[Predicting pN positivity in T3 rectal cancer]. / Moznosti predikce pN pozitivity u T3 nádoru rekta.

INTRODUCTION: Stage pN+ is a factor which determines the strategy for treatment of T3 rectal cancer. The sensitivity of preoperative imaging examinations revealing N+ is not entirely satisfactory. Risk factors that are associated with pT3pN+ stage and that are detectable by preoperative examination have not been reliably identified. The aim of the study is to analyze the predictive factors determining lymph node involvement in T3 rectal cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients with rectal resection for (y)pT3 rectal cancer were analysed. All of the surgical interventions were performed at the Department of Surgery, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, from 1 January 2011 to 28 February 2014. Data were prospectively collected and saved in the Rectal Cancer Oncologic Register. The parameters studied were age, gender, tumour localisation and its circumferential topography, preoperative chemoradiotherapy, absolute number of harvested lymph nodes and the number of positive lymph nodes in each specimen, tumour grading, presence of lymphovascular invasion and perineural invasion, and the depth of tumour penetration. RESULTS: After selection, 89 patients with T3 rectal cancer were included into the study. Resection for cancer of the upper rectum was performed in 22 (24.7%) patients, middle rectum in 37 (41.6 %) and lower rectum in 30 (33.7%) patients. 38 (42.7%) patients underwent primary operation, 41 (46.1%) patients received neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, and radiation therapy was administered to only 10 (11.2%) patients. Stage pN+ was found in 51 (57.3%) patients. Statistical analysis was used to identify the risk factors for pN+: lymphovascular invasion (p0.001), angioinvasion (p=0.030) and perineural invasion (p=0.010). On the border of statistical significance for pN+, low grading of the tumour (p=0.084) was found. The depth of penetration of the tumour into the mesorectum was not statistically significant (p=0.230). CONCLUSION: Our study has shown that pN positivity is associated with lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion and low grading of the tumour. Accurate identification of these factors before treatment, however, remains very difficult.

[Pilonidal sinus - possibilities surgical treatment]. / Pilonidální sinus - moznosti operacního resení

INTRODUCTION: Pilonidal sinus is a skin disease affecting the sacrococcygeal region caused by chronic irritation of the skin by ingrowing hairs that get pushed into skin sinuses and follicles. The acute form of the disease which is presented by subcutaneous abscesses very often develops into chronic suppurative subcutaneous fistula. The incidence of pilonidal sinus is approximately 26/100,000 people. Radical surgical excision using skin flaps is essential for successful treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The results of surgical treatment were analysed retrospectively. All surgical procedures evaluated were performed at the Department of Surgery, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, from January 2010 to June 2014. The parameters analysed were gender, age, method used to close the defect, length of hospital stay, overall morbidity including pilonidal sinuses recurrence. RESULTS: 141 patients undergoing radical excision for pilonidal sinus were analysed. Primary suture was used in 101 (71.6%) patients. Limberg flap reconstruction was performed in 16 (11.3%) patients and Karydakis procedure was used in 24 (17.0%) patients. The length of hospital stay was 4.2 days. 19 operations were performed for recurrent pilonidal sinus. Norecurrence occurred after Karydakis procedure, there were 3 cases of recurrence after Limberg flap reconstruction, and 8 patients experienced recurrence after primary suture. The overall incidence of recurrence was 7.8%. Surgical site complications were recorded mostly after primary suture (37 patients, 26.2%). Conversely, surgical site complications appeared in the Limberg flap group in 2 patients (12.5%) and in theKarydakis procedure group in 1 patient (4.2%). CONCLUSION: Limberg flap reconstruction and Karydakis procedure lead to better results in pilonidal sinus surgery, especially as regards lower recurrence rates and overall morbidity. Both of these procedures are relatively easy to perform and technically undemanding.

[Long-term follow-up results after open small umbilical hernia repairs]. / Dlouhodobé výsledky po klasických plastikách malých pupecních kýl.

INTRODUCTION: Adult umbilical hernia is a common surgical condition in the fifth and sixth decade of life. Despite the high frequency of umbilical hernia repairs, disappointingly high recurrence rates after simple suture repairs are reported, amounting to 54%. In addition, it is reported that with the rising frequency of recurrences, the size of the hernial sac and gate gradually increases. Therefore we decided to find out the incidence of recurrences after operative repair of an umbilical hernia at our department. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patient data for this retrospective study focusing on the period between 2006 and 2010 were obtained from the electronic hospital database. Patients with umbilical hernia and the abdominal wall defect up to 3 cm who underwent primary elective procedure were included in the study. Patients with incisional hernias were excluded. All patients were contacted at least 3 years after operation to confirm the accuracy of data. RESULTS: A total of 127 patients were included in this study. In the abovementioned period, no mesh was used during primary surgery in any of the patients. Recurrence occurred in a total of 13.4% of patients. Approximately 40% of patients with the first recurrence were re-operated at our department, 30% of patients were re-operated in other hospitals and the rest have not sought medical attention in respect of the recurrence. Patients with recurrence did not differ from the others as regards age, body mass index or surgical site infection development. CONCLUSION: Due to the high recurrence rates after operative sutures of the umbilical hernias there is a need to thoroughly consider the potential risk factors such as the body mass index and the abdominal wall defect size. Therefore, it is recommended to use the mesh more widely during primary surgery, especially in obese patients with BMI over 30 and the wall defect size exceeding 3 cm. The question remains whether to use the mesh in all overweight patients and with wall defect smaller than 3 cm.

Papillary adenoma of the extrahepatic biliary tract--a rare cause of obstructive jaundice.

The authors present a case of papillary adenoma of the extrahepatic biliary tract presenting as obstructive jaundice. The diagnosis was based on the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), and above all cholangioscopy findings. The patient was treated by bile duct resection with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy. Adenoma of the bile duct is a rare entity. Only a few cases have been described in the world literature so far.

[Numbers of lymph nodes in large intestinal resections for colorectal carcinoma]. / Pocet uzlin u resekcí tlustého streva pro kolorektální karcinom.

INTRODUCTION: Precise evaluation of lymph nodes in the surgical specimen is crucial for the staging and subsequent decision about the adjuvant therapy in colorectal cancer. Prognosis of the patients can be assessed only in cases when at least 12 lymph nodes in the surgical specimen are examined. AIM OF THE WORK: To evaluate the radicalism of resections for colorectal carcinoma after introducing laparoscopic approach. METHODS: We compared all resections for primary colorectal cancer and rectal cancer (C 18-C20) performed in the Department of Surgery in University Hospital Hradec Králové in the years 2005 and 2008 and we evaluated numbers of examined lymph nodes in the surgical specimens. The patients with recurrent tumours and the patients with complete pathological response (negative histology) after neoadjuvant therapy were excluded from the study. RESULTS: 117 patients were included in the study in 2005, 2 of them were operated laparoscopically. 155 patients (more by 32.5%) were included in the study in 2008, 53 of them (34.2%) were operated laparoscopically. In tumours of the right part of the colon (C180-C184) treated by right hemicolectomy: on an average 7.9 (+/- 5.3) lymph nodes were examined in the specimens in 2005, and 15.3 (+/- 7.0) lymph nodes in 2008. In tumours of the left part of the colon (C185-C186) treated by left hemicolectomy: 6.5 (+/- 5.1) lymph nodes were examined in 2005, and 19.6 (+/- 15.6) in 2008. In tumours of the sigmoid colon (C187) 9.1 (+/- 6.9) lymph nodes were examined in 2005,and 15.4 (+/- 7.9) in 2008. In tumours of the rectosigmoid junction (C19) 8.0 (+/- 6.9) lymph nodes were examined in 2005, and 17.8 (+/- 11.2) in 2008. In rectal cancer (C20) 5.2 (+/- 4.5) lymph nodes were examined in 2005, and 13.6 (+/- 12.5) in 2008. There is a significant difference in a number of examined lymph nodes in patients without neodadjuvant treatment compared to those with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and neoadjuvant radiotherapy. In 2005, in an average 3.7 (+/- 3.3) lymph nodes were removed in rectal resections after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, in 2008 in an average 7.6 (+/- 6.1) lymph nodes were removed. In 2005, in an average 5.1 (+/- 3.7) lymph nodes in rectal resections after neoadjuvant radiotherapy were removed, in 2008 6.3 (+/- 4.3) lymph nodes were removed. In 2005, in an average 7.0 (+/- 5.5) lymph nodes in rectal resections without neoadjuvant therapy were removed, in 2008 20.9 (+/- 14.1) lymph nodes were removed. Laparoscopic resections were comparable with open resections regarding the number of examined lymph nodes in our group of patients. CONCLUSION: Introducing the laparoscopic approach to resections of colorectal carcinomas did not decrease radicalism of the operation as to the number of removed lymph nodes.

[Transgastric and transrectal hybrid NOTES cholecystectomy--experimental study]. / Hybridní NOTES cholecystektomie transgastrickým a transrektálním prístupem v experimentu.

INTRODUCTION: Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) is a dynamically developing branch of miniinvasive surgery, whose aim is a minimazing abdominal wall injury. Many experimental studies describe the wide spectrum of the NOTES techniques in the animal model. The NOTES experiment begun in the porcine model for acquiring experience at the Surgical Departement in the University Hospital in Hradec Králové. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Hybrid NOTES cholecystectomy with transgastric and transrectal approaches in the porcine model were performed there. Eight animals were operated and were observed for 7 to 14 days after operations. A post-operative morbidity and mortality was found as well as a post-mortal examination for intraperitoneal complications. RESULTS: Three transgastric and five transrectal hybrid cholecystectomies were performed. One animal died immediately after operation due to an anaesthesiological complication. There were two transrectal operations that converted to open surgery due to massive rectum wall injury. Seven surviving animals were without complications in the post-operative period. No post-operative complication in post-mortal exploration were found, gastrotomy and colotomy were healed primarily, there were no signs for peritonitis. CONCLUSION: The experimental study showed the posibility of futher continuing development of the hybrid NOTES technique in the porcine model, also its safety, pitfalls and complications were presented.