Radiographic texture of the trabecular bone of the proximal phalanx in horses with metacarpophalangeal osteoarthritis.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent condition in horses, leading to changes in trabecular bone structure and radiographic texture. Although fractal dimension (FD) and lacunarity have been applied to quantify these changes in humans, their application in horses remains nascent. This study evaluated the use of FD, bone area fraction (BA/TA), and lacunarity in quantifying trabecular bone differences in the proximal phalanx (P1) in 50 radiographic examinations of equine metacarpophalangeal joints with varying OA degrees. In the dorsopalmar view, regions of interest were defined in the trabecular bone of the proximal epiphysis, medial and lateral to the sagittal groove of P1. Lower BA/TA values were observed medially in horses with severe OA (P=0.003). No significant differences in FD and lacunarity were found across OA degrees (P>0.1). FD, BA/TA, and lacunarity were not effective in identifying radiographic texture changes in the P1 trabecular bone in horses with different metacarpophalangeal OA degrees.

Radiographic characterization of the maxillary septum and septal bullae in horses: An ex vivo study.

The anatomical variations of the maxillary septum and the septal bullae can generate challenges during the interpretation of radiographs of the horses' heads and make it difficult to accurately identify the sites affected in sinus disorders. The description of the radiographic appearance of these structures is currently scarce in the scientific literature. This work aims to describe the anatomical and radiographic characteristics of the maxillary septum and maxillary septal bullae in horses. Six chemically preserved equine cadaver heads were used which, after being submitted to the maxillary osseous flap, the maxillary septum and its respective bullae were identified. Radiographic examinations before and after contrast impregnation on these structures were performed. The positioning of the maxillary septum varied between the anatomical specimens and between the sides of the same specimen. The 30° oblique dorsoventral lateral and lateral projections allowed the identification of the maxillary septum and septal bullae. However, the bullae remained superimposed on the dental arches in the dorsoventral projections with the mandible in a neutral position or with the mandible displaced. The oblique offset radiographic positioning was suggested and proved effective for the examination of the maxillary septal bullae, where the mandible was displaced to the side of the bullae to be examined, and the radiographic beam inclined in the same direction. The maxillary septum and its bullae could be properly identified in a macroscopic way after the osseous flap and the contrasted radiographic examination allowed its adequate interpretation. Variations in size and position are considered normal for the equine species.

Neurotoxic and behavioral deficit in Drosophila melanogaster exposed to photocatalytic products of Paraquat.

The Advanced Oxidative Processes have demonstrated potential for application in the degradation of organic pollutants, such as Paraquat (PQ) from water and wastewater, due to their low price, high efficiency, and non-toxic properties. In this study, we investigated whether the photodegradation of PQ with TiO2 nanotubes reduced its toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster. However, dietary ingestion of degradation products PQ for larvae resulted in a low axial ratio (pupal volume). In the adults, products of photodegradation of PQ exposure markedly diminished climbing ability in a time-dependent manner after 10 days of feeding. In addition, exposure of D. melanogaster to photodegradation of PQ reduced acetylcholinesterase and citrate synthase activities but improved oxidative stress, as evidenced by oxide nitric, protein carbonyl, and lactate production. These results suggest that the photodegradation of PQ with TiO2 nanotubes produced PQ fragments with higher toxicity than PQ, while the precise mechanism of its action needs further investigation.

Mechanical Properties and Failure Mode of Proximal Screw Fixation Technique Using Locking Compression Plate for Proximal Interphalangeal Arthrodesis in Horses: An Ex Vivo Study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to measure the mechanical properties and failure mode of an ex vivo model of proximal interphalangeal arthrodesis in horses with different methods of proximal screw fixation using a locking compression plate. STUDY DESIGN: Pastern joint arthrodesis with a 3-hole 4.5-mm narrow locking compression plate was performed on 20 forelimbs of equine cadavers, randomized into four groups based on the fixation method and type of proximal screw used: unicortical cortex, bicortical cortex, unicortical locking, bicortical locking. Single-cycle axial compression testing was conducted until failure. The frequency of implant plastic deformation was recorded. Bone failure analysis was performed through computed tomography examinations and fractal analysis. RESULTS: There were no differences in the analysed mechanical variables and fractal dimension among the groups. Transarticular screws showed a higher frequency of deformation (75%) regardless of the group. Both unicortical locking and bicortical locking groups deformed the plate more frequently. CONCLUSION: The type of screw used in the proximal hole of the locking compression plate and its method of anchoring in the proximal phalanx do not affect the mechanical properties of pastern arthrodesis in equine cadavers subjected to single-cycle axial compression tests until failure.

An introductory review on the application of principal component analysis in the data exploration of the chemical analysis of food samples.

Principal component analysis (PCA) is currently one of the most used multivariate data analysis techniques for evaluating information from food analysis. In this review, a brief introduction to the theoretical principles that underlie PCA will be given, in addition to presenting the most commonly used computer programs. An example from the literature was discussed to illustrate the use of this chemometric tool and interpretation of graphs and parameters obtained. A list of recently published articles will also be presented, in order to show the applicability and potential of the technique in the food analysis field.

Associação do comportamento alimentar com o estado nutricional de gestantes de alto risco internadas em um centro de referência no nordeste / Association of eating behavior with the nutritional status of high-riskpregnant women admitted to a reference center in the Northeast

Introduction: Pregnancy is a period of physical and physiological changes that progresses without complications when free from factors that can compromise maternal and fetal health. Diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, obesity and inadequate weight gain are the most common causes of gestational risk, and these can be strongly associated with the nutritional status, eating habits and behavior of the pregnant woman. Objective: To describe and associate eating behavior with the nutritional status of high-risk pregnant women admitted to a reference center in the Northeast. Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional study carried out with patients admitted to high-risk wards at the Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira – IMIP (Recife-PE), anthropometric data and data related to eating behavior were collected (TEMS instrument). Results: Around 56,4% of pregnant women had a prepregnancy BMI classified as overweight or obese, with only 16% classified as underweight. The evaluation of the evolution of weight gain demonstrated that 66.4% had insufficient weight gain, while 12,8% had high gestational weight gain. Discussion: When analyzing eating behavior through the TEMS instrument, the relationship of giving a good image when eating had a significant value (p < 0,05) as well as considerations of choosing healthy foods and related to obtaining energy are directly associated with the current BMI, therefore, note- It is clear that emotional, social, physiological and economic factors influence the choice of food. Conclusion: The high prevalence of overweight and obesity found in this population demonstrates the influence of eating behavior on nutritional status. Reinforcing the importance of preventive measures to identify risk factors and obtain adequate nutritional monitoring during pregnancy with the aim of reducing damage to health and promoting autonomy to make more appropriate and healthy food choices.(AU)

Introdução: A gestação é um período de mudanças físi-cas e fisiológicas que evolui sem complicações quando isentade fatores que podem acarretar no comprometimento dasaúde materna e fetal. O diabetes mellitus, hipertensão arte-rial, obesidade, ganho de peso inadequado são as mais fre-quentes causadoras do risco gestacional, podendo estas serfortemente associadas com o estado nutricional, hábito ecomportamento alimentar da gestante. Objetivo: Descrever e associar o comportamento alimen-tar com o estado nutricional de gestantes de alto risco inter-nadas em um centro de referência no Nordeste. Materiais e métodos: Trata-se de um estudo do tipotransversal realizado com pacientes internadas nas enferma-rias de alto risco do Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof.Fernando Figueira – IMIP (Recife- PE), foram coletados dadosantropométricos, dados relacionados ao comportamento ali-mentar (instrumento TEMS). Resultados: Cerca de 56,4% das gestantes tinham IMCpré-gestacional classificados em sobrepeso ou obesidade sendo apenas 16% classificadas como baixo peso. A avalia-ção da evolução do ganho ponderal demonstrou que 66,4%apresentaram um ganho de peso insuficiente, enquanto12,8% tiveram um ganho de peso gestacional elevado. Discussão: Ao analisar o comportamento alimentar atravésdo instrumento TEMS, a relação de passar uma boa imagemao se alimentar teve valor significativo (p < 0,05) bem comoconsiderações de escolher alimentos saudáveis e relacionadosa obter energia estão diretamente associados com o IMCatual, assim sendo, nota-se que fatores emocionais, sociais, fi-siológicos, econômicos influenciam na escolha dos alimentos. Conclusão: A elevada prevalência do excesso de peso eobesidade encontrada nessa população demonstra a influência do comportamento alimentar no estado nutricional.Reforçando a importância de medidas preventivas para identificar fatores de risco e obter um acompanhamento nutricio-nal adequado durante a gestação com...(AU)

Evolución clínica y nutricional de pacientes sometidos a cirugía bariátrica en un hospital de referencia del estado de Pernambuco / Evolução clínica e nutricional de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica em um hospital de referência do estado de Pernambuco / Clinical and nutritional evolution of patients undergoing bariatric surgery in a reference hospital in the state of Pernambuco

La obesidad es un factor de riesgo para enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles como Diabetes Mellitus 2, Hipertensión Arterial Sistémica, entre otras. La gastroplastia se encuentra entre las alternativas terapéuticas con buena respuesta a la pérdida de peso cuando el ejercicio físico y la dieta no fueron eficientes, resultando en un mejor control clínico de las comorbilidades asociadas. Por tanto, analizar la evolución clínica y nutricional de pacientes sometidos a cirugía bariátrica, 12 meses después del procedimiento, con el fin de observar los impactos de esta terapia. Se realizó una serie de casos, que incluyeron individuos sometidos a cirugía bariátrica y que presentaban alguna comorbilidad asociada al exceso de peso. La recolección de datos se realizó en Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira – IMIP, ubicado en la ciudad de Recife-Pernambuco, período de mayo de 2021 a octubre de 2021. Se obtuvieron datos antropométricos, clínicos y bioquímicos. Se incluyeron en el estudio cuarenta personas con una edad media de 43 ± 11,7 años, siendo la técnica quirúrgica más utilizada el Bypass Gástrico (77,5%). Se observó una reducción de la Hemoglobina Glicada de 5,8% ± 0,5 en el preoperatorio a 5,1% ± 0,2 a los 12 meses (p = <0,001), y una reducción del Colesterol Total de 199,0 mg/dL a 167,0 mg/dL (p = <0,001) antes y 12 meses después de la gastroplastia, respectivamente. Además de estas, observamos una mejora estadísticamente significativa en todas las variables antropométricas y bioquímicas analizadas, excepto la glucemia en ayunas. Estos resultados pueden explicarse por cambios en la secreción de hormonas intestinales, que ayudan a mejorar el control de la glucosa, los lípidos y la presión arterial, además de la pérdida de peso. Por tanto, la cirugía bariátrica parece tener un impacto positivo en la evolución bioquímica y antropométrica en el primer año tras la cirugía.(AU)

Introdução: A obesidade é fator de risco para doençascrônicas não transmissíveis como Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2,Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica, dislipidemias, entre outras. Agastroplastia está entre as alternativas terapêuticas com boaresposta sobre a perda ponderal quando exercício físico edieta não foram eficientes, resultando em melhor controle clí-nico de comorbidades associadas. Portanto, analisar a evolu-ção clínica e nutricional de pacientes submetidos à cirurgiabariátrica em um hospital de referência no estado dePernambuco, 12 meses após o procedimento, a fim de obser-var os impactos desta terapêutica. Material e métodos: Foi realizado uma série de casos,que incluiu indivíduos submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica e quepossuíam alguma comorbidade associada ao excesso ponde-ral. A coleta de dados foi realizada no ambulatório de nutri-ção do Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira– IMIP, localizado na cidade de Recife-Pernambuco, períodode maio de 2021 a outubro de 2021. Sendo obtidos dados an-tropométricos, clínicos e bioquímicos. Resultados: Foram incluídos no estudo 40 indivíduos comidade média de 43 ± 11,7 anos, com predominância do sexo feminino (92,5%), sendo a técnica cirúrgica mais realizada oBypass Gástrico (77,5%). Foi observado redução daHemoglobina Glicada de 5,8% ± 0,5 no pré-operatório para5,1% ± 0,2 aos 12 meses (p = <0,001), e redução doColesterol Total de 199,0mg/dL para 167,0mg/dL (p = <0,001)antes e 12 meses após a gastroplastia, respectivamente. Alémdestas, observamos melhora estatisticamente significativa emtodas as variáveis antropométricas e bioquímicas analisadas,exceto a glicemia em jejum. Discussão: Tais resultados podem ser explicados a partirdas alterações da secreção de hormônios intestinais, que au-xiliam no melhor controle glicídico, lipídico e pressórico, alémda perda ponderal...AU)

Introduction: Obesity is a risk factor for chronic non-com-municable diseases such as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, SystemicArterial Hypertension, dyslipidemia, among others. Gastroplast is among the therapeutic alternatives with a good response toweight loss when physical exercise and diet were not efficient,resulting in better clinical control of associated comorbidities. Therefore, analyze the clinical and nutritional evolution of pa-tients undergoing bariatric surgery in a reference hospital in thestate of Pernambuco, 12 months after the procedure, in orderto observe the impacts of this therapy. Material and methods: A series of cases was carried out,which included individuals who underwent bariatric surgeryand who had some comorbidity associated with excessweight. Data collection was carried out at the nutrition out-patient clinic of the Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof.Fernando Figueira – IMIP, located in the city of Recife-Pernambuco, period from May 2021 to October 2021.Anthropometric, clinical and biochemical data were obtained. Results: 40 individuals were included in the study with amean age of 43 ± 11.7 years, with a predominance of fema-les (92.5%), with the most common surgical technique beingGastric Bypass (77.5%). A reduction in Glycated Hemoglobinwas observed from 5.8% ± 0.5 in the preoperative period to5.1% ± 0.2 at 12 months (p = <0.001), and a reduction inTotal Cholesterol from 199.0mg/dL to 167.0mg/dL (p =<0.001) before and 12 months after gastroplasty, respecti-vely. In addition to these, we observed a statistically signifi-cant improvement in all anthropometric and biochemical va-riables analyzed, except fasting blood glucose. Discussion: These results can be explained based onchanges in the secretion of intestinal hormones, which helpwith better glucose, lipid and blood pressure control, in addi-tion to weight loss...(AU)

Aplicabilidade da ferramenta de triagem nutricional royal freehospital-nutritional prioritizing tool em pacientes cirróticos e sua associação com estado nutricional / Applicability of the nutritional screening tool royal free hospital-nutritionalprioritizing tool in cirrhotic patients and its association with nutritional status

Introdução: A doença hepática crônica é definida como a deterioração progressiva das funções hepáticas por mais de seis meses. Além disso, é considerada como um contínuo processo de inflamação, destruição e regeneração do parênquima hepático, podendo evoluir para fibrose e cirrose. A desnutrição no paciente cirrótico é considerada uma complicação grave, e é frequentemente associada à progressão da insuficiência hepática e outras complicações. Pacientes com doença hepática avançada, devem se submeter a uma rápida triagem nutricional, visto que esses indivíduos apresentam piores prognósticos associados à desnutrição. Objetivo: Avaliar a aplicabilidade da RFH-NPT como ferramenta de triagem nutricional em pacientes diagnosticados com cirrose hepática. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado com pacientes maiores de 18 anos, de ambos os sexos com diagnóstico de doença hepática crônica. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de um questionário pré-estruturado formulado a partir de informações socioeconômicas e de estilo de vida. A avaliação nutricional foi realizada através de parâmetros antropométricos, para avaliar o risco nutricional foi utilizada a ferramenta RFH-NPT. A avaliação do padrão de consumo alimentar foi realizada por meio do questionário de frequência alimentar semiquantitativo. Resultados: Foram avaliados 53 pacientes, 64,2% do sexo masculino, predominantemente idosos (56,6%), com ensino fundamental (56,9%). Quanto aos parâmetros antropométricos, verificou-se que o IMC se mostra insensível para identificar baixo peso em pacientes cirróticos (13,2%). Com relação a RFH-NPT, verificou-se que o risco nutricional esteve presente em 54,7% dos avaliados. Conclusão: A aplicabilidade da ferramenta de triagem demonstrou ser apropriada para detectar o risco de desnutrição, tendo em vista que esta triagem detectou maior prevalência de pacientes em risco nutricional...(AU)

ntroduction: Chronic liver disease is defined as the pro-gressive deterioration of liver functions for more than six months. Furthermore, it is considered a continuous process ofinflammation, destruction and regeneration of the liverparenchyma, which can progress to fibrosis and cirrhosis.Malnutrition in cirrhotic patients is considered a serious compli-cation, and is often associated with the progression of liver fail-ure and other complications. Patients with advanced liver dis-ease should undergo rapid nutritional screening, as theseindividuals have worse prognoses associated with malnutrition. Objective: To evaluate the applicability of RFH-NPT as a nu-tritional screening tool in patients diagnosed with liver cirrhosis. Method: This is a cross-sectional study, carried out withpatients over 18 years of age, of both sexes, diagnosed withchronic liver disease. Data collection was carried out using apre-structured questionnaire formulated based on socioeco-nomic and lifestyle information. Nutritional assessment wascarried out using anthropometric parameters; the RFH-NPTtool was used to assess nutritional risk. The assessment offood consumption patterns was carried out using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Results: 53 patients were evaluated, 64.2% male, pre-dominantly elderly (56.6%), with primary education (56.9%).Regarding anthropometric parameters, it was found that BMIis insensitive to identify low weight in cirrhotic patients(13.2%). Regarding RFH-NPT, it was found that nutritionalrisk was present in 54.7% of those evaluated. Conclusion: The applicability of the screening tool provedto be appropriate for detecting the risk of malnutrition, con-sidering that this screening detected a higher prevalence ofpatients at nutritional risk, enabling early nutritional intervention and preventing future complications.(AU)

Ultimobranchial body cyst in an adult horse: clinical, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical features.

A 9-y-old Mangalarga Marchador gelding was referred to a veterinary hospital because of a swelling on the upper right side of the neck. Ultrasound examination revealed a multilocular structure adjacent to the thyroid gland with low echogenic content suggestive of fluid. The mass was removed surgically. Histologically, the cystic cavities in the surgical sample were filled with abundant eosinophilic secreta and lined by cuboidal, segmentally ciliated, columnar epithelium with interspersed goblet cells. Segmental crowding of the multilayered lining of the cyst was noted. Immunohistochemistry suggested the presence of both C cells and follicular cells, given the positivity of the immunomarkers calcitonin and TTF-1, respectively. The histogenesis of ultimobranchial cysts is uncertain. Based on clinical, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical identification, the cystic structure in this case is compatible with an ultimobranchial body cyst.

Effects of topical ketorolac tromethamine on tear parameters, meibography, goblet cell density, and conjunctival oxidative stress in healthy dogs.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study was to evaluate whether a twice-daily instillation of 0.45% preservative-free ketorolac tromethamine (FKT) or 0.4% benzalkonium chloride-preserved ketorolac tromethamine (BACKT), every 12 h for 30 days may affect tear film parameters and the meibography in healthy dogs. Additionally, we assessed whether the same treatments irritated the ocular surface, affected goblet cell density (GCD), and the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers (OSB) in the conjunctiva of the same dogs. PROCEDURES: Experimental and masked comparison study. In 11 healthy dogs baseline values of the lipid layer thickness, tear meniscus height, non-invasive tear breakup time (NI-TFBT), and the meibomian gland (MG) loss were assessed by OSAvet®. For each dog, one eye received 40 µL of BACKT, while the other received 40 µL FKT, every 12 h for 30 consecutive days. Tear parameters and meibography were repeated 15, 30, and 60 days post-treatments. Conjunctival hyperemia and blepharospasm were monitored at the same time points. At baseline and Day 30, a conjunctival biopsy was collected for GCD and OSB determination. RESULTS: Conjunctival hyperemia and blepharospasm were not observed. At Day 15, the MG loss increased only in FKT-treated eyes (p < .001). On Day 30, both treatment groups showed increased MG loss, shortened NI-TFBT, and reduced GCD and catalase (p < .05). At Day 30, BACKT-treated eyes showed lower levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) (p = .006) and higher levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) (p = .02). Differences between treatments were not observed for any parameter at any time point (p > .05). 60 days after treatment, OSAvet® parameters tended to return to values assessed at baseline; however, significant differences remained for MG loss (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Twice-daily instillation of KT, containing or not BAC, for 30 consecutive days shortened NI-TFBT, decreased GCD, and increased the MG loss in healthy dogs. KT should be used with caution when prescribed for long periods, particularly in patients with tear film abnormalities. However, future controlled studies using KT, BAC, and other topical NSAIDs are indicated to further support this finding.

Locking conical coupling plates in small animal orthopedics: A review.

Conical coupling locking plates (CCP) have become an interesting alternative in veterinary orthopedics and traumatology. Available data in this regard, however, must be interpreted with caution, and several studies are still required to reach definitive conclusions on the clinical use of these implants. In this context, this review aims to discuss CCP applications and mechanical aspects in small animals and summarize in vivo, in vitro and ex vivo study results.

Knowledge and practice of radiation safety in Brazilian equine veterinarians are less than optimal: An online survey.

Exposure to ionizing radiation is an occupational risk for veterinarians due to the potential for carcinogenesis, reproductive disorders, cataracts, and hereditary genetic changes. This survey study aimed to identify the radiological protection practices routinely used by veterinarians who work with portable digital X-ray equipment in horses in Brazil and assess their knowledge regarding current legislation. A total of 120 voluntary participation questionnaires were sent to veterinarians who used portable digital radiographic equipment in horses nationwide. The frequencies of the answers were analyzed using the chi-square test and logistic regression models. Thirty-five veterinarians responded (29% response rate). Of these, there was a greater participation of professionals in public institutions (40%, 14/35, p < .001), with 69% from the southeast region (24/35, p < .001) and 69% (24/35, p = .028) being male. We found that self-employed veterinarians had a higher odds ratio (OR) (9.00; 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.39-58.44]; p = .021) of not using personal protective equipment compared with those in professional public institutions. In addition, not knowing the current legislation Collegiate Directorate Resolution 611/22 was a potential risk factor for lower radiological protection (OR, 8.00; 95% CI, [0.79-81.33]; p = 0.079). In conclusion, findings indicated that Brazilian equine veterinarians generally do not adopt adequate radiological protection against ionizing radiation during radiographic examinations and have low knowledge of the current legislation. Results can be used as background for the formulation of specific radiation protection guidelines for veterinarians and incentive educational and training strategies to reduce risks inherent to occupational exposure.

Integrating remote sensing and machine learning to detect turbidity anomalies in hydroelectric reservoirs.

Monitoring water quality in reservoirs is essential for the maintenance of aquatic ecosystems and socioeconomic services. In this scenario, the observation of abrupt elevations of physicochemical parameters, such as turbidity and other indicators, can signal anomalies associated with the occurrence of critical events, requiring operational actions and planning to mitigate negative environmental impacts on water resources. This work aims to integrate Machine Learning methods specialized in anomaly detection with data obtained from remote sensing images to identify with high turbidity events in the surface water of the Três Marias Hydroelectric Reservoir. Four distinct threshold-based scenarios were evaluated, in which the overall performance, based on F1-score, showed decreasing trends as the thresholds became more restrictive. In general, the anomaly identification maps generated through the models ratified the applicability of the methods in the diagnosis of surface water in reservoirs in distinct hydrological contexts (dry and wet), effectively identifying locations with anomalous turbidity values.

Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity Evaluation of Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lam and In Silico Studies of Its Alkaloids.

The alkaloids isolated from Zanthoxylum rhoifolium have demonstrated great pharmacological potential; however, the toxic profiles of these extracts and fractions are still not well elucidated. This study evaluated the toxicity of the ethanol extract (EEZR) and neutral (FNZR) and alkaloid (FAZR) fractions. Chemical characterization was performed by chromatographic methods: thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The cytotoxicity of the samples was evaluated in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells using the cell viability method (MTT) and mutagenicity by the Allium cepa assay (ACA). Alkaloids isolated from the species were selected for toxicity prediction using preADMET and PROTOX. The molecular docking of the topoisomerase II protein (TOPOII) was used to investigate the mechanism of cell damage. In the EEZR, FNZR, and FAZR, the presence of alkaloids was detected in TCL and HPLC-DAD analyses. These samples showed a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) greater than 400 µg/mL in HepG2 cells. In ACA, time- and concentration-dependent changes were observed, with a significant reduction in the mitotic index and an increase in chromosomal aberrations for all samples. Nuclear sprouts and a micronucleus of the positive control (PC) were observed at 10 µg/mL and in the FAZR at 30 µg/mL; a chromosomal bridge in FNZR was observed at 105 µg/mL, CP at a concentration of 40 µg/mL, and nuclear bud and mitotic abnormalities in the EEZR were observed at 170 µg/mL. The alkaloids with a benzophenanthridine were selected for the in silico study, as structural alterations demonstrated certain toxic effects. Molecular docking with topo II demonstrated that all alkaloids bind to the protein. In summary, the fractionation of Z. rhoifolium did not interfere with toxicity; it seems that alkaloids with a benzophenanthridine nucleus may be involved in this toxicity.

Ultrasound Morphometry and Mean Echogenicity of Digital Flexor Tendons, Suspensory Ligament, and Accessory Ligament of Digital Deep Flexor Tendon in Gaited Horses.

The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the sonographic characteristics of the digital flexor tendons and ligaments of the palmar/plantar of the metacarpal and metatarsal regions in gaited horses, as well as to establish normal reference ultrasound values for Mangalarga Marchador (MM) and Campeiro breeds. Transverse sonographic images were obtained of 50 adult and healthy horses from the MM (n = 25) and Campeiro (n = 25) breeds. The images were taken in six metacarpal/metatarsal zones, and the following measurements were taken: transverse area, circumference, dorsopalmar/plantar length, lateromedial length, and mean echogenicity. Differences were observed between breeds in the fore- and hindlimbs, and, even when not significant, the Campeiro breed tended to have higher values for most variables and structures. Variations between zones and between structures in the same zone followed a similar trend in both breeds for all variables. In addition, the dimensions and variations between zones and structures were different between the fore- and hindlimbs, highlighting the need for specific values for the digital flexor tendons and ligaments of the metatarsal plantar region. In conclusion, the digital flexor tendons, suspensory ligaments, and accessory ligaments of the digital deep flexor tendon are influenced by the breed factor in gaited horses, and they are different between the fore- and hindlimbs.

Comparison of Hemodynamic Effects of Dobutamine and Ephedrine Infusions in Isoflurane-Anesthetized Horses.

The objective of this study was to compare the hemodynamic effects of dobutamine and ephedrine during the management of anesthesia-related hypotension in healthy horses. Thirteen horses underwent general anesthesia with isoflurane and were randomly divided into two different groups, one of which received a dobutamine constant rate infusion (CRI) (1 µg/kg bwt/min) and the other received an ephedrine CRI (20 µg/kg bwt/min) when hypotension (<60 mmHg) was identified, following up to 15 min after the blood pressure reached 70 mmHg. All horses were equipped with a pulmonary artery catheter and a peripheral artery catheter, and multiparameter monitoring commenced as soon as they were under mechanical ventilation. Hemodynamic parameters were recorded, while tissue perfusion markers (peripheral oxygen saturation, arterial oxygen partial pressure, arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure, arterial pH, arterial plasma bicarbonate concentration, arterial oxygen saturation, mixed venous oxygen saturation, mixed venous oxygen content, arterial oxygen content, arteriovenous oxygen difference, oxygen delivery index, oxygen consumption index, and oxygen extraction ratio), serum lactate concentration, and troponin I concentrations were analyzed before the start of infusions (T0), when the blood pressure reached 70 mmHg (T1), and 15 min after T1 (T2). The time to restore the arterial pressure was similar in both groups (p > 0.05); however, the heart rate was higher in the ephedrine group (p = 0.0098), and sinus bradyarrhythmia occurred in the dobutamine group. Furthermore, both experimental protocols increased cardiac output (p = 0.0012), cardiac index (p = 0.0013), systemic vascular resistance (p = 0.008), systemic vascular resistance index (p < 0.001), and ameliorated perfusion markers. In the dobutamine group, the pulmonary artery wedge pressure (p < 0.001) and systolic index (p = 0.003) were elevated, while the arteriovenous oxygen difference was reduced in the ephedrine group (p = 0.02). Troponin I was used as a myocardial injury indicator, and did not differ between moments or between groups (p > 0.05). We concluded that both drugs were effective and safe to treat anesthetic hypotension under the conditions of this study.

Proximal Interphalangeal Arthrodesis in Horses: A Meta-Analysis of Retrospective Studies.

The aim of this study was to determine the clinical outcomes reported in retrospective studies of proximal interphalangeal arthrodesis (PIA) in horses through a meta-analysis of retrospective studies. CAB Abstracts, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched. The primary outcomes included survival and surgical site infection (SSI) rates, return to activities, and time of hospital stay and casting. Subgroups were formed for fractures and other conditions. Meta-analyses were performed with fixed and random effects models to estimate proportions, mean values, and effect size by odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Twenty-one full articles were included, totaling 458 horses. The survival rate was 90% (95% CI [86%-93%]), return to activities was 65% (95% CI [61%-70%]), and SSI was 12% (95% CI [8%-16%]). The mean hospitalization was 25 days (95% CI [18-35 days]) and time of casting was 29 days (95% CI [21-42 days]). The OR of survival (P = .769), return to activities (P = .576), and SSI (P = .467) were similar between cases of fractures and other conditions. PIA is an efficient and safe method to treat injuries in the pastern region, with a high survival rate and low SSI. However, the rate of return to soundness for intended use was modest, being potentially lower for fracture cases. Thus, investigations of more efficient interventions are needed to improve this outcome.

Treatment of a Mandibular Diastemal Fracture Using Locking Compression Plate and Cerclage Wire in a Mare.

This report describes the combination of two surgical fracture repair techniques and the postoperative management of a mandibular diastemal fracture in a two-year-old mare. The mare was referred to a veterinary hospital with a laceration over the body of the right mandible. Radiographic assessment revealed two mesial fracture lines involving the second premolar tooth and a ventrally displaced bone fragment. The mare was treated under general anesthesia and the fracture was corrected using open reduction and plate fixation. A 3.5 mm narrow 15-hole locking compression plate with seven locking screws were used in a bridge form. Cerclage wire was also used to anchor the incisor teeth to the second and third premolar teeth. The cerclage wire and incisor teeth were covered with polymethylmethacrylate to prevent implant failure and avoid injury to the oral mucosa. Implants were removed 55 days after surgery and the mare was discharged from hospital five days later. The mare returned for cerclage wire removal after 90 days and was allowed to resume exercise thereafter. The combination of two surgical techniques, proper implant choice and appropriate postoperative management, including use of pelleted feed, contributed to successful bone healing and return to function.

Piranhea trifoliata extracts ameliorate muscular decline in Drosophila melanogaster exposed to Paraquat.

In this study, we have demonstrated, for the first time, the muscular protective effects of Piranhea trifoliata bark extract against Paraquat (PQ)-induced oxidative stress in Drosophila melanogaster. Exposure of D. melanogaster (Canton Special) to PQ caused oxidative stress, as evidenced by protein carbonyl and elevated acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity levels. However, a diet supplemented with the P. trifoliata extracts (0.1 mg/ml) for 10 days ameliorates protein carbonyl levels and enzymatic activities of AChE and citrate synthase to prevent PQ damage. Also, P. trifoliata bark extracts showed in phytochemical assays the presence of phenols, at 46.06 mg EAG/g extract of total phenolic compounds, and a 40% 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl scavenging effect. The study showed the muscular protective function of the P. trifoliata extracts in D. melanogaster exposed to PQ. On the basis of the results, we contemplate that the bark of P. trifoliata might prevent and ameliorate human diseases caused by oxidative stress. The muscular action of the P. trifoliata extract can be attributed to the antioxidant constituents, while the precise mechanism of its action needs further investigation.