[A new experimental model for inducing interstitial cystitis by oxidative stress using bladder instillation of a nitric oxide donor gel]. / Un nuevo modelo experimental de inducción de cistitis intersticial mediante estrés oxidativo empleando instilación vesical de un gel donante de óxido nítrico.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to develop a new experimental model of inducing interstitial cystitis (IC) through vesical instillation of a polymeric solution containing the NO donor S-nitrousglutathione (GSNO) and to compare it to the experimental interstitial cystitis induced by vesical instillation of protamine and potassium chloride. MATERIAL AND METHOD: For that purpose 40 female Wistar rats were used, divided in four groups: 1. saline solution + GSNO; 2. saline solution + polymeric solution (without GNSO); 3. protamine sulphate + KCl; 4. protamine sulphate + GSNO. The rats received one application (5 animals) or 3 applications (5 animals) of the corresponding substance through intravesical instillation, and after 6 days (5 animals) or 9 days (5 animals) they were euthanized and their bladders were removed for macroscopic evaluation and histological study. RESULTS: In the macroscopic evaluation we observed edema and hyperemia of the mucosa in 2 (22%) of the animals in group 1, in 0 (0%) of the animals in group 2, in 10 (100%) of the animals in group 3, and in 5 (50%) of the animals in group 4. In the protamine + KCl group and in saline + GSNO similar effects were observed on the bladder wall. The animals in group 2 (saline + polymeric) showed vascular congestion, significantly smaller than the rest after 9 days instillations (p=0.0035). Significant increased fibrosis was observed after instillations in groups 3 and 4, after 6 days (p=0.3781) and 9 days (p=0.0459) respectively, when compared to control (group 2). All groups presented neutrophilic infiltrate of variable intensity 6 days after instillations (p=0.7277). After 9 days, there was a regression of the infiltrate, with no evidence of accentuated neutrophilic reaction in all the groups (p=0.2301). CONCLUSION: The inflammatory response to bladder instillation of an aqueous solution of S-nitrousglutathione was very similar to that induced by bladder instillation of protamine and KCl. Instillation of an aqueous solution of GSNO can be considered a new model for experimental induction of interstitial cystitis.

Pattern of osteophytes and enthesophytes in the proximal ulna: an anatomic, paleopathologic, and radiologic study.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a schematic segmentation of the proximal ulna in order to detect, assess the frequency, and characterize the bony outgrowths arising from the trochlea and from the radial notch of the ulna, to enable differentiation of osteophytes from enthesophytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty well-preserved ulna specimens from the collection of the San Diego Museum of Man were analyzed by two musculoskeletal radiologists. The trochlea and the radial notch of the ulna simulate the shape of a clock quadrant. The proximal ulna was divided into 24 anatomic areas. The relationships of the joint capsule and insertions of tendons and ligaments onto these area were assessed by the two readers, and the resulting appearances of bony outgrowths were compared at visual inspection and on Radiographs. RESULTS: The interobserver visual comparison was good in 17 areas out of 24, but poor correlation was found in 7 areas. In one case, difficulties in differentiating osteophytes originating from the brachialis muscle/ tendon (area 9) from an enthesophyte originating from the capsule insertion on the coronoid process (areas 2 or 3) occurredand between two different enthesophytes in a further case. Five cases had difficulties in defining differences in the grading system of the outgrowths. The percentage of outgrowths observed in each of the areas was globally high, especially in areas 9 and 10. On radiographs it was possible to observe irregularities in ten areas; in eight at a threshold of height of 2 mm (areas 1-4, 9, 10, 11, 14) and in two at a threshold of height of 3 mm (areas 5, 6). The two readers had the same difficulties in differentiating enthesophytes from osteophytes at radiographic and visual examination. CONCLUSION: Our segmentation scheme is reproducible and objective, and permitted the differentiation of the bony outgrowths arising from the proximal ulna into osteophytes and enthesophytes, which may be particularly useful for the in vivo assessment of abnormalities seen in elbow overuse syndromes.