Effect of Ritualistic Consumption of Ayahuasca on Hepatic Function in Chronic Users.

Ayahuasca is a beverage obtained from decoctions of the liana Banisteriopsis caapi plus the shrub Psychotria viridis. This beverage contains a combination of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine) and N,N-dimethyltryptamine, the main substance responsible for its visionary effect. The ritualistic use of ayahuasca is becoming a global phenomenon. Most members of ayahuasca churches consume this beverage throughout their life, and many reports have discussed the therapeutic potential of this beverage. Ayahuasca is consumed orally, and the liver, as the major organ for the metabolism and detoxification of xenobiotics absorbed from the alimentary tract, may be susceptible to injury by compounds present in the ayahuasca decoction. In this study, we evaluated biochemical parameters related to hepatic damage in the serum of 22 volunteers who consumed ayahuasca twice a month or more for at least one year. There was no significant alteration in the following parameters: alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin, creatinine, urea, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma glutamyl transferase. These findings indicate that chronic ayahuasca consumption in a religious context apparently does not affect hepatic function.

Suicide attempt with acetonitrile ingestion in a nursing mother.

CONTEXT: Acetonitrile (ACN) is a solvent rapidly absorbed through lungs and intestinal tract, and is slowly metabolized to cyanide (CN) by enzymatic processes mediated by CYP2E1. OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical and laboratory evolution, ACN elimination half-life, and its presence in breast milk in a nursing mother who attempted suicide. CASE DETAILS: A 25-year-old 2-month nursing mother ingested an estimated dose of 2.1 g/kg of ACN. Blood and urine samples were collected 24 h later for ACN, CN and thiocyanate analysis, and 12.5 g sodium thiosulfate i.v. in 1-h infusion was started and repeated every 24 h for 4 days. ACN results showed 200 mg/L in blood and 235 mg/L in urine. ACN analysis in the breast milk at Day 6 showed level of 21 mg/L compared to 27 mg/L in blood collected at the same time, suggesting a possible relationship of 1.3:1.0 ratio. An elimination half-life of 40.4 h was calculated, compared to 32 and 36 h showed in other studies. DISCUSSION: The clinical management must involve the use of CN antidotes for more than 24 h depending on the symptoms and blood levels of ACN. Furthermore, our data showed the possible existence of a close relationship between plasma and breast milk levels.

Poisoning by illegal rodenticides containing acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (chumbinho): a prospective case series.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a prospective case series of poisonings caused by ingestion of illegal rodenticides containing acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, mainly "chumbinho," followed-up by the Campinas PCC for a period of 1 year. CASE SERIES: Seventy-six cases were included, of which 53.9% were males. Age ranged from 2 to 74 years (median = 36 years). The main circumstances leading to poisoning were intentional (suicide attempts 92.1%; homicide attempts 5.3%), and 65.8% were admitted less than 2 hours after ingestion. Most of the patients (96.1%) showed cholinergic muscarinic manifestations, particularly salivation (86.8%), myosis (77.6%), sweating (50%), and bronchorrhea (35.5%). Atropine was used in 82.9% of patients (median = 2 days), intubation and mechanical ventilation in 46.1% (median = 3 days), and the median length of the hospital stay was 4 days. Plasma samples obtained upon admission in 59 cases revealed (LC-MS/MS): aldicarb (55), carbofuran (2), aldicarb and carbofuran (1), no active component (1). In most of the plasma and urine samples collected upon admission, the highest concentrations (ng/mL) obtained were for the active metabolite aldicarb sulphoxide (plasma, median = 831, IIQ = 99.2-2885; urine, median = 9800, IIQ = 2000-15000) than aldicarb (plasma, median = 237, IIQ = 35.7-851; urine, median = 584, IIQ = 166-1230), indicating rapid metabolism. The excretion of aldicarb and its metabolites was rapid since these compounds were rarely detected in plasma samples 48 hours after admission. Sequential cholinesterase analysis in 14 patients revealed almost complete reactivation in the first 48 hours post-admission, compatible for poisoning by carbamates. Based on the Poisoning Severity Score, the cases were classified as asymptomatic (5.3%), minor (11.8%), moderate (35.5%), severe (43.4%), and fatal (3.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Most poisonings involved aldicarb and resulted from suicide attempts; the poisonings were generally severe, with a mortality of 3.9%. Aldicarb was rapidly absorbed, metabolized, and excreted.

Monitorizaçäo terapêutica de anticonvulsivantes / Therapeutic monitoring of anticonvulsant drugs

Refere-se a monitorizaçao de níveis plasmáticos de fármacos como um instrumento valioso para assegurar uma terapia com o máximo de eficácia e o mínimo de efeitos tóxicos, de maneira individual, uma vez que os efeitos terapêuticos e tóxicos säo melhores relacionados à concentraçäo plasmática do que à dose administrada. Os métodos analíticos freqüentemente utilizados na determinaçäo e quantificaçäo dos anticonvulsivantes säo a cromatografia em fase gasosa (CG), a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) e as técnicas de imunoensaio (IFP). Realizou-se a determinaçäo de primidona (PRD); fenobarbital (FNB); fenitoína (FNT); carbamazepina epóxido (CBZe) nas amostras de plasma liofilizado através de CG, CLAE e EFP e comparou-se os resultados obtidos pelos métodos utilizados a fim de verificar se há concordância entre os mesmos. A comparaçäo foi realizada frente aos resultados enviados pelo Health Control - Cardiff.

Monitorizacao terapeutica de anticonvulsivantes

Refere-se a monitorizacao de niveis plasmaticos de farmacos como um instrumento valioso para assegurar uma terapia com o maximo de eficacia e o minimo de efeitos toxicos, de maneira individual, uma vez que os efeitos terapeuticos e toxicos sao melhores relacionados a concentracao plasmatica do que a dose administrada. Os metodos analiticos frequentemente utilizados na determinacao e quantificacao dos anticonvulsivantes sao a cromatografia em fase gasosa (CG), a cromatografia liquida de alta eficiencia (CLAE) e as tecnicas de imunoensaio (IFP). Realizou-se a determinacao de primidona (PRD); fenobarbital (FNB); fenitoina (FNT); carbamazepina (CBZ) e carbamazepina epoxido (CBZe) nas amostras de plasma liofilizado atraves de CG, CLAE e IFP e comparou-se os resultados obtidos pelos metodos utilizados a fim de verificar se ha concordancia entre os mesmos. A comparacao foi realizada frente aos resultados enviados pelo Health Control - Cardiff.