ABSTRACT
The impairment of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) activity induces intracellular chloride (Cl- ) accumulation. The anion Cl- , acting as a second messenger, stimulates the secretion of interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), which starts an autocrine positive feedback loop. Here, we show that NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and caspase 1 (CASP1) are indirectly modulated by the intracellular Cl- concentration, showing maximal expression and activity at 75 mM Cl- , in the presence of the ionophores nigericin and tributyltin. The expression of PYD and CARD domain containing (PYCARD/ASC) remained constant from 0 to 125 mM Cl- . The CASP1 inhibitor VX-765 and the NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor MCC950 completely blocked the Cl- -stimulated IL-1ß mRNA expression and partially the IL-1ß secretion. DCF fluorescence (cellular reactive oxygen species, cROS) and MitoSOX fluorescence (mitochondrial ROS, mtROS) also showed maximal ROS levels at 75 mM Cl- , a response strongly inhibited by the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) or the NADPH oxidase (NOX) inhibitor GKT137831. These inhibitors also affected CASP1 and NLRP3 mRNA and protein expression. More importantly, the serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) inhibitor GSK650394, or its shRNAs, completely abrogated the IL-1ß mRNA response to Cl- and the IL-1ß secretion, interrupting the autocrine IL-1ß loop. The results suggest that Cl- effects are mediated by SGK1, in which under Cl- modulation stimulates the secretion of mature IL-1ß, in turn, responsible for the upregulation of ROS, CASP1, NLRP3 and IL-1ß itself, through autocrine signalling.
Subject(s)
Caspase 1/metabolism , Chlorides/metabolism , Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator/metabolism , Immediate-Early Proteins/metabolism , Interleukin-1beta/metabolism , Intracellular Space/metabolism , NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism , Caspase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Cell Line , Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator/genetics , Dipeptides/pharmacology , Feedback, Physiological , Furans/pharmacology , Humans , Immediate-Early Proteins/genetics , Indenes/pharmacology , Interleukin-1beta/genetics , Mutation/genetics , Nigericin/pharmacology , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics , RNA, Small Interfering/genetics , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Signal Transduction , Sulfonamides/pharmacology , para-Aminobenzoates/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cystic fibrosis (CF) are lethal pulmonary diseases. Cigarette consumption is the main cause for development of COPD, while CF is produced by mutations in the CFTR gene. Although these diseases have a different etiology, both share a CFTR activity impairment and proinflammatory state even under sterile conditions. The aim of this work was to study the extent of the protective effect of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) over the proinflammatory state (IL-6 and IL-8), oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species, ROS), and CFTR levels, caused by Cigarette Smoke Extract (CSE) in Calu-3 airway epithelial cells. CSE treatment (100⯵g/ml during 24â¯h) decreased CFTR mRNA expression and activity, and increased the release of IL-6 and IL-8. The effect on these cytokines was inhibited by N-acetyl cysteine (NAC, 5â¯mM) or the NF-kB inhibitor, IKK-2 (10⯵M). CSE treatment also increased cellular and mitochondrial ROS levels. The cellular ROS levels were normalized to control values by NAC treatment, although significant effects on mitochondrial ROS levels were observed only at short times (5´) and effects on CFTR levels were not observed. In addition, CSE reduced the mitochondrial NADH-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (mCx I-III) activity, an effect that was not reverted by NAC. The reduced CFTR expression and the mitochondrial damage induced by CSE could not be normalized by NAC treatment, evidencing the need for a more specific reagent. In conclusion, CSE causes a sterile proinflammatory state and mitochondrial damage in Calu-3 cells that was partially recovered by NAC treatment.
Subject(s)
Acetylcysteine/pharmacology , Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator/genetics , Lung/drug effects , Nicotiana/toxicity , Antioxidants , Cigarette Smoking/adverse effects , Epithelial Cells , Humans , Lung/pathology , Mitochondria/drug effects , Mitochondria/genetics , Mitochondria/metabolism , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Nicotiana/chemistryABSTRACT
We determined the biochemical and molecular effects of the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) in the late gastrula embryonic stage of the South American toad Rhinella arenarum continuously exposed from fertilization (24 h). Our objective was to evaluate these responses as potential biomarkers at low, sublethal levels of the toxicant. We first established the EC50 for embryo arrest in 21.3 mg/L, with a LOEC of 16 mg/L. At 4 mg/L CPF, some embryos were unable to complete the dorsal lip of the blastopore and the yolk plug became blur, probably because of abnormal cell migration. Acetylcholinesterase activity, the specific biomarker for organophosphates, was unaffected by any of the tested concentrations of CPF (2-14 mg/L). In turn, 2 mg/L CPF increased the reduced glutathione levels and inhibited glutathione-S-transferase activity, suggesting an oxidative stress and antioxidant response. Catalase was induced by CPF exposure at higher concentrations (8 and 14 mg/L). We also studied transcription factor c-Fos as a signaling event related to development in early embryogenesis. Analysis of nuclear c-Fos protein showed two bands, both enhanced in embryos exposed to 2 and 8 mg/L CPF. While nuclear Erk protein was practically unaffected, Mek protein levels were induced by the OP. Transcription factor c-Fos may be then linking oxidative stress with developmental alterations observed due to CPF exposure. These molecular and biochemical responses observed in R. arenarum gastrula at sublethal CPF exposures may replace non-responsive AChE as very early biomarkers in toad gastrula.
Subject(s)
Bufonidae/embryology , Chlorpyrifos/toxicity , Gastrula/drug effects , Insecticides/toxicity , Animals , Biomarkers/metabolism , Bufonidae/genetics , Bufonidae/metabolism , Catalase/genetics , Catalase/metabolism , Gastrula/enzymology , Gastrula/growth & development , Gastrula/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects , Glutathione/metabolism , Glutathione Transferase/genetics , Glutathione Transferase/metabolism , Oxidative StressABSTRACT
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are widely applied in the Alto Valle of Río Negro and Neuquén, Argentina, due to intensive fruit growing. Amphibians are particularly sensitive to environmental pollution, and OPs may transiently accumulate in ponds and channels of the region during their reproductive season. Organophosphorus pesticide exposure may alter amphibian embryonic development and the reproductive success of autochthonous species. In the present study, embryos of the common toad Rhinella arenarum were employed to assess developmental alterations and to study polyamine metabolism, which is essential to normal growth, as a possible target underlying the effects of the OP chlorpyrifos. As the duration of chlorpyrifos exposure increased and embryonic development progressed, the median lethal concentration (LC50) values decreased, and the percentage of malformed embryos increased. Developmental arrest was also observed and several morphological alterations were recorded, such as incomplete and abnormal closure of the neural tube, dorsal curvature of the caudal fin, reduction of body size and caudal fin length, atrophy, and edema. An early decrease in ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and polyamine levels was also observed in embryos exposed to chlorpyrifos. The decrease in polyamine contents in tail bud embryos might be a consequence of the reduction in ODC activity. The alteration of polyamine metabolism occurred before embryonic growth was interrupted and embryonic malformations were observed and may be useful as a biomarker in environmental studies.
Subject(s)
Bufo arenarum/abnormalities , Bufo arenarum/metabolism , Chlorpyrifos/toxicity , Embryo, Nonmammalian/abnormalities , Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism , Environmental Pollutants/toxicity , Pesticides/toxicity , Polyamines/metabolism , Animals , Argentina , Bufo arenarum/embryology , Embryonic Development , Female , Lethal Dose 50 , Ornithine Decarboxylase/metabolismABSTRACT
Los plaguicidas organofosforados (OP) son masivamente aplicados en el Alto Valle de Río Negro y Neuquén, afectando al ecosistema. Utilizamos un modelo embrionario de anfibios (Rhinella arenarum) para estudiar mecanismos por los cuales OP como metilazinfos (MA) y clorpirifos (CP) podrían provocar teratogénesis. Los embriones fueron desarrollados en diferentes concentraciones de MA o CP hasta opérculo completo (OC), analizando: malformaciones, histología, glutatión reducido (GSH) y enzimas antioxidantes, poliaminas, actividad de ornitina-decarboxilasa (ODC) y proteínaquinasa-C (PKC). Ambos OP provocaron un incremento tiempo/concentración-dependiente de malformaciones, llegando a 100% de teratogénesis en estadios avanzados y a las mayores concentraciones, incluyendo: exogastrulación, curvaturas de aleta caudal, acortamiento axial, edema, y atrofia branquial. Se evidenció una condición de estrés oxidativo creciente: las enzimas GSH-dependientes (S-transferasa (GST), peroxidasa y reductasa) fueron inducidas tempranamente a bajas concentraciones, pero inhibidas en elestadio de OC a altas concentraciones, junto con una caída significativa de GSH (62%) para MA. MA incrementó significativamente (18X) la actividad de ODC en OC, aumentando los niveles de putrescina (60%) pero disminuyendo espermidina (56%) y espermina (100%); CP disminuyó en estadios tempranos la actividad de ODC y niveles de poliaminas. La disminución de poliaminas podría deberse al incremento de degradación por poliamino-oxidasa, contribuyendo al estrés oxidativo inducido por OP. Esto causaría la disminución de GSH, y la activación de PKC en OC (55%), que participaría en el control positivo de GST y ODC. Finalmente, el estrés oxidativo y la disminución en los niveles de poliaminas podrían ser causantes de alteraciones del desarrollo embrionario.
Organophosphate (OP) pesticides are widely applied in the region of Alto Valle de Río Negro y Neuquén, affecting the ecosystem. We use an amphibian embryonic model (Rhinella arenarum) in order to assess the mechanisms by which the OP pesticides azinphos methyl (AM) and chlorpyrifos (CP) could cause teratogenesis. The embryos were developed in different concentrations of AM or CP until they reached the stage of complete operculum (CO). We analyzed malformations, histology, reduced gluthatione content (GSH) and activity of antioxidant enzymes, polyamine content, ornithine decarboxilase (ODC) and protein kinase C (PKC) activities. Both OP pesticides caused a time-and dose-dependent increase in the number of malformations, reaching 100% teratogenesis in late embryonic development at the highest OP concentrations used. Malformations assessed include exogastrulation, caudalfin curvature, axial shortening, edema, and gill atrophy. Increasing evidence of oxidative stress was observed: GSH dependent enzymes (S- transferase, GST; peroxidase and reductase) were early induced in embryos exposed to low concentrations of the OP pesticides, but their activities were inhibited in the stage of CO at high concentrations of OP. These changes were accompanied by a significant decrease in GSH content (62%) in embryos exposed to AM. Besides, AM significantly increased (18X) ODC activity in the stage of CO, along with putrescine levels (60% of increase) but spermidine and spermine levels were significantly decreased (56% and 100%, respectively). The OP pesticide CP caused and early decrease in ODC activity and polyamine levels.The decrease in polyamine levels could be due to an increase in their degradation by polyamine oxidase, contributing to the oxidative stress induced by OP. This, in turn, would cause the decline in GSH levels and the activation of PKC in the embryonic stage of CO (55%), which is involved in the positive feedback of GST and ODC...
Subject(s)
Animals , Amphibians/embryology , Bufo bufo , Insecticides, Organophosphate/adverse effects , Biomarkers , Oxidative Stress , PolyaminesABSTRACT
Los plaguicidas organofosforados (OP) son masivamente aplicados en el Alto Valle de Río Negro y Neuquén, afectando al ecosistema. Utilizamos un modelo embrionario de anfibios (Rhinella arenarum) para estudiar mecanismos por los cuales OP como metilazinfos (MA) y clorpirifos (CP) podrían provocar teratogénesis. Los embriones fueron desarrollados en diferentes concentraciones de MA o CP hasta opérculo completo (OC), analizando: malformaciones, histología, glutatión reducido (GSH) y enzimas antioxidantes, poliaminas, actividad de ornitina-decarboxilasa (ODC) y proteínaquinasa-C (PKC). Ambos OP provocaron un incremento tiempo/concentración-dependiente de malformaciones, llegando a 100% de teratogénesis en estadios avanzados y a las mayores concentraciones, incluyendo: exogastrulación, curvaturas de aleta caudal, acortamiento axial, edema, y atrofia branquial. Se evidenció una condición de estrés oxidativo creciente: las enzimas GSH-dependientes (S-transferasa (GST), peroxidasa y reductasa) fueron inducidas tempranamente a bajas concentraciones, pero inhibidas en elestadio de OC a altas concentraciones, junto con una caída significativa de GSH (62%) para MA. MA incrementó significativamente (18X) la actividad de ODC en OC, aumentando los niveles de putrescina (60%) pero disminuyendo espermidina (56%) y espermina (100%); CP disminuyó en estadios tempranos la actividad de ODC y niveles de poliaminas. La disminución de poliaminas podría deberse al incremento de degradación por poliamino-oxidasa, contribuyendo al estrés oxidativo inducido por OP. Esto causaría la disminución de GSH, y la activación de PKC en OC (55%), que participaría en el control positivo de GST y ODC. Finalmente, el estrés oxidativo y la disminución en los niveles de poliaminas podrían ser causantes de alteraciones del desarrollo embrionario.(AU)
Organophosphate (OP) pesticides are widely applied in the region of Alto Valle de Río Negro y Neuquén, affecting the ecosystem. We use an amphibian embryonic model (Rhinella arenarum) in order to assess the mechanisms by which the OP pesticides azinphos methyl (AM) and chlorpyrifos (CP) could cause teratogenesis. The embryos were developed in different concentrations of AM or CP until they reached the stage of complete operculum (CO). We analyzed malformations, histology, reduced gluthatione content (GSH) and activity of antioxidant enzymes, polyamine content, ornithine decarboxilase (ODC) and protein kinase C (PKC) activities. Both OP pesticides caused a time-and dose-dependent increase in the number of malformations, reaching 100% teratogenesis in late embryonic development at the highest OP concentrations used. Malformations assessed include exogastrulation, caudalfin curvature, axial shortening, edema, and gill atrophy. Increasing evidence of oxidative stress was observed: GSH dependent enzymes (S- transferase, GST; peroxidase and reductase) were early induced in embryos exposed to low concentrations of the OP pesticides, but their activities were inhibited in the stage of CO at high concentrations of OP. These changes were accompanied by a significant decrease in GSH content (62%) in embryos exposed to AM. Besides, AM significantly increased (18X) ODC activity in the stage of CO, along with putrescine levels (60% of increase) but spermidine and spermine levels were significantly decreased (56% and 100%, respectively). The OP pesticide CP caused and early decrease in ODC activity and polyamine levels.The decrease in polyamine levels could be due to an increase in their degradation by polyamine oxidase, contributing to the oxidative stress induced by OP. This, in turn, would cause the decline in GSH levels and the activation of PKC in the embryonic stage of CO (55%), which is involved in the positive feedback of GST and ODC... (AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Amphibians/embryology , Bufo bufo , Insecticides, Organophosphate/adverse effects , Oxidative Stress , Biomarkers , PolyaminesABSTRACT
Amphibians may be critically challenged by aquatic contaminants during their embryonic development. Many classes of compounds, including organophosphorus pesticides, are able to cause oxidative stress that affects the delicate cellular redox balance regulating tissue modeling. We determined the progression of antioxidant defenses during the embryonic development of the South American common toad, Bufo arenarum. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were high in the unfertilized eggs, and remained constant during the first stages of development. SOD showed a significant increase when the gills were completely active and opercular folds began to form. Reductase (GR) activity was low in the oocytes and increased significantly when gills and mouth were entirely developed and the embryos presented a higher exposure to pro-oxidant conditions suggesting an environmental control. Reduced glutathione (GSH) content was also initially low, and rose continuously pointing out an increasing participation of GSH-related enzymes in the control of oxidative stress. GSH peroxidases and GSH-S-transferases showed relatively high and constant activities, probably related to lipid peroxide control. B. arenarum embryos have plenty of yolk platelets containing lipids, which provide the energy and are actively transferred to the newly synthesized membranes during the early embryonic development. Exposure to the pro-oxidant pesticide malathion during 48 h did not significantly affect the activity of antioxidant enzymes in early embryos, but decreased the activities of CAT, GR, and the pool of GSH in larvae. Previous work indicated that lipid peroxide levels were kept low in malathion-exposed larvae, thus we conclude that oxidative stress is overcome by the antioxidant defenses. The increase in the antioxidant metabolism observed in the posthatching phase of development of B. arenarum embryo, thus constitutes a defense against natural and human-generated pro-oxidants present in the aquatic environment.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants/metabolism , Bufo arenarum/embryology , Bufo arenarum/metabolism , Insecticides/toxicity , Malathion/toxicity , Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity , Animals , Argentina , Bufo arenarum/growth & development , Catalase/metabolism , Glutathione/metabolism , Glutathione Peroxidase/metabolism , Glutathione Reductase/metabolism , Glutathione Transferase/metabolism , Larva/drug effects , Larva/growth & development , Larva/metabolism , Superoxide Dismutase/metabolismABSTRACT
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomic recessive disease caused by mutations in the CFTR chloride channel, which indirectly affect the expression of a net of genes. Here we describe a new CFTR-dependent gene, CISD1, encoding for the first member of a family of proteins possessing a CDGSH signature. CISD1 mRNA is down-regulated in cystic fibrosis cells, and restored in the same cells ectopically expressing wt-CFTR (CFDE and CFDE/6RepCFTR; IB3-1 and S9 cells). Inhibition of CFTR chloride transport activity by using glibenclamide (50muM, 24h) or CFTR(inh)-172 (5muM, 24h), resulted in the down-regulation of CISD1 mRNA, and CFTR stimulation with cAMP/isoproterenol/IBMX upregulated its expression. As predicted by PSORT II, a CISD1-GFP chimera was found to be located into mitochondria, suggesting a possible role in the function/regulation of mitochondrial activity, in agreement with earlier observations of a possible mitochondrial failure in cystic fibrosis.
