time can significantly increase by intensifying locomotor activities during physical education classes.

OBJECTIVES: After categorizing preschool children into "active and low active" according to their moderate and vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in PE classes (PE), we compared these two groups within each sex and by sex in: (a) % MVPA and MVPA minutes accrued from each fundamental motor skill (FMS) during PE and (b) % MVPA during school time. RESULTS: 532 children (mean age 5.2 years, 50% girls) were selected from a nationwide program which provides 3 weekly PE. Children wore accelerometers during one school day which included PE. We recorded the type and duration of each activity indicated by the teacher, classifying each one into the corresponding FMS, extracting its MVPA minutes from the accelerometer software. Children were categorized into active and low active. Comparisons used T-tests. In PE, active children accumulate 40 and 36 percentage points (pp) more MVPA minutes (boys and girls respectively), while during school time, 4 pp more in each sex. Girls are significantly less active. Just considering locomotion, active boys and girls accumulate 11 more MVPA minutes during PE. Active boys surpass the MVPA guideline for PE, while active girls almost reach it. Low active children (especially girls) should intensify locomotor activities during PE.

Cardiorespiratory fitness and fat oxidation during exercise as protective factors for insulin resistance in sedentary women with overweight or obesity.

INTRODUCTION: obesity is a global pandemic and it is the biggest risk factor for death worldwide nowadays. Studies suggest that both cardiorespiratory fitness and fat oxidation in exercise are related to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus, and they could be used as metabolic fitness markers. OBJECTIVES: the aim of this study is to determine if cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2) and fat oxidation during exercise are protective factors of insulin resistance (IR) in sedentary women with obesity or overweight. METHODS: sixty women were selected for fat oxidation analysis and 55 for cardiorespiratory fitness analysis that fitted the inclusion and exclusion criteria. VO2, maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and the intensity where MFO is reached (FATmax) were determined through an incremental test on a cycle ergometer with gas analysis. The subjects with a Homeostatic model assessment of IR index greater or equal to 2.5 were considered as insulin-resistant. Participants were divided into 2 groups, IR group (n = 38) and Non-IR group (n = 22). RESULTS: VO2(%) and MFO were lower in the IR group (76.1% vs.83.2%; p = 0.015 and 1.08 mg × kg-1 × min-1 vs. 1.62 mg × kg-1 × min-1; p= 0.044, respectively) compared to the Non-IR group. There was an association between VO2(%) and IR (OR = 0.92, p = 0.017) and between MFO and IR (OR = 0.52, p = 0.035), both models adjusted for age and body mass index. CONCLUSIONS: VO2(%) and MFO are independent protective factors for IR. No association was found between FATmax and IR.

Cardiorespiratory fitness and fat oxidation during exercise as protective factors for insulin resistance in sedentary women with overweight or obesity / Fitness cardiorrespiratorio y oxidación de grasas durante el ejercicio como factores protectores de resistencia a la insulina en mujeres sedentarias con sobrepeso u obesidad

Introduction: obesity is a global pandemic and it is the biggest risk factor for death worldwide nowadays. Studies suggest that both cardiorespiratory fitness and fat oxidation in exercise are related to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus, and they could be used as metabolic fitness markers. Objectives: the aim of this study is to determine if cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2) and fat oxidation during exercise are protective factors of insulin resistance (IR) in sedentary women with obesity or overweight. Methods: sixty women were selected for fat oxidation analysis and 55 for cardiorespiratory fitness analysis that fitted the inclusion and exclusion criteria. VO2, maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and the intensity where MFO is reached (FATmax) were determined through an incremental test on a cycle ergometer with gas analysis. The subjects with a Homeostatic model assessment of IR index greater or equal to 2.5 were considered as insulin-resistant. Participants were divided into 2 groups, IR group (n = 38) and Non-IR group (n = 22). Results: VO2(%) and MFO were lower in the IR group (76.1% vs. 83.2%; p = 0.015 and 1.08 mg × kg-1 × min-1 vs. 1.62 mg × kg-1 × min-1; p = 0.044, respectively) compared to the Non-IR group. There was an association between VO2(%) and IR (OR = 0.92, p = 0.017) and between MFO and IR (OR = 0.52, p = 0.035), both models adjusted for age and body mass index. Conclusions: VO2(%) and MFO are independent protective factors for IR. No association was found between FATmax and IR

Introducción: la obesidad es una pandemia global y actualmente es el mayor factor de riesgo de muerte a nivel mundial. Estudios sugieren que tanto el fitness cardiorrespiratorio (VO2) como la oxidación de grasas durante el ejercicio podrían ser utilizados como marcadores del fitness metabólico. Objetivos: el objetivo de este estudio es determinar si el VO2 y la oxidación de grasas durante el ejercicio son factores protectores de resistencia a la insulina en mujeres sedentarias con obesidad o sobrepeso. Métodos: fueron seleccionadas 60 mujeres para análisis de oxidación de grasas y 55 para análisis de VO2 que cumplieran con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. El VO2, la máxima oxidación de grasas (MFO) y la intensidad donde se alcanza el MFO (FATmax) fueron determinados mediante un test incremental en cicloergómetro con análisis de gases. Los sujetos con un índice HOMA-IR mayor o igual a 2,5 fueron considerados con resistencia a la insulina. Los participantes fueron divididos en dos grupos, IR (n = 38) y No-IR (n = 22). Resultados: el VO2(%) y la MFO fueron menores en el grupo IR en comparación al grupo No-IR (76,1% versus 83,2%; p = 0,015 y 1,08 mg × kg-1 × min-1 versus 1,62 mg × kg-1 × min-1; p = 0,044, respectivamente). Mediante el análisis de regresión logística se encontró una asociación entre VO2(%) e IR (OR = 0,92; p = 0,017) y entre MFO e IR (OR = 0,52; p = 0,035), ambos modelos ajustados por edad e índice de masa corporal. Conclusión: el VO2(%) y la MFO son factores protectores independientes de IR. No se encontró asociación entre el FATmax y la IR

Physical fitness, cardiometabolic risk and heart rate recovery in Chilean children.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of physical fitness (PF) and cardiometabolic risk (CMR) with heart rate recovery time (ΔHRR) in Chilean school aged children. METHODS: Cross-sectional study in 478 6-9 years old children participants. We measured weight, height and abdominal circumference. Fitness was measured using the 6MWT, grip strength and leap forward without impulse tests; PF z-scores were calculated. Heart rate (HR) was monitored and recorded during the 6MWT. ΔHRR was calculated as the difference between HR before and one minute after test; blood glucose, insulin, triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol were measured. Waist circumference, CMR-z and HOMA were calculated. RESULTS: Absolute ΔHRR and CMR-z measures in normal weight children were lower than in obese children (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). In obese children, ΔHRR was also associated with grip strength/weight (r = -0.6, p < 0.01) and PF-z (r = -0.6, p = 0.04). Insulin and HOMA were significantly related to ΔHRR (r = 0.3, p < 0.001), especially in overweight and obese children. ΔHRR values were not associated with CMR-z. CONCLUSIONS: A significant relationship between ΔHRR with fitness and insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese school children was found. We consider that these results support the need to measure these variables in overweight and obese children, in order to strengthen the need for early prevention.

Physical fitness, cardiometabolic risk and heart rate recovery in Chilean children / Condición física, riesgo cardiometabólico y frecuencia cardiaca de recuperación en escolares chilenos

Objective: To evaluate the association of physical fitness (PF) and cardiometabolic risk (CMR) with heart rate recovery time (DeltaHRR) in Chilean school aged children. Methods: Cross-sectional study in 478 6-9 years old children participants. We measured weight, height and abdominal circumference. Fitness was measured using the 6MWT, grip strength and leap forward without impulse tests; PF z-scores were calculated. Heart rate (HR) was monitored and recorded during the 6MWT. DeltaHRR was calculated as the difference between HR before and one minute after test; blood glucose, insulin, triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol were measured. Waist circumference, CMR-z and HOMA were calculated. Results: Absolute DeltaHRR and CMR-z measures in normal weight children were lower than in obese children (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). In obese children, DeltaHRR was also associated with grip strength/weight (r = -0.6, p < 0.01) and PF-z (r = -0.6, p = 0.04). Insulin and HOMA were significantly related to DeltaHRR (r = 0.3, p < 0.001), especially in overweight and obese children. DeltaHRR values were not associated with CMR-z. Conclusions: A significant relationship between DeltaHRR with fitness and insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese school children was found. We consider that these results support the need to measure these variables in overweight and obese children, in order to strengthen the need for early prevention (AU)

Objetivo: establecer la asociación entre la condición física (CF) y el riesgo cardiometabolico (RCM) con el tiempo de recuperación de la frecuencia cardiaca (ΔFCR) en escolares chilenos. Métodos: estudio trasversal de 478 escolares de 6 a 9 años de ambos sexos. Se evaluó peso, talla y perímetro abdominal. Se midió CF global mediante T6M, fuerza de agarre y salto hacia adelante sin impulso; se calculó z-CF. Se midió frecuencia cardiaca (FC) con sensor durante el T6M. Calculamos DeltaFCRecup como la diferencia entre la FC en reposo y la FC al minuto de finalizado el test, glicemia, insulinemia, trigliceridemia y colesterol-HD. Perímetro de cintura, z-RCM y HOMA fueron calculados. Resultados: los escolares normopeso tuvieron menor DeltaFCRecup y z-RCM que los obesos (p < 0,05 and p < 0,01 respectivamente). En niños obesos, el DeltaFCRecup se asoció a fuerza de agarre/peso (r = -0,6, p < 0,01) y z-CF (r = -0,6, p = 0,04). Un menor DeltaFCRecup se relacionó con menores niveles de insulinemia y HOMA (r = 0,3, p < 0,001), especialmente en el grupo de escolares con sobrepeso y obesidad. El DeltaFCRecup no fue asociado a z-RCM. Conclusión: existe asociación entre el DeltaFCRecup y la condición física y sensibilidad insulinica en escolares con sobrepeso y/u obesidad, lo que refuerza la necesidad de la medición de esta variable en niños con sobrepeso y obesidad para una prevención temprana (AU)

Preschool children's physical activity intensity during school time: Influence of school schedule.

Chile's Physical Activity Report Card graded the overall index on PA behavior with an F The Ministry of Sports is implementing since 2014 "Jardín Activo" (JA program) which recommends 3 weekly teacher-led PE lessons for preschool children, on half or full day attendance. We determined the effectiveness of the JA program (contribution to MVPA during school time) and assessed if effectiveness varied according to schedule. 596 five y olds, (50% boys) were selected from 66 schools; 52.9% attended half day and 47.1% full day. Children wore accelerometers during school time a day with and one without PE lesson (JA day/non JA day). We compared PA intensity between both these days by gender, using descriptive statistics and t-tests and determined the differential effect on PA intensity, between non JA and JA days by school schedule, using mixed models analyses We compared ß of sedentary and of MVPA by schedule with t-tests. Significant differences were found in PA intensity between both days within each gender. Minutes being sedentary were significantly less during JA days (14 and 15 min in boys and girls respectively); MVPA significantly higher in JA days (11 and 10 min respectively). % time children were sedentary and % they engaged in MVPA differed by schedule. Sedentary minutes were significantly higher (ß - 16.2 vs - 13.2) in half day, while the increase in MVPA was significantly higher (ß 12.5 vs 9.7) in full day. The JA program is effective, especially when children attend school full time.

Physical activity in the classroom to prevent childhood obesity: a pilot study in Santiago, Chile.

This paper describes a 4-month pilot study that tested the suitability of a physical activity intervention for first graders (children aged 6 and 7 years) in a public school in Santiago, Chile. Teachers were trained to deliver the programme in the classroom during the school day. Teachers were surveyed to determine if this intervention fit within their curriculum and classroom routines and they reported in a focus group that it was suitable for them. All children actively participated in the programme and positive changes in their attitudes towards physical activity were observed by their teachers. Anthropometrics, blood pressure and hand grip strength were measured in the students. A significant reduction was observed in children with high waist circumference ≥ 90th percentile, and in mean systolic blood pressure. However, statistical power values for those comparisons were rather low. Anthropometry and hand grip strength were not modified. The latter calculations and the lack of a control group are showing the weaknesses of this pilot study and that further research with a larger sample size and an experimental design is strongly needed.

[Pilot study about the effectivity of an intervention based on games in nutritional status and muscle strength on children]. / Estudio piloto de la efectividad de una intervención basada en juegos sobre el estado nutricional y la fuerza muscular en niños.

INTRODUCTION: The overnutrition is a constant on developing countries; Chile is not an exception because it has a marked tendency to overweight and obesity in schoolchildren. The muscular strength has been associated with cardiovascular and metabolic health status in scholars. Effective interventions using games are needed to improve the nutritional status and physical fitness in school children. OBJECTIVE: To assess the intervention effectiveness based on games played at school time to improve the nutritional status and physical fitness in schoolchildren. METHOD: 156 students aged between 7 to 15 years, attending to two public schools with full school day, to which a pilot program was applied. This pilot program was based on dynamic recreational games during 45 minutes from monday to friday for 3 months in the largest playtime of the school day. RESULTS: At the end of the intervention, we observed a significant modification on children nutritional status, which highlights an increase in the number of children that reached the normal nutritional status (p < 0.001). We also observed a significant number of obese children who reached overweight nutritional status (p < 0.001). We also observed a decrease of leg muscular strength at the end of the study. CONCLUSIONS: We found a positive effect of a program based on dynamic recreational games in the largest school playtime, improving nutritional status. However, we didn't observed modifications in the muscular strength.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La malnutrición por exceso es una constante en países en vías de desarrollo, Chile no es una excepción ya que existe una marcada tendencia hacia el sobrepeso y obesidad en la población escolar. La fuerza muscular ha sido asociada con un adecuado estado de salud cardiovascular y metabólica en la población escolar. Se necesitan intervenciones efectivas, que utilicen herramientas lúdicas y que permitan mejorar el estado nutricional y la capacidad física de los escolares. OBJETIVO: Valorar la efectividad de una intervención basada en juegos realizados dentro de la jornada escolar de los niños para mejorar el estado nutricional y la fuerza muscular. MÉTODO: 156 escolares de 7 a 15 años, pertenecientes a dos colegios municipalizados con jornada escolar completa, participaron de un programa piloto basado en juegos recreativos dinámico durante 45 minutos de lunes a viernes durante 3 meses, en el recreo más extenso de la jornada escolar. RESULTADOS: Al finalizar la intervención se observó una modificación estadísticamente significativa en el estado nutricional, donde destaca un aumento de niños que alcanza el estado nutricional normal. En aquellos que fueron clasificados previamente como obesos se logra modificar su estado nutricional hacia sobrepeso (p < 0,001). Se observó una disminución de la fuerza muscular del tren inferior al término del estudio (p < 0,001). CONCLUSIONES: Se demostró el impacto positivo de una intervención basada en juegos recreativos dinámicos durante los recreos escolares, con modificación positiva en el estado nutricional, pero sin mejoría de la fuerza muscular de los escolares.

Estudio piloto de la efectividad de una intervención basada en juegos sobre el estado nutricional y la fuerza muscular en niños / Pilot study about the effectivity of an intervention based on games in nutritional status and muscle strength on children

Introducción: La malnutrición por exceso es una constante en países en vías de desarrollo, Chile no es una excepción ya que existe una marcada tendencia hacia el sobrepeso y obesidad en la población escolar. La fuerza muscular ha sido asociada con un adecuado estado de salud cardiovascular y metabólica en la población escolar. Se necesitan intervenciones efectivas, que utilicen herramientas lúdicas y que permitan mejorar el estado nutricional y la capacidad física de los escolares. Objetivo: Valorar la efectividad de una intervención basada en juegos realizados dentro de la jornada escolar de los niños para mejorar el estado nutricional y la fuerza muscular. Método: 156 escolares de 7 a 15 años, pertenecientes a dos colegios municipalizados con jornada escolar completa, participaron de un programa piloto basado en juegos recreativos dinámico durante 45 minutos de lunes a viernes durante 3 meses, en el recreo más extenso de la jornada escolar. Resultados: Al finalizar la intervención se observó una modificación estadísticamente significativa en el estado nutricional, donde destaca un aumento de niños que alcanza el estado nutricional normal. En aquellos que fueron clasificados previamente como obesos se logra modificar su estado nutricional hacia sobrepeso (p < 0,001). Se observó una disminución de la fuerza muscular del tren inferior al término del estudio (p < 0,001). Conclusiones: Se demostró el impacto positivo de una intervención basada en juegos recreativos dinámicos durante los recreos escolares, con modificación positiva en el estado nutricional, pero sin mejoría de la fuerza muscular de los escolares (AU)

Introduction: The overnutrition is a constant on developing countries; Chile is not an exception because it has a marked tendency to overweight and obesity in schoolchildren. The muscular strength has been associated with cardiovascular and metabolic health status in scholars. Effective interventions using games are needed to improve the nutritional status and physical fitness in school children. Objective: To assess the intervention effectiveness based on games played at school time to improve the nutritional status and physical fitness in schoolchildren. Method: 156 students aged between 7 to 15 years, attending to two public schools with full school day, to which a pilot program was applied. This pilot program was based on dynamic recreational games during 45 minutes from monday to friday for 3 months in the largest playtime of the school day. Results: At the end of the intervention, we observed a significant modification on children nutritional status, which highlights an increase in the number of children that reached the normal nutritional status (p < 0.001). We also observed a significant number of obese children who reached overweight nutritional status (p < 0.001). We also observed a decrease of leg muscular strength at the end of the study. Conclusions: We found a positive effect of a program based on dynamic recreational games in the largest school playtime, improving nutritional status. However, we didn’t observed modifications in the muscular strength (AU)