Mutations in human TBX5 [corrected] cause limb and cardiac malformation in Holt-Oram syndrome.

Holt-Oram syndrome is characterized by upper limb malformations and cardiac septation defects. Here, we demonstrate that mutations in the human TBX5 gene underlie this disorder. TBX5 was cloned from the disease locus on human chromosome 12q24.1 and identified as a member of the T-box transcription factor family. A nonsense mutation in TBX5 causes Holt-Oram syndrome in affected members of one family; a TBX5 missense mutation was identified in affected members of another. We conclude that TBX5 is critical for limb and heart development and suggest that haploinsufficiency of TBX5 causes Holt-Oram syndrome.

Dexamethasone, beta-estradiol, and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin elicit thymic atrophy through different cellular targets.

The effects of single doses of dexamethasone (DEX), beta-estradiol-17-valerate (E2), and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on the kinetics of thymic atrophy and related bone marrow and thymocyte phenotype alterations were examined. The results imply differences in the mechanisms by which these compounds act. Of the three compounds, DEX induced maximal atrophy by 3 days with complete recovery by Day 12. At the point of maximal atrophy, the RAG-1+TdT+CD4+8+3int thymocyte population was proportionately the most depleted. In contrast, TCDD and E2 caused maximal thymic atrophy by Day 12. E2 treatment, like DEX, resulted in a preferential decrease in the RAG-1+TdT+CD4+8+3int population, but unlike DEX, this decrease persisted. TCDD-induced thymic atrophy resulted from a proportional loss of all classes of thymocytes. There was no significant relative reduction of TdT+RAG-1+ cells by TCDD in the thymus. A slow and persistent reduction of TdT and RAG-1 in bone marrow by both TCDD and E2 contrasted with the rapid reduction and quick recovery of these markers in marrow from DEX-treated animals. Additional studies showed that only DEX-induced atrophy was accompanied by the induction of thymocyte apoptosis, as detected by multiple nucleosomal length DNA fragments within the first 24 hr. The different kinetics and proportions of subsets in the atrophied thymuses, as well as the distinct patterns of alterations of RAG and TdT expression, and the presence or the absence of apoptosis provide evidence for different mechanisms of thymic atrophy by these agents. The slow induction and longer persistence of thymic atrophy induced by E2 and TCDD, as well as their effects on bone marrow stem cell markers, suggest that bone marrow thymocyte precursors are major targets for these agents.

The thymus does not mediate 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-elicited alterations in bone marrow lymphocyte stem cells.

Our previous studies have shown that bone marrow lymphocyte stem cells are affected following perinatal or adult exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). These alterations may, in part, be responsible for thymic atrophy that is also observed following TCDD exposure. However, other investigators have suggested that the thymus or thymic-derived lymphocytes can affect bone marrow stem cell development. The purpose of these studies was to determine whether the TCDD-elicited effects that we have observed on lymphocyte stem cells in bone marrow were secondary to the actions of this chemical on the thymus. A single intraperitoneal dose of TCDD (30 micrograms/kg) to sham-operated or neonatally thymectomized female BALB/c mice reduced the levels of mRNA in the bone marrow for the lymphocyte stem cell-specific enzymes terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) and recombinase activating gene (RAG-1). TdT biosynthesis was also reduced by TCDD treatment. Thus, neonatal thymectomy had no effect on the TCDD-elicited reduction of TdT or RAG-1 mRNAs or TdT biosynthesis. Genetically athymic (nu/nu) mice were used to further determine if the actions of TCDD on the thymus or long-lived T-cells altered lymphocyte stem cell development. As observed in BALB/c mice, TCDD treatment decreased the expression of TdT and RAG-1 mRNAs in bone marrow from athymic nu/nu and intact nu/+ littermates. We conclude that TCDD-elicited alterations in bone marrow lymphocyte stem cells are not secondary to any actions, direct or indirect, that TCDD has on the thymus or thymic-derived T-cells.

A simplified formaldehyde fixation and immunoprecipitation technique for studying protein-DNA interactions.

Using the single cell eukaryote Tetrahymena thermophila, a simple method was developed for studying protein-DNA associations by cross-linking proteins to DNA with formaldehyde and immunoprecipitating the solubilized chromatin fragments with a specific antiserum. The protocol uses crude antiserum and involves only three steps: cross-linking, shearing to solubilize the chromatin, and immunoprecipitation. Methods for optimizing certain critical parameters, such as fixation time and NaCl concentration, are described. The method is likely to be generally useful for a variety of nuclear antigens.

Formaldehyde cross-linking and immunoprecipitation demonstrate developmental changes in H1 association with transcriptionally active genes.

The in vivo association of histone H1 with specific genes in Tetrahymena thermophila was studied by using a simplified cross-linking and immunoprecipitation technique. Four genes were analyzed whose activities vary in three different developmental states (logarithmic growth, starvation, and conjugation). Hybridization of the immunoprecipitated DNA to cloned probes showed an inverse correlation between the level of immunoprecipitation with H1 antiserum and transcriptional activity. This represents the first demonstration of an alteration in histone H1-DNA interaction associated with developmental changes in transcriptional activity.