An Overview on Mushroom Polysaccharides: Health-promoting Properties, Prebiotic and Gut Microbiota Modulation Effects and Structure-function Correlation.

Mushroom polysaccharides are recognized as "biological response modifiers". Besides several bioactivities, a growing interest in their prebiotic potential has been raised due to the gut microbiota modulation potential. This review comprehensively summarizes mushroom polysaccharides' biological properties, structure-function relationship, and underlying mechanisms. It provides a recent overview of the key findings in the field (2018-2024). Key findings and limitations on structure-function correlation are discussed. Although most studies focus on ß-glucans or extracts, α-glucans and chitin have gained interest. Prebiotic capacity has been associated with α-glucans and chitin, while antimicrobial and wound healing potential is attributed to chitin. However, further research is of utmost importance. Human fecal fermentation is the most reported approach to assess prebiotic potential, indicating impacts on intestinal biological, mechanical, chemical and immunological barriers. Gut microbiota dysbiosis has been directly connected with intestinal, cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurological diseases. Concerning gut microbiota modulation, animal experiments have suggested proinflammatory cytokines reduction and redox balance re-establishment. Most literature focused on the anticancer and immunomodulatory potential. However, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, antidiabetic, hypocholesterolemic, antilipidemic, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties are discussed. A significant overview of the gaps and research directions in synergistic effects, underlying mechanisms, structure-function correlation, clinical trials and scientific data is also given.

The Health-promoting Potential of Edible Mushroom Proteins.

Edible mushrooms have been classified as "next-generation food" due to their high nutritional value coupled with their biological and functional potential. The most extensively studied and reported mushroom macromolecules are polysaccharides. However, macrofungi proteins and peptides are also a representative and significant bioactive group. Several factors such as species, substrate composition and harvest time significantly impact the mushroom protein content, typically ranging between 19 and 35% on a dry weight basis. Proteins work based on their shape and structure. Numerous extraction methods, including chemical and non-conventional, and their implications on protein yield and stability will be discussed. Beyond their biological potential, a great advantage of mushroom proteins is their uniqueness, as they often differ from animal, vegetable, and microbial proteins. According to recently published reports, the most relevant mushroom bioactive proteins and peptides include lectins, fungal immunomodulatory proteins, ubiquitin-like proteins, and proteins possessing enzymatic activity such as ribonucleases laccases, and other enzymes and ergothioneine. These are reported as antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial, antihypertensive, immunomodulatory, antitumour, antihypercholesterolemic or antihyperlipidemic, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties, which improved proteins and peptides research interest and contributed to the increase of mushroom market value. This review provides an overview of the most relevant biochemical and biological properties of the main protein groups in edible mushrooms, explicitly focusing on their biomedical potential. Although mushrooms are a rich source of various proteins, many of these molecules have yet to be identified and characterised. Accordingly, it is crucial to identify and characterise new macromolecules of macrofungi origin, which opens an opportunity for further investigation to identify new bioactives for food, nutraceutical, or medicinal applications.

Phenylethyl Isothiocyanate: A Bioactive Agent for Gastrointestinal Health.

The incidence of gastrointestinal pathologies (cancer in particular) has increased progressively, with considerable morbidity and mortality, and a high economic impact on the healthcare system. The dietary intake of natural phytochemicals with certain bioactive properties has shown therapeutic and preventive effects on these pathologies. This includes the cruciferous vegetable derivative phenylethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), a bioactive compound present in some vegetables, such as watercress. Notably, PEITC has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, bactericidal, and anticarcinogenic properties. This review summarized the current knowledge on the role of PEITC as a potential natural nutraceutical or an adjuvant against oxidative/inflammatory-related disorders in the gastrointestinal tract. We also discussed the safe and recommended dose of PEITC. In addition, we established a framework to guide the research and development of sustainable methodologies for obtaining and stabilizing this natural molecule for industrial use. With PEITC, there is great potential to develop a viable strategy for preventing cancer and other associated diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. However, this topic still needs more scientific studies to help develop new PEITC products for the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, or food industries.

Relatório Final: Percurso formativo do Enfermeiro Especialista na Pessoa em Situação Crítica / Final Report: Training path of the Nurse Specialist in the Person in Critical Situation

Este Relatório Final é o resultado formal da conclusão do Mestrado em Enfermagem na Pessoa em Situação Crítica sobre forma de relatório e revisão sistemática da literatura. O relatório é apresentado com método descritivo e argumentativo dos domínios de competência do enfermeiro especialista na pessoa em situação crítica da Ordem dos Enfermeiros, documentados no Regulamento 429/2018. Confronta a experiência de ensino clínico com documentos oficiais da DGS, OE, sociedades internacionais e evidência científica recente. Demonstra assim o percurso formativo de construção de um enfermeiro especialista e sintetiza o conhecimento que possui e as principais áreas de desenvolvimento, apresentando a reflexão contínua como um processo dinâmico, imprescindível à tomada de decisão. A revisão sistemática da literatura sobre "a eficácia das intervenções não farmacológicas na incidência e duração do delirium no adulto no pós-operatório" revela a síntese científica sobre um tema emergente da área cirúrgica, a nível investigativo e pouco evidente no contexto pratico, evidenciando a importância da intervenção de enfermagem na temática.

Chitosan-olive oil microparticles for phenylethyl isothiocyanate delivery: Optimal formulation.

Phenylethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), a chemopreventive compound, is highly reactive due to its considerably electrophilic nature. Furthermore, it is hydrophobic and has low stability, bioavailability and bioaccessibility. This restricts its use in biomedical and nutraceutical or food applications. Thus, the encapsulation of this agent has the function of overcoming these limitations, promoting its solubility in water, and stabilizing it, preserving its bioactivity. So, polymeric microparticles were developed using chitosan-olive oil-PEITC systems. For this, an optimisation process (factors: olive oil: chitosan ratio and PEITC: chitosan ratio) was implemented through a 3-level factorial experimental design. The responses were: the particle size, zeta-potential, polydisperse index, and entrapment efficiency. The optimal formulation was further characterised by FTIR and biocompatibility in Caco-2 cells. Optimal conditions were olive oil: chitosan and PEITC: chitosan ratios of 1.46 and 0.25, respectively. These microparticles had a size of 629 nm, a zeta-potential of 32.3 mV, a polydispersity index of 0.329, and entrapment efficiency of 98.49%. We found that the inclusion process affected the optical behaviour of the PEITC, as well as the microparticles themselves and their interaction with the medium. Furthermore, the microparticles did not show cytotoxicity within the therapeutic values of PEITC. Thus, PEITC was microencapsulated with characteristics suitable for potential biomedical, nutraceutical and food applications.

Sitting time and associated factors among Portuguese older adults: results from Nutrition UP 65.

Older adults are particularly susceptible to sedentary behaviours. Sitting time has been increasingly referred to as a potentially modifiable risk factor in the prevention of chronic diseases. Identifying factors associated with sitting time, particularly those that are modifiable, will allow for more effective public health strategies. This study aimed to describe sitting time among Portuguese older adults and to evaluate associated factors. A cross-sectional study including 1423 older adults ≥ 65 years old was conducted. Sitting time was assessed with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Socio-demographic, health, anthropometric and functional variables were collected. Bivariate and multivariate linear regression models were conducted to study the association between these variables and sitting time. The median of sitting time was 300 min/day (interquartile range = 240 min/day), which is equal to 5 h/day. The following factors were directly associated with longer sitting time: being male, age ≥ 80 years, living in Central or Southern Portugal, being retired from work, as well as presenting low physical activity, obesity or longer time to walk 4.6 metres. On the other hand, being married, having higher education and higher household income were inversely associated with longer sitting time. It can be concluded that Portuguese older adults spend a considerable amount of time sitting per day. Potentially modifiable risk factors associated with longer sitting time in this population were related to nutritional status and functional ability.

Post-infective bronchiectasis by measles prior infection - A case report.

Bronchiectasis (BE) refers to an abnormal and irreversible dilatation of the bronchi. Post-infectious etiology still remains an important and frequent cause. Associated the anti-vaccine movement, measles resurfaces and with all the outcomes that comes from the disease. The present case illustrates one of the possible complication of measles - BE, underlining the importance of vaccination.

Fisioterapia associada à yoga e musicoterapia na doença de Parkinson: ensaio clínico / Physiotherapy associated with yoga and musicotherapy in Parkinson's disease: clinical trial

Introdução: Abordagens alternativas para o exercício físico na doença de Parkinson estão sendo estudadas. Objetivo: Verificar a efetividade da prática em grupo da fisioterapia associada à yoga e musicoterapia nas variáveis cognição, equilíbrio, mobilidade e independência funcional em pessoas com doença de Parkinson. Materiais e Métodos: Sob um ensaio clínico randomizado controlado, realizado na Associação de Parkinson Tocando em Frente, vinte e quatro indivíduos nos estágios leve a moderado da doença de Parkinson foram alocados em grupo controle (GC) e grupo experimental (GE). Os pacientes foram avaliados no início e ao fim do programa de reabilitação de frequência semanal única (16 sessões). Ambos os grupos realizaram fisioterapia e o GE além da fisioterapia, realizou yoga e musicoterapia. Utilizou-se para comparação os testes t de Student e ANOVA two-way (medidas repetidas). Resultado: Fisioterapia associada à yoga e musicoterapia resultou em efeito significante superior na cognição e mobilidade quando comparado à fisioterapia como única intervenção, confirmado pela significante interação entre grupo e momento para as pontuações do Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (p=0,04; ƞ2Æ¿=0,33) e tempo para realização do teste de levantar e andar cronometrado (TUG) (p=0,005; ƞ2Æ¿=0,555) e do TUG com tarefa motora adicional (p=0,00; ƞ2Æ¿=0,924). Conclusão: O programa de reabilitação associando as intervenções realizadas em grupo e com frequência semanal única foi efetivo melhorando as variáveis estudadas, podendo ser utilizado na prática clínica. REBEC: RBR­4kf8zv. (AU)

Introduction: Alternative approaches to exercise in Parkinson's disease are being studied. Objective: Verify the effectiveness of the practce in physical therapy group associated with yoga and music therapy on cognitive, balance, mobility and functional independence variables in people with Parkinson's disease. Materials and Methods: Under a randomized controlled clinical trial, performed in Associação de Parkinson Tocando em Frente, twenty-four individuals in mild to moderate stages of Parkinson's disease were divided into control group (CG) and experimental group (EG). Patients were assessed at baseline and at the end of one weekly frequency rehabilitation program (16 sessions). Both groups performed physical therapy and GE addition to physical therapy, underwent yoga and music therapy. It was used to compare the Student t test and two-way ANOVA (repeated measures). Results: Physiotherapy associated with yoga and music therapy had a higher significant effect on cognition and functional mobility compared to physical therapy as a single intervention, confirmed by the significant interaction between group and time for the scores of Mini-Mental State Examination (p = 0.04; ƞ2Æ¿ = 0.33) and time to perform the timed up and go test (TUG) (p = 0.005; ƞ2Æ¿ = 0.555) and TUG with additional motor task (p = 0.00; ƞ2Æ¿ = 0.924). Conclusion: The rehabilitation program involving the interventions group and one weekly frequency was effective in improving the variables studied, may be embedded in clinical practice. REBEC: RBR­4kf8zv. (AU)

Triceps skinfold compressibility in hospitalized patients

OBJECTIVE: To explore triceps skinfold (TSF) compressibility and its associated factors among hospitalized patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among hospitalized adult patients. Evolution of tissue compressibility during two seconds was registered and 120 TSF values were obtained using a digital calliper. Compressibility was determined according to the difference between the initial value and the final value (TSF difference) and according to time (τ). Multivariable linear regression models were performed in order to identify factors associated with TSF compressibility. RESULTS: One hundred and six patients (30.2% aged ≥ 65 years) composed the study sample. Compressibility based on TSF difference was independently associated with TSF thickness (regression coefficient, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.38, 0.01-0.05, p = 0.002) and nutritional risk (regression coefficient, 95% CI = 0.23, 0.12-1.23, p = 0.018), but time of compressibility (τ) was not significantly associated with any of the studied variables. CONCLUSIONS: Among a sample of hospitalized patients, undernutrition risk and higher TSF thickness were factors independently associated with higher compressibility assessed by the difference between the initial and final TSF value. Time of compressibility (τ) was not affected by any of the studied factors.

Impact of Nutritional Supplementation and a Psychomotor Program on Patients With Alzheimer's Disease.

This study aims to evaluate the impact of oral nutritional supplementation (ONS) and a psychomotor rehabilitation program on nutritional and functional status of community-dwelling patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). A 21-day prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted and third intervention group performed a psychomotor rehabilitation program. Patients were followed up for 180 days. Mean (standard deviation) score of Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) increased both in the nutritional supplementation group (NSG; n = 25), 0.4 (0.8), and in the nutritional supplementation psychomotor rehabilitation program group (NSPRG; n = 11), 1.5 (1.0), versus -0.1 (1.1) in the control group (CG; n = 43), P < .05. Further improvements at 90-day follow-up for MNA in NSG: 1.3 (1.2) and NSPRG: 1.6 (1.0) versus 0.3 (1.7) in CG ( P < .05) were observed. General linear model analysis showed that the NSG and NSPRG ▵MNA score improved after intervention, at 21 days and 90 days, was independent of the MNA and Mini-Mental State Examination scores at baseline ( Ps > .05). The ONS and a psychomotor rehabilitation program have a positive impact on long-term nutritional and functional status of patients with AD.

Proposta de um programa de prática em grupo composto por fisioterapia, yoga e musicoterapia para pacientes com doença de Parkinson / Proposal for a programme of practice in group composed of physical therapy, yoga and musictherapy for patients with Parkinson´s disease

OBJETIVO: Analisar os benefícios da prática em grupo da fisioterapia, yoga e musicoterapia nas variáveis progressão da doença, equilíbrio, mobilidade funcional e independência funcional em pessoas com DP. MÉTODOS: Ensaio clínico não controlado, composto por dez indivíduos (4 homens e 6 mulheres) com média de idade de 62,6±9,12 anos, tempo médio de evolução da doença de 89,4±39,64 meses e classificados entre os estágios 1 e 3 da escala de Hoehn e Yahr. Os pacientes foram avaliados no início e ao fim de um programa de prática em grupo com frequência semanal única, totalizando 24 sessões, associando a fisioterapia, yoga e musicoterapia. Análises de comparação dos momentos pré e pós-intervenção por meio do teste de Wilcoxon (nível de significância de 5%). RESULTADOS: Resultados positivos estatisticamente significantes entre a avaliação pré e pós-intervenção foram verificados na progressão da doença (32,5 vs. 28,11), função cognitiva (25,37 vs. 26,50), equilíbrio (50 vs. 53,7), mobilidade funcional realizando a marcha como tarefa única (12,42 vs. 10,18) e com adição de tarefa cognitiva (16,25 vs. 12,5) e independência funcional (34,5 vs. 39). CONCLUSÃO: O programa de prática de grupo aplicado foi benéfico nos desfechos progressão da doença, equilíbrio, mobilidade e independência funcional.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the benefits of group practice of physical therapy, yoga and music therapy in disease progress variables, balance, functional mobility and functional independence in persons with PD. METHODS: Clinical trial uncontrolled, composed of ten subjects (4 men and 6 women) with a mean age of 62.6 ± 9.12 years, average duration of the 89.4 ± 39.64 months and disease classified among stages 1 and 3 of the Hoehn and Yahr scale. Patients were assessed at baseline and at the end (after 6 months) of a single weekly flight group practice program, totaling 24 sessions, involving physical therapy, yoga and music therapy. Comparative analysis of pre- and post-intervention using the Wilcoxon test (5% significance level). RESULTS: Statistically significant positive results between the pre- and post-intervention were observed in disease progression (32.5 vs. 28.11), cognitive function (25.37 vs. 26.50), balance (50 vs. 53,7), functional mobility performing the march as a single task (12.42 vs. 10.18) and adding cognitive task (16.25 vs. 12.5) and functional independence (34.5 vs. 39). CONCLUSION: The group practice program was beneficial outcomes in disease progression, balance, mobility and functional independence.

A realidade virtual por meio do tapete de videodança melhora a marcha de pacientes com doença de Parkinson / Virtual reality for video dance pad means better patient running with Parkinson disease

Intervenções com realidade virtual apresentam efeitos positivos em várias habilidades físicas em pacientes com doença de Parkinson (DP). O objetivo foi verificar a efetividade do treinamento de curto prazo baseado em realidade virtual por um tapete de videodança no desempenho da marcha em pacientes com doença de Parkinson. Foram avaliados quatro pacientes pela Escala Hoehn e Yahr, Escala Unificada de Avaliação da Doença de Parkinson (UPDRS), Miniexa-me do Estado Mental, Avaliação Cognitiva Montreal, Escala de Berg e Escala de Atividade de Parkinson. Para avaliar o treinamento, foi realizado o teste de caminhada dos 10 metros antes (A1), após 1 hora de repouso (A2) e após o treino (A3) em seis situações diferentes. Realizou-se intervenção com o tapete de videodança, com uma sessão única de 1 hora. Análise estatística: ANOVA de medidas repetidas, post-hoc de Tukey, para análise das variáveis espaçotemporais da marcha nos três momentos de avaliação e teste de McNemar para investigar diferenças na proporção de acertos nos dois alvos ao longo do trajeto (nível de significância 5%). Resultados evidenciaram redução do tempo para percorrer o trajeto e aumento da cadência na A3 em relação às avaliações iniciais (p < 0,05). Redução do número de erros de colocação do pé no alvo na A3 (p < 0,05). A intervenção foi efetiva principalmente em reduzir o tempo para percorrer o per-curso e corrigir erros de colocação do pé no alvo.

The aim was to verify the effectiveness of short-term training based on virtual reality by video-dance carpetin gait performance in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Evaluated four patients with idiopathic PD assessed by Hoehn and Yahr scale, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Mini-Mental Status Examination, Cognitive Assessment Montreal, Berg Scale and Parkinson's Activity Scale. To check the effect of the training, patients held the 10 metres walk test before (A1), after resting one hour (A2) and after training (A3) in six different situations. Held with  the  video-dance mat, with a single session of 1 hour. Statistics analysis: ANOVA for repeated measures and post-hoc Tukey to analyse the spatio-temporal parameters of the gait in three moments of evaluation and for McNemar's test to investigate differences in the proportion of hits in two targets arranged along the path (significance level 5%). Results showed reduction of time to traverse, increase of cadence in A3, regarding to initial assessments (p < 0.05). There has been a reduction in the number of mistakes of placing the foot on target at A3 (p < 0.05). The proposed intervention was effective primarily in reducing the time to traverse the route and correct mistakes of placing the foot on the target.

Effects of Posture and Body Mass Index on Body Girth Assessment.

BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of posture on body girth assessment among hospitalized adults and older adults. We further explored the influence of body mass index (BMI) on this effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among hospitalized adult patients. Arm, waist, hip, and calf girths were obtained for each patient in standing and supine positions. Body girths were obtained in the 2 body positions, and differences were compared according to BMI normal-weight and overweight categories. RESULTS: In total, 123 patients (27.6% aged ≥65 years) composed the study sample. Significant differences were found between measurements obtained in standing and supine positions, ranging from 0.6-1.1 cm. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values were ≥0.97, and agreement ranged from 81.3%-87% (weighted κ ≥ 0.84). Similar results were found when differences were stratified by BMI categories. CONCLUSION: Although body girth assessment in standing and supine positions in hospitalized adults and older adults differs, these differences are small and are not dependent on BMI categories.

Benefits of Hip Hop Dance for obese children and adolescents: A systematic review / Hip Hop como atividade física para crianças e adolescentes obesos: Uma revisão sistemática

The infant juvenile obesity is currently one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st century, being directly related to physical inactivity as a decisive factor in the worldwide epidemic. The programs of conventional workouts have become not so attractive for this particular population. Because of that the access and permanence in those structured physical activity programs for obese adolescents are difficult. This systematic review has the general goal to verify what benefits the systematic practice of hip hop dance, can promote in obese children and adolescents. The search for relevant articles was conducted in the electronic databases Medline (Pubmed), Cochrane, LILACS, SciELO from January through June 2014, being structured as [(hip hop /) and (obesity /) and (children/ adolescent), controlled and randomized trials were included regarding the systematic practice of hip hop dance as exercise and its benefits for obese children and adolescents, subjects aged 2-19, considered obese and/or overweight. A total of 21 articles were identified in the survey. Based on the found eligible articles for the full review, only one article met all the inclusion criteria. This preliminary study is intended to broaden the context in health for adolescents and children suffering from overweight and/or obesity, recommending an intervention through dance hip hop, it would be an important modality association for possible monitoring and reducing the risk of associated comorbidities. In this field of research, there is a lack of studies of high methodological quality, which may be able to demonstrate the benefits of this type of intervention.

A obesidade juvenil infantil é atualmente um dos mais graves problemas de saúde pública do século 21, estando diretamente relacionada à inatividade física como um fator decisivo na epidemia mundial. Os programas de exercícios convencionais tornaram-se não tão atrativos para essa população específica. Por conta disto o aceso e permanência em programas de atividade física estruturados para adolescentes obesos são difíceis. Esta revisão sistemática tem o objetivo geral de verificar quais os benefícios que a prática sistemática de dança hip hop, pode promover em crianças e adolescentes obesos. A busca de artigos científicos foi realizada nas bases Medline eletrônica (Pubmed), Cochrane, LILACS, SciELO, de janeiro a junho de 2014, que está sendo estruturado como [(hip hop /) e (obesidade /) e (crianças / adolescentes), estudos controlados e randomizados foram incluídos que investigassem à prática sistemática da dança hip hop como exercício e seus benefícios para crianças e adolescentes obesos, indivíduos com idades entre 2-19, considerados obesos e / ou excesso de peso. Um total de 21 artigos foram identificados na pesquisa. Com base nos artigos encontrados elegíveis para a revisão completa, apenas um artigo cumpriu todos os critérios de inclusão. Este estudo preliminar destina-se a ampliar o contexto em saúde para adolescentes e crianças que sofrem de excesso de peso e / ou obesidade, recomendando uma intervenção através da dança hip hop, como uma importante modalidade que pode ser associada no monitoramento e redução do risco de comorbidades associadas. Neste campo de pesquisa, há uma carência de estudos de alta qualidade metodológica, capzes de demonstrar os benefícios deste tipo de intervenção.