Analysis of the changes in the management of preterm newborns born in a Spanish third-level hospital in the past 10 years.

BACKGROUND: Preterm newborns require the use of the best and most current strategies to treat and prevent both acute pathology and associated sequelae. This study aimed to compare the differences in the management of preterm newborns over 10 years in a tertiary hospital in Spain and its impact on height, weight, and neurological development in the medium term. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, observational, and analytical study examining the management and clinical variables in preterm newborns under 32 weeks of gestational age who were born in our hospital in 2011 and 2021. RESULTS: Twenty-six newborns were included in the study. Significant differences in magnesium sulfate use, continuous positive airway pressure immediately after birth, and non-invasive mechanical ventilation during hospitalization were observed. Differences were found in the use of parenteral nutrition and the timing of initiation of enteral feeding. We did not observe differences in the neurological or weight evolution in the medium term. CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences in managing preterm newborns in these 10 years were observed. Lower mortality and alterations in central nervous system ultrasound and, significantly, less growth retardation during admission in 2021 have been observed; however, it does not manifest with improvement in long-term somatometrics or neurological prognosis.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La inmadurez de los recién nacidos pretérmino (RNP) requiere el empleo de las mejores y más actuales estrategias para tratar la patología aguda y prevenir sus eventuales secuelas asociadas. El objetivo planteado es comparar las diferencias en el manejo de RNP a lo largo de diez años en un hospital de tercer nivel en España y su impacto en el desarrollo neurológico y póndero-estatural a medio plazo. MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo, observacional y analítico examinando variables del manejo y clínicas de todos los RNP menores de 32 semanas de edad gestacional nacidos en nuestro hospital (nivel III-A) en 2011 y en 2021. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 26 infantes (2011: 10 niños, 2021: 16 niños). Observamos diferencias significativas en el uso prenatal de sulfato de magnesio, mayor uso de presión positiva continua en la vía aérea (CPAP) al ingreso y ventilación mecánica no invasiva durante el ingreso, retraso en el uso de surfactante, empleo de alimentación intravenosa e inicio precoz de la alimentación enteral. Existe una menor tasa de mortalidad y desnutrición postnatal en 2021. No observamos diferencias en la evolución neurológica o ponderal a medio plazo. CONCLUSIONES: Existen diferencias en el manejo de los prematuros en estos 10 años con mayor ajuste a las guías nacionales e internacionales vigentes. Esto se relaciona con menor mortalidad y alteraciones en la ecografía del sistema nervioso central y, significativamente, con un menor retraso en el crecimiento durante el ingreso en 2021; no se demostró mejoría del pronóstico somatométrico o neurológico a largo plazo.

2022 Polio outbreak, Rockland County, NY: Cost evaluation of strategies to prevent future outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases.

In 1994, the World Health Organization Region of the Americas was declared polio-free. In July 2022, a confirmed case of paralytic polio in an unvaccinated adult resident of Rockland County, New York was reported by the New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) and Rockland County Department of Health (RCDOH). While only one case was identified, a single case of paralytic polio represents a public health emergency in the United States. The patient's county of residence was identified to have low vaccination coverage indicating that the community was at risk for additional cases. Disease outbreaks are resource-intensive and incur high costs to the patient, local health departments, and to society. These costs are potentially avoidable for vaccine-preventable diseases and thus, highlight the urgency to not only interrupt transmission but to prevent future vaccine-preventable disease outbreaks by improving vaccination coverage. Following case confirmation, an investigation and response was initiated by NYSDOH, along with local health departments and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). After the initial investigation and response, collaborative efforts to mitigate risk and strengthen routine immunization continued, which included provider outreach and immunization record assessments of Head Start and licensed childcare facilities (primarily those with missing or incomplete required vaccination coverage reports from the previous year) in Rockland County. We estimated the costs of (1) provider outreach and (2) childcare and pre-kindergarten immunization record assessments of select licensed childcare and Head Start facilities in Rockland County. The total labor cost incurred for these activities was $138,514 with a total of 2,555 h incurred. Often there are unique opportunities in the midst of an outbreak for public health to implement activities to proactively address low vaccination and strengthen vaccination coverage and possibly prevent future outbreaks. Understanding the cost of these activities might help inform future outbreak planning.

Analysis of the changes in the management of preterm newborns born in a Spanish third-level hospital in the past 10 years / Análisis de los cambios en el manejo de recién nacidos prematuros nacidos en un hospital español de tercer nivel en los últimos 10 años

Abstract Background: Preterm newborns require the use of the best and most current strategies to treat and prevent both acute pathology and associated sequelae. This study aimed to compare the differences in the management of preterm newborns over 10 years in a tertiary hospital in Spain and its impact on height, weight, and neurological development in the medium term. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, observational, and analytical study examining the management and clinical variables in preterm newborns under 32 weeks of gestational age who were born in our hospital in 2011 and 2021. Results: Twenty-six newborns were included in the study. Significant differences in magnesium sulfate use, continuous positive airway pressure immediately after birth, and non-invasive mechanical ventilation during hospitalization were observed. Differences were found in the use of parenteral nutrition and the timing of initiation of enteral feeding. We did not observe differences in the neurological or weight evolution in the medium term. Conclusions: Significant differences in managing preterm newborns in these 10 years were observed. Lower mortality and alterations in central nervous system ultrasound and, significantly, less growth retardation during admission in 2021 have been observed; however, it does not manifest with improvement in long-term somatometrics or neurological prognosis.

Resumen Introducción: La inmadurez de los recién nacidos pretérmino (RNP) requiere el empleo de las mejores y más actuales estrategias para tratar la patología aguda y prevenir sus eventuales secuelas asociadas. El objetivo planteado es comparar las diferencias en el manejo de RNP a lo largo de diez años en un hospital de tercer nivel en España y su impacto en el desarrollo neurológico y póndero-estatural a medio plazo. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, observacional y analítico examinando variables del manejo y clínicas de todos los RNP menores de 32 semanas de edad gestacional nacidos en nuestro hospital (nivel III-A) en 2011 y en 2021. Resultados: Se incluyeron 26 infantes (2011: 10 niños, 2021: 16 niños). Observamos diferencias significativas en el uso prenatal de sulfato de magnesio, mayor uso de presión positiva continua en la vía aérea (CPAP) al ingreso y ventilación mecánica no invasiva durante el ingreso, retraso en el uso de surfactante, empleo de alimentación intravenosa e inicio precoz de la alimentación enteral. Existe una menor tasa de mortalidad y desnutrición postnatal en 2021. No observamos diferencias en la evolución neurológica o ponderal a medio plazo. Conclusiones: Existen diferencias en el manejo de los prematuros en estos 10 años con mayor ajuste a las guías nacionales e internacionales vigentes. Esto se relaciona con menor mortalidad y alteraciones en la ecografía del sistema nervioso central y, significativamente, con un menor retraso en el crecimiento durante el ingreso en 2021; no se demostró mejoría del pronóstico somatométrico o neurológico a largo plazo.

Perfil das infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde na unidade de terapia intensiva de um hospital de referência na mesorregião oeste do Rio Grande do Norte / Profile of health care-related infections in the intensive care unit of a reference hospital in the west mesoregion of Rio Grande do Norte / Perfil de las infecciones relacionadas con la atención a la salud en la unidad de cuidados intensivos de un hospital de referencia en la mesoregión oeste del Rio Grande del Norte

As Infecções Relacionadas à Assistência à Saúde (IRAS) ocorrem com mais frequência em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) devido a exposição maior dos pacientes a procedimentos e dispositivos invasivos, quadro clínico debilitado e sua manipulação pela equipe assistencial exigindo uso elevado de antimicrobianos, o que pode promover um risco de desenvolvimento de resistência bacteriana a estes, cujas consequências podem ser a dificuldade de tratamento, internamento prolongado, risco de óbito e maior custo associado. Tem como objetivo descrever as IRAs relacionando os agentes etiológicos e o tratamento antimicrobiano em uma UTI de um hospital de referência da mesorregião do Rio Grande do Norte. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, retrospectivo e transversal de abordagem quantitativa. Foram inseridos 1.682 pacientes internados na UTI geral do hospital estudado entre 2017-2020. Os dados foram coletados a partir de fichas de registro que foram tabuladas e analisadas nos softwares Microsoft Office Excel® e Statistical Package for the Social Sciences utilizando estatística descritiva simples com apresentação de frequências, tendências e dispersão. A análise dos resultados revelou mediana de idade de 57 anos, prevalência do sexo masculino e existência de comorbidades em 57,9% dos casos, especialmente infecção prévia a admissão na UTI. O tempo médio de permanência na UTI foi 11,4 dias e taxa de mortalidade de 52%. Quanto aos dispositivos invasivos, observou-se uso de sonda vesical de demora (96,8%), ventilação mecânica (79,4%) e cateter venoso central (83,7%). Constatou-se 790 IRAS da UTI com crescimento bacteriano em 48,2%. As principais densidades de incidência (DI) de IRAS/1.000 pacientes-dia foram: IPCSL-CVC 1,8; PAV 27 e ITU-AC 22,3. Quanto aos antibióticos, observou-se Lenght of therapy de 872,5/1.000 pacientes-dia, sendo os mais prescritos: vancomicina (N=633), meropenem (N=625), ceftriaxona (N=479), amicacina (N=463) e polimixina B (N=448). Os valores destaques de Days of therapy/1.000 pacientes-dia: meropenem (N=305,7), amicacina (N=260,4), polimixina B (N=256,4), vancomicina (N=229,3) e imipenem (N=165,3). As bactérias mais isoladas nas culturas foram: Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp. e Klebsiella spp., as quais apresentaram resistência, principalmente, a: ceftazidima (51,5% - 87,3%); cefepima (61,6% - 85,3%); ciprofloxacino (56% - 84,6%) e meropenem (31,7% - 80,3%). Identificou-se não conformidades no tratamento com antibióticos em 455 pacientes, que envolvem principalmente polimixina B, vancomicina, meropenem e ceftriaxona. Conclui-se que há elevados níveis de tempo de permanência na UTI e uso de dispositivos invasivos, assim como DI de IRAS alta com identificação microbiológica de bactérias importantes, especialmente por seu perfil de resistência acentuado com destaque para antibióticos da classe dos carbapenêmicos e cefalosporinas de 3a e 4a geração. Destaca-se também a presença de não conformidades na administração de antibióticos que podem contribuir para a seleção de bactérias multirresistentes.

Health Care-Related Infections (HAI) occur more frequently in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) due to the greater exposure of patients to invasive procedures and devices, weakened clinical status and their handling by the care team, requiring high use of antimicrobials, which can promote a risk of developing bacterial resistance to these, whose consequences may be difficult treatment, prolonged hospitalization, risk of death and higher associated costs. It aims to describe the IRAS relating the etiological agents and antimicrobial treatment in an ICU of a reference hospital in the mesoregion of Rio Grande do Norte. This is a descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach. A total of 1,682 patients admitted to the general ICU of the hospital studied between 2017-2020 were included. Data were collected from registration forms that were tabulated and analyzed in Microsoft Office Excel® and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software using simple descriptive statistics with presentation of frequencies, trends and dispersion. The analysis of the results revealed a median age of 57 years, prevalence of males and the existence of comorbidities in 57.9% of cases, especially infection prior to admission to the ICU. The average length of stay in the ICU was 11.4 days and the mortality rate was 52%. As for invasive devices, the use of an indwelling urinary catheter (96.8%), mechanical ventilation (79.4%) and central venous catheter (83.7%) was observed. There were 790 IRAS in the ICU with bacterial growth in 21.67%. The main HAI incidence densities (DI)/1,000 patient-days were: IPCSL-CVC 1.8; PAV 27 and UTI-AC 22.3. As for antibiotics, a Length of therapy of 872.5/1,000 patient-days was observed, with the most prescribed being: vancomycin (N=633), meropenem (N=625), ceftriaxone (N=479), amikacin (N= 463) and polymyxin B (N=448). The highlighted values of Days of therapy/1000 patient-days: meropenem (N=305.7), amikacin (N=260.4), polymyxin B (N=256.4), vancomycin (N=229.3) and imipenem (N=165.3). The most isolated bacteria in cultures were: Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Klebsiella spp., which showed resistance mainly to: Ceftazidime (51.5% - 87.3%); cefepime (61.6% - 85.3%); ciprofloxacin (56% - 84.6%) and meropenem (31.7% - 80.3%). Non-compliance was identified in the treatment with antibiotics in 455 patients, which mainly involve polymyxin B, vancomycin, meropenem and ceftriaxone. It is concluded that there are high levels of ICU length of stay and use of invasive devices, as well as high IRAS ID with microbiological identification of important bacteria, especially due to their accentuated resistance profile, with emphasis on antibiotics from the carbapenem class and cephalosporins from 3rd and 4th generation. Also noteworthy is the presence of non-compliance in the administration of antibiotics that may contribute to the selection of multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Las Infecciones Relacionadas con la Atención de la Salud (IRAS) ocurren con mayor frecuencia en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) debido a la mayor exposición de los pacientes a procedimientos y dispositivos invasivos, el debilitamiento del estado clínico y su manejo por parte del equipo asistencial, requiriendo un alto uso de antimicrobianos , lo que puede promover un riesgo de desarrollar resistencia bacteriana a estos, cuyas consecuencias pueden ser un tratamiento difícil, hospitalización prolongada, riesgo de muerte y mayores costos asociados. Tiene como objetivo describir las IRAs que relacionan los agentes etiológicos y el tratamiento antimicrobiano en una UTI de un hospital de referencia en la mesorregión de Rio Grande do Norte. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal con enfoque cuantitativo. Se incluyeron un total de 1.682 pacientes ingresados en la UCI general del hospital estudiado entre 2017-2020. Los datos fueron recolectados a partir de formularios de registro que fueron tabulados y analizados en el software Microsoft Office Excel® y Statistical Package for the Social Sciences utilizando estadística descriptiva simple con presentación de frecuencias, tendencias y dispersión. El análisis de los resultados reveló una mediana de edad de 57 años, predominio del sexo masculino y la existencia de comorbilidades en el 57,9% de los casos, especialmente infección previa al ingreso en UCI. La estancia media en la UCI fue de 11,4 días y la tasa de mortalidad fue del 52%. En cuanto a los dispositivos invasivos, se observó el uso de catéter urinario permanente (96,8%), ventilación mecánica (79,4%) y catéter venoso central (83,7%). Había 790 IRAS en la UCI con crecimiento bacteriano en el 48,2%. Las principales densidades de incidencia (DI) de IRAS/1.000 pacientes-día fueron: IPCSL-CVC 1,8; PAV 27 y UTI-AC 22.3. En cuanto a los antibióticos, se observó una Duración de la terapia de 872,5/1.000 días-paciente, siendo los más prescritos: vancomicina (N=633), meropenem (N=625), ceftriaxona (N=479), amikacina (N= 463) y polimixina B (N=448). Los valores destacados de Días de terapia/1.000 pacientes-día: meropenem (N=305,7), amikacina (N=260,4), polimixina B (N=256,4), vancomicina (N=229,3) e imipenem (N=165,3). Las bacterias más aisladas en cultivos fueron: Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp. y Klebsiella spp., que mostraron resistencia principalmente a: ceftazidima (51,5% - 87,3%); cefepima (61,6% - 85,3%); ciprofloxacino (56% - 84,6%) y meropenem (31,7% - 80,3%). Se identificó incumplimiento en el tratamiento con antibióticos en 455 pacientes, los cuales involucran principalmente polimixina B, vancomicina, meropenem y ceftriaxona. Se concluye que existen altos índices de estancia en UCI y uso de dispositivos invasivos, así como elevado IRAS ID con identificación microbiológica de bacterias importantes, especialmente por su acentuado perfil de resistencia, con énfasis en antibióticos de la clase carbapenémicos y cefalosporinas de 3ra y 4ta generación. También es destacable la presencia de incumplimiento en la administración de antibióticos que pueden contribuir a la selección de bacterias multirresistentes.

Antiparasitic Activity of Compounds Isolated from Ganoderma tuberculosum (Agaricomycetes) from Mexico.

The genus Ganoderma has a long history of use in traditional Asiatic medicine due to its different nutritional and medicinal properties. In Mexico, the species G. tuberculosum is used in indigenous communities, for example, the Wixaritari and mestizos of Villa Guerrero Jalisco for the treatment of diseases that may be related to parasitic infections; however, few chemical studies corroborate its traditional medicinal potential. Thereby, the objective of this study was to isolate and identify anti-parasitic activity compounds from a strain of G. tuberculosum native to Mexico. From the fruiting bodies of G. tuberculosum (GVL-21) a hexane extract was obtained which was subjected to guided fractioning to isolate pure compounds. The in vitro anti-parasitic activity of the pure compound (IC50) was assayed against Leishmania amazonensis, Trypanosoma cruzi, Acanthamoeba castellanii Neff, and Naegleria fowleri. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity (CC50) of the isolated compounds was determined against murine macrophages. The guided fractioning produced 5 compounds: ergosterol (1), ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one (2), ergosta-7,22-dien-3ß-ol (3), 3,5-dihydroxy-ergosta-7,22-dien-6-one (4), and ganoderic acid DM (5). Compounds 2 and 5 showed the best anti-parasitic activity in an IC50 range of 54.34 ± 8.02 to 12.38 ± 2.72 µM against all the parasites assayed and low cytotoxicity against murine macrophages. The present study showed for the first time the in vitro anti-parasitic activity of compounds 1-5 against L. amazonensis, T. cruzi, A. castellanii Neff, and N. fowleri, corroborating the medicinal potential of Ganoderma and its traditional applications.

Síndrome pós pericardiotomia: apresentação clínica e tratamento de uma patologia subdiagnosticada - relato de caso / Post pericardiotomy syndrome: clinical presentation and treatment of an underdiagnosed pathology - case report

INTRODUÇÃO A síndrome pós pericardiotomia (SPP) incide em média até as 6 primeiras semanas com efusão pleural, atrito pericárdico, dor torácica, febre e marcadores inflamatórios elevados, porém sem nenhum sinal patognomônico. A suspeição precoce reduz complicações, como tamponamento cardíaco e pericardite constritiva. (1)(2) DESCRIÇÃO DO CASO Paciente de 35 anos, sexo masculino, foi ao Pronto-socorro (PS) por queixa de dor em queimação no hemitórax esquerdo e febre (38,5°) há 04 dias da admissão hospitalar. Estava em tratamento domiciliar com levofloxacino por diagnóstico de pneumonia há 01 semana no mesmo PS, por critério tomográfico e laboratorial. No mês anterior, havia sido submetido à troca valvar aórtica por prótese metálica, secundária à insuficiência aórtica de etiologia reumática. As culturas do internamento anterior eram todas negativas. Ao exame estava febril (38°C), com estertor discreto em terço inferior do hemitórax esquerdo, sem atrito pericárdico. Exames laboratoriais com discreta leucocitose (15.000/mm³) e proteína C reativa elevada (17,3 mg/dL). Nova tomografia de tórax evidenciava pequeno derrame pleural à esquerda, sem sinais de complicações. Realizado ecocardiograma transesofágico, que descartou endocardite infecciosa. A ressonância cardíaca revelou edemas miocárdico e pericárdico, sugestivos de miopericardite localizada (vide anexo). Foi descartado novo quadro infeccioso e aventada a hipótese de SPP, com início imediato de diclofenaco (150mg/dia) e colchicina (10mg/dia). Nas primeiras 72 horas após o início do tratamento o paciente cursou com remissão completa da febre e melhora dos marcadores inflamatórios, com normalização em uma semana. Recebeu alta em bom estado geral para seguimento ambulatorial e em uso da colchicina por um período previsto de três meses. CONCLUSÃO A SPP é uma síndrome subdiagnosticada por não haver achado patognomônico. O caso acima descreve a importância da experiência clínica para correlacionar a apresentação do quadro com os exames complementares. O tratamento precoce modificou o tempo de internamento e evitou graves complicações no paciente.

Poliovirus outbreak in New York State, August 2022: qualitative assessment of immediate public health responses and priorities for improving vaccine coverage.

In 2022, a case of paralysis was reported in an unvaccinated adult in Rockland County (RC), New York. Genetically linked detections of vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (VDPV2) were reported in multiple New York counties, England, Israel, and Canada. The aims of this qualitative study were to: i) review immediate public health responses in New York to assess the challenges in addressing gaps in vaccination coverage; ii) inform a longer-term strategy to improving vaccination coverage in under-vaccinated communities, and iii) collect data to support comparative evaluations of transnational poliovirus outbreaks. Twenty-three semi-structured interviews were conducted with public health professionals, healthcare professionals, and community partners. Results indicate that i) addressing suboptimal vaccination coverage in RC remains a significant challenge after recent disease outbreaks; ii) the poliovirus outbreak was not unexpected and effort should be invested to engage mothers, the key decision-makers on childhood vaccination; iii) healthcare providers (especially paediatricians) received technical support during the outbreak, and may require resources and guidance to effectively contribute to longer-term vaccine engagement strategies; vi) data systems strengthening is required to help track under-vaccinated children. Public health departments should prioritize long-term investments in appropriate communication strategies, countering misinformation, and promoting the importance of the routine immunization schedule.

Pericardite após infarto do miocárdio: o papel da ressonância magnética cardíaca no seu diagnóstico e predição de risco modalidade: imagem cardiovascular multimodalidade / Pericarditis after myocardial infarction: the role of cardiac magnetic resonance in its diagnosis and risk prediction modality: multimodality cardiovascular imaging

RESUMO: A pericardite secundária à injúria miocárdica tornou-se um raro diagnóstico com a propagação do uso da terapia de reperfusão no infarto agudo com supradesnivalemento do segmento ST (IAMCSST). Estudos retrospectivos demonstraram essa complicação em apenas 1,7% dos pacientes com IAMCSST reperfundidos dentro da janela terapêutica. No entanto, ainda são recorrentes os casos de infarto agudo que não são submetidos a terapia em tempo hábil, com possível aumento do risco de pericardite. A ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC) tem importante papel na avaliação de doenças do pericárdio e na avaliação do território miocárdico infartado. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência da pericardite em paciente após IAMCSST nãoreperfundidos, avaliados por meio da RMC, e os fatores de risco associados a essa complicação. METODOLOGIA: Estudo retrospectivo transversal com pacientes admitidos em hospital terciário com o diagnóstico de IAMCSST não reperfundidos com mais de 12 horas até 30 dias do início da dor. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a RMC conforme protocolo institucional, que incluiu sequências ponderadas em T2 para avaliação de edema, e realce tardio com gadolínio objetivando identificação de inflamação no território pericárdico e avaliação da extensão do infarto (figuras 1 e 2). RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 113 pacientes com IAMCSST não reperfundido, dos quais 13 (11,5%) preenchiam critérios para pericardite aguda pela RMC. Essa incidência foi muito superior à demonstrada naqueles submetidos ao tratamento dentro do tempo recomendado. Parâmetros morfofuncionais que denotam maior acometimento miocárdico pelo infarto, incluindo dilatação das cavidades esquerdas, menor fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo e maior número de seguimentos infartados, demonstraram uma tendência de associação com o diagnóstico da pericardite, apesar da ausência de significância estatística decorrente do pequeno número de casos positivos (Tabela 1). CONCLUSÃO: A RMC é importante método no diagnóstico de pericardite em pacientes com IAMCSST não-reperfundidos. Esse diagnóstico apresentou alta incidência no grupo de pacientes estudado, e estive associado a eventos isquêmicos que resultaram em maior comprometimento morfofuncional do ventrículo esquerdo.

Anomalia vascular venosa complexa causando compressão esofágica associada a anomalias das artérias e veias pulmonares em pcientes com pentalogia de fallot / Complex venous vascular anomaly causing esophageal compression associated with pulmonary artery and vein anomalies in patients with pentalogy of fallot

INTRODUÇÃO: Tetralogia de Fallot (TF) representa cerca de 10% dos casos de cardiopatia congênita e entre as cianogênicas, é a mais prevalente na infância. Os defeitos da TF decorrem do desvio ântero-superior do septo infundibular levando à obstrução da via de saída do ventrículo direito (VD) em gruas variáveis, comunicação interventricular, dextroposição da orta e hipertrofia do VD. Suas associações mais comuns são com a comunicação interatrial, quando se nomeia Pentalogia Fallot (PF), e com o defeito do septo atrioventricular. DESCRIÇÂO DO CASO: Recém-nascida M.L.C.P, pré-termo de 36 semanas, peso de 1070g e APGAR 6/9 . Foi diagnosticada com TF e necessitou de cuidados intensivos pós-natais devido a crises de hipóxia durante estímulo de sucção e choro intenso. Mantida internação prolongada em UTI neonatal para ganho de peso e estabilidade hemodinâmica antes da correção cirúrgica. Transferida a serviço terciário cardiológico para acompanhamento. Ao ecocardiograma inicial, confirmado diagnóstico de PF com persistência do canal arterial, contudo não foi possível definir a drenagem das veias pulmonares direitas. Solicitada angiotomografia cardíaca e de grandes vasos para elucidar a anatomia vascular. A vasculatura pulmonar esquerda, arterial e venosa encontravam-se sem alterações. A artéria pulmonar direita apresentava redução luminal gradativa e ramos segmentares hipoplásticos, as veias pulmonares direitas encontrava-se diminutas, com estenose importante na desembocadura no átrio esquerdo. Alé disso, notava-se veia cava superior esquerda persisntente (VCSEP) que se estendia até a altura do brônquio esquerdo, onde cruzava para o hemitórax direito e desembocava na veia cava superior direita, que estava habitualmente conectada ao átrio direito. Este trajeto ocorria entre o esôfago e a aorta torácica descendente, o que acarretava compressão do esôfago entre a VCSEP e o brônquio direito. Paciente evoluiu com múltiplas intercorrências durante internação na UTI e foi a óbito antes da correção cirúrgica. CONCLUSÃO: Relatamos caso de PF com uma associação rara a diversas anomalias vasculares complexas. Esse cenário é um desafio ao manejo clínico e à abordagem cirúrgica da cardiopatia.

Efficacy of mouthrinses in reducing oral SARS-COV-2 load: a review.

Accumulated evidence has shown that the oral cavity may be an important reservoir for SARS-CoV-2. Some authors have suggested that the use of mouthrinses could reduce SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the saliva. Thus, the aim of this review was to synthesize evidence about the efficacy of mouthrinses in reducing the salivary viral load of SARS-CoV-2. 2. Nine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have investigated the efficacy of different mouthrinses in reducing salivary SARS-CoV-2 loads. Various active ingredients have been tested in these trials: 0.5%,1% and 2% povidone-iodine, 0.2% and 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX), 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), 0.075% CPC with Zinc lactate, 1% and 1.5% hydrogen peroxide (HP), 1.5% HP + 0.12% CHX and ß-cyclodextrin and citrox. The studies reported an intra-group reduction in the salivary levels of the virus, when compared with the baseline. However, the majority of these trials failed to demonstrate a significant inter-group difference between active groups and the control group relative to the decrease in salivary SARS-CoV-2 loads. Although promising, these results should be confirmed by larger trials.

Efficacy of mouthrinses in reducing oral SARS-COV-2 load: a review

Abstract Accumulated evidence has shown that the oral cavity may be an important reservoir for SARS-CoV-2. Some authors have suggested that the use of mouthrinses could reduce SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the saliva. Thus, the aim of this review was to synthesize evidence about the efficacy of mouthrinses in reducing the salivary viral load of SARS-CoV-2. 2. Nine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have investigated the efficacy of different mouthrinses in reducing salivary SARS-CoV-2 loads. Various active ingredients have been tested in these trials: 0.5%,1% and 2% povidone-iodine, 0.2% and 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX), 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), 0.075% CPC with Zinc lactate, 1% and 1.5% hydrogen peroxide (HP), 1.5% HP + 0.12% CHX and ß-cyclodextrin and citrox. The studies reported an intra-group reduction in the salivary levels of the virus, when compared with the baseline. However, the majority of these trials failed to demonstrate a significant inter-group difference between active groups and the control group relative to the decrease in salivary SARS-CoV-2 loads. Although promising, these results should be confirmed by larger trials.

Rapid Screening of Polyol Polyketides from Marine Dinoflagellates.

Dinoflagellate-derived polyketides are typically large molecules (>1000 Da) with complex structures, potent bioactivities, and high toxicities. Their discovery suffers three major bottlenecks: insufficient bioavailability, low-yield cultivation of producer organisms, and production of multiple highly related analogues by a single strain. Consequently, the biotechnological production of therapeutics or toxicological standards of dinoflagellate-derived polyketides is also hampered. Strategies based on sensitive and selective techniques for chemical prospection of dinoflagellate extracts could aid in overcoming these limitations, as it allows selecting the most interesting candidates for discovery and exploitation programs according to the biosynthetic potential. In this work, we assess the combination of data-dependent liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS2) and molecular networking to screen polyol polyketides. To demonstrate the power of this approach, we selected dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae since it is commonly used as a biotechnological model and produces amphidinols, a family of polyol-polyene compounds with antifungal and antimycoplasmal activity. First, we screened families of compounds with multiple hydroxyl groups by examining MS2 profiles that contain sequential neutral losses of water. Then, we clustered MS2 spectra by molecular networking to facilitate the dereplication and discovery of amphidinols. Finally, we used the MS2 fragmentation behavior of well-characterized luteophanol D as a model to propose a structural hypothesis of nine novel amphidinols. We envision that this strategy is a valuable approach to rapidly monitoring toxin production of known and unknown polyol polyketides in dinoflagellates, even in small culture volumes, and distinguishing strains according to their toxin profiles.

Viability assessment as a strategy to reduce long term events in left anterior descendent artery with chronic total occlusion

INTRODUCTION: Late intervention of a chronic total occlusion (CTO) in stable patients is not routinely recommended by randomized trials. Previous studies have confirmed the negative effect of CTOs on prognosis. Purpose: To evaluate if a strategy of viability assessment (VA) to guide revascularization in the left anterior descendent artery (LAD) CTO can reduce 5-year clinical outcomes. METHODS: Retrospective cohort with at 5-year follow-up of 223 patients with LAD with CTO without any other significant lesion. Patients with previous myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy or clinical instability were excluded. The primary outcome was the composite end point of myocardial infarction (MI), death, new LAD revascularization, heart failure hospitalization (HFH) and severe arrhythmias. RESULTS: We identified 223 patients with LAD CTO as a single lesion. Only 53 (23.7%) had VA to guide therapy compared to 170 (76.2%) with no VA (NVA). The mean ejection fraction was higher in the group with NVA (54.5+/-13.1 vs 41.5+/-11.8 with p<0.001). The occurrence of angina was more common in the NVA group (64.7% vs 30.2% with p<0.001), mainly due to Canadian Cardiology Society II (71.8%). The VA group was more frequently maintained in optimal medical therapy (OMT) (54.7%) compared to the NVA group (23.5%). NVA group underwent revascularization more often than the VA group, PCI was performed in 59.4% vs 41.5% and CABG in 17.1% vs 3.8% respectively. The primary outcome occurred in 5.7% in the VA group compared to 22.4% in the NVA (p=0.056). CONCLUSION: VA is a feasible strategy to reduce the need of unnecessary interventions. There was a marginal reduction of the total number of events in the VA group in the 5-year follow-up, mainly with respect to reducing the need for new LAD revascularization.

Transient ischemic attack + acute myocardial infarction + pulmonary embolism - three comcomitant embolic events in a patient with patent foramen ovale

INTRODUCTION: Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is the persistence of the opening between the atrial septum primum and atrial septum secundum at the location of the fossa ovalis. It is present in about 25% of adults and is a casual finding without hemodynamic repercussions. However, studies prove an association between PFO and potentially severe clinical conditions, such as ischemic stroke, pulmonary embolism (PE), and, more rarely, acute myocardial infarction (MI). Despite welldocumented consequences of paradoxical embolism through the PFO, the passage of venous clot from a patent foramen has been rarely described in the literature. We report a case of a patient with PFO and manifestation of three concomitant embolic events: venous thromboembolism, transient ischemic attack, and MI. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 49-year-old woman with a history of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension, asthma, PFO, and two previous episodes of PE sought emergency care with dyspnea on mild exertion for 2 weeks and oxygen desaturation on room air. She was admitted for compensation and clinical investigation. Chest CT angiography revealed dilatation of the pulmonary trunk and filling defects in the segmental and subsegmental arteries bilaterally. Full anticoagulation was started with enoxaparin. On the fourth day of hospitalization, the patient presented sudden burning chest pain, frontal headache, decreased consciousness, and tachypnea. ECG showed ST-segment elevation inferior MI and complete heart block, which spontaneously reverted to sinus rhythm. Patient also developed sudden left-sided hemiparesis and ipsilateral hemineglect. Non-contrast brain CT ruled out hemorrhage and aortic angiotomography excluded dissection. Due to the reported PFO, an embolic etiology was hypothesized and it was decided not to perform a coronary cineangiography and also to suspend antiplatelet drugs. The patient had complete reversal of the deficits within hours and no changes were noted in a subsequent brain CT. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging confirmed inferior acute MI, and echocardiogram revealed PFO with small right-to-left shunt. After 18 days, the patient was discharged under oral anticoagulation and outpatient follow-up revealed no further complications. CONCLUSION: We report a case of paradoxical embolism manifested in distinct sites in a young patient with PFO, with good outcomes with anticoagulant therapy.

Public Health Response to a Case of Paralytic Poliomyelitis in an Unvaccinated Person and Detection of Poliovirus in Wastewater - New York, June-August 2022.

On July 18, 2022, the New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) notified CDC of detection of poliovirus type 2 in stool specimens from an unvaccinated immunocompetent young adult from Rockland County, New York, who was experiencing acute flaccid weakness. The patient initially experienced fever, neck stiffness, gastrointestinal symptoms, and limb weakness. The patient was hospitalized with possible acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). Vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (VDPV2) was detected in stool specimens obtained on days 11 and 12 after initial symptom onset. To date, related Sabin-like type 2 polioviruses have been detected in wastewater* in the patient's county of residence and in neighboring Orange County up to 25 days before (from samples originally collected for SARS-CoV-2 wastewater monitoring) and 41 days after the patient's symptom onset. The last U.S. case of polio caused by wild poliovirus occurred in 1979, and the World Health Organization Region of the Americas was declared polio-free in 1994. This report describes the second identification of community transmission of poliovirus in the United States since 1979; the previous instance, in 2005, was a type 1 VDPV (1). The occurrence of this case, combined with the identification of poliovirus in wastewater in neighboring Orange County, underscores the importance of maintaining high vaccination coverage to prevent paralytic polio in persons of all ages.

Adverse events of metronidazole and amoxicillin: Retrospective analysis of a large data set of five randomized clinical trials.

AIM: To evaluate the frequency of side effects associated with intake of metronidazole (MTZ) + amoxicillin (AMX) in periodontal treatment, and to explore associations between these events and patients' features. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data of five randomized clinical trials testing MTZ + AMX adjunctive to mechanical therapy were evaluated. Volunteers answered an adverse event questionnaire. RESULTS: Information from 656 subjects was assessed. The frequency of side effects in the antibiotic- and placebo-treated groups ranged from 1.0% to 17.7% and 0.9% to 13.7%, respectively. The events more frequently observed in the antibiotic than in the placebo group were diarrhoea and metallic taste (p < .05). Diabetes significantly raised the odds of a patient reporting discomfort (odds ratio [OR] = 2.6), diarrhoea (OR = 4.0), weakness (OR = 6.0) and excessive sleepiness (OR = 2.9). In systemically healthy volunteers, using antibiotics 3 months post-mechanical treatment (healing phase) (OR = 3.0), being a woman (OR = 3.9) and aged ≤49 (OR = 4.5) significantly increased the chances of reporting adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of side effects during MTZ + AMX treatment ranged from uncommon (1%) to very common (17.7%). The main factors raising the chances of a patient reporting adverse events were diabetes and taking antibiotics in the healing phase, instead of in the active phase of treatment. Patients ≤ 49 years old and females also tend to report more side effects.

Aneurisma gigante da artéria coronária direita secundário a fístula arteriovenosa identificado por meio de angiotomografia de coronárias / Giant aneurysm of the right coronary artery secondary to arteriovenous fistula identified by coronary angiotomography

CASO: Paciente do sexo feminino, 26 anos, tabagista, sem outras comorbidades cardiovasculares conhecidas. Em seguimento ambulatorial com queixa de dispneia aos esforços há sete anos, com piora progressiva, atualmente em classe funcional III da NYHA, e edema periférico. Eletrocardiograma evidenciava ritmo em flutter atrial. Submetida a ecocardiograma transtorácico que demonstrou função sistólica biventricular preservada, com aumento de ventrículo direito e presença de imagem cística (115 x 77 mm) com fluxo lentificado em seu interior, adjacente ao átrio direito (AD), próximo a desembocadura da veia cava superior. A massa gerava restrição do fluxo para o interior do AD, com aumento das pressão de enchimento dessa câmara. Optou-se pela realização de Angiotomografia do Coração (Angio-TC), por meio da qual observou-se que a imagem cística era um aneurisma gigante da artéria coronária direita (CD) consequente à presença de fístula com a Veia Cava Inferior. DISCUSSÃO: Fístula coronária arteriovenosa é uma anomalia congênita rara, presente em aproximadamente 0,002% da população geral. A coronária mais comumente acometida é a direita (55% dos casos), e drena para estruturas de baixa pressão, como artéria pulmonar, veia cava superior e seio coronário. Possíveis consequências clínicas incluem insuficiência cardíaca, angina, endocardite, arritmias ou infarto do miocárdio por roubo de fluxo, já a formação de aneurismas coronários é complicação rara. No caso descrito observa-se aneurisma gigante da artéria CD, secundário a fístula entre essa coronária e a veia cava superior, resultando em aumento de pressões direitas e dilatação ventricular por restrição de enchimento atrial. As opções terapêuticas incluem tratamento cirúrgico ou por meio de angioplastia, além de controle clínico dos sintomas da insuficiência cardíaca. COMENTÁRIOS FINAIS: Descreve-se um caso raro de aneurisma gigante em artéria coronária direita secundário a fístula arteriovenosa, com restrição de enchimento a aumento de pressões de cavidade cardíacas direitas.

Pacemaker lead-related macroreentrant atrial tachycardia.

Macroreentrant atrial circuits are frequently associated with scarring. Previous reports have shown the possible development of scar tissue that is adjacent to pacemaker (PM) leads. However, reports of PM lead-related reentrant tachycardia are scarce. We report the case of a 63-year-old woman who presented with macroreentrant atrial tachycardia (MAT), related to the atrial trajectory of an old single-lead ventricular PM, that was successfully treated with radiofrequency ablation after a conventional electrophysiological study ruled out isthmus-dependent atrial flutter and provided sufficient data to confirm this diagnosis. This report presents a case of MAT originating around the trajectory of a PM lead, probably because of scar tissue that developed adjacent to the lead. Experimental studies have already shown that interstitial atrial fibrosis may develop adjacent to a ventricular single-lead. This finding suggests that MAT develops in patients with this specific condition. Recognizing this condition is important for managing these arrhythmias and performing safe ablation with the preservation of PM lead integrity.