Insect residues as an alternative and promising source for the extraction of chitin and chitosan.

This work aimed to obtain and characterize chitin and chitosan extracted from the rearing residues of Tenebrio molitor, Zophobas morio, and Blaptica dubia insects in different growth stages in the same rearing cycles chitin and chitosan yielded 11.21 %-20.89 % and 6.26 %-7.07 %, respectively. The deacetylation degrees of chitosan ranged from 75.75 %-89.21 %, and the solubilities from 69.88 %-94.39 %. Infrared spectroscopy corroborated the acquisition of chitin and chitosan and can be used as a semi-quantitative technique for determining the degree of chitosan deacetylation. The X-ray diffraction profiles revealed the presence of α-chitin, and the relative crystalline indices ranged from 65.9 %-89.2 %. Typical TG profiles with two thermal events are observed for chitin and chitosan samples with different residue contents from the extraction procedure. The chitosan solutions exhibited pseudoplastic behavior, with apparent viscosities ranging from 195.96 to 249.86 mPa.s. The characterization results of the biopolymers extracted from insect residues were similar to those obtained from conventional sources. The growth stage influenced the chitin yield and crystallinity index. The results of this study reinforce the feasibility of using alternative sources of chitin and chitosan, providing the use of waste from insect farms and contributing to sustainability and a circular economy.

Starch chemical modifications applied to drug delivery systems: From fundamentals to FDA-approved raw materials.

Starch derivatives are versatile compounds that are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. This article reviews the advances in the research on hydrophilic and hydrophobic starch derivatives used to develop drug delivery systems over the last ten years, specifically microparticles, nanoparticles, nanocrystals, hydrogels, and scaffolds using these materials. The fundamentals of drug delivery systems, regulatory aspects, and chemical modifications are also discussed, along with the synthesis of starch derivatives via oxidation, etherification, acid hydrolysis, esterification, and cross-linking. The chemical modification of starch as a means to overcome the challenges in obtaining solid dosage forms is also reviewed. In particular, dialdehyde starches are potential derivatives for direct drug attachment; carboxymethyl starches are used for drug encapsulation and release, giving rise to pH-sensitive devices through electrostatic interactions; and starch nanocrystals have high potential as hydrogel fillers to improve mechanical properties and control drug release through hydrophilic interactions. Starch esterification with alginate and acidic drugs could be very useful for site-specific, controlled release. Starch cross-linking with other biopolymers such as xanthan gum is promising for obtaining novel polyelectrolyte hydrogels with improved functional properties. Surface modification of starch nanoparticles by cross-linking and esterification reactions is a potential approach to obtain novel, smart solid dosages.

Preparation and characterization of C-phycocyanin coated with STMP/STPP cross-linked starches from different botanical sources.

This work aimed to use sodium trimetaphosphate/sodium tripolyphosphate cross-linked potato, banana, corn, cassava, and breadfruit starches as wall materials for C-phycocyanin encapsulation, characterize them and evaluate their in vivo pharmacological effects in an inflammation model. The cross-linked starches were successfully obtained, characterized, and submitted to C-phycocyanin encapsulation by freeze-drying. The characterization of cross-linked starches-C-phycocyanin composites by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry demonstrated that the C-phycocyanin was encapsulated between amorphous chains of cross-linked starches. Among the five preparations, the cross-linked potato starch presented the highest phosphorous content (0.084%), substitution degree (0.004), water uptake capacity (0.88 g g-1), and C-phycocyanin encapsulation efficiency (67.58%), thus was tested in vivo. The cross-linked potato starch-C-phycocyanin prolonged the antihyperalgesic effects attributed to C-phycocyanin, evaluated by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) model. Starch cross-linking promoted the formation of a hydrogel network in swollen state entrapping C-phycocyanin, thus, acting as a barrier to its release to the medium and promoting long-lasting in vivo effects. The combination of chemical modification of starches followed by physical treatment presented itself as a useful tool for the development of pharmaceutical formulations.

Milk protein-based formulas containing different oils affect fatty acids balance in term infants: A randomized blinded crossover clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Palm olein is used in infant formula fat blends in order to match the fatty acid profile of human milk. While the effects on fatty acid balance have been evaluated, the use of palm olein in combination with palm kernel oil and supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) has not been similarly assessed in infants. This study evaluated the effects of infant formulas containing different fat compositions on the balance of fat, fatty acids, and calcium. METHODS: In this randomized, crossover, double-blinded study, 33 healthy term infants (68-159 ± 3 days of age at enrollment) were fed two formulas for 14 days in a tolerance period, followed by a 4-day metabolic balance period in 17 of the male subjects. The study compared two commercially available milk-based powdered formulas in Brazil; the PALM formula contained palm olein (44%), kernel palm oil (21.7%), and canola oil (18.5%) as the predominant fats, whereas the NoPALM formula contained other fat sources. RESULTS: Fat absorption (%) was greater for NoPALM versus PALM-fed infants (96.55 and 95.50%, respectively; p = 0.023). The absorption percentage of palmitic acid (C16:0) did not differ significantly between formulas (p > 0.05), but this acid was excreted at significantly higher concentrations in the PALM (29.42 mg/kg/day) than in the NoPALM (12.28 mg/kg/day) formula groups. DHA and ARA absorption percentages were also higher in NoPALM-fed infants. Calcium absorption was higher in NoPALM-fed infants (58.00%) compared to those fed PALM (40.90%), but the difference was not significant (p = 0.104) when calcium intake was used as a covariate. However, calcium retention was higher in NoPALM-fed infants compared to that in PALM-fed infants with or without calcium intake as a covariate. Adverse events did not differ between groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The absorption of essential fatty acids was similar for both formulas; however, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (DHA and ARA) were better absorbed from the NoPALM formula. Fat absorption and calcium retention were lower in term infants fed the PALM-based formula. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrial.gov # NCT00941564 .

Carotenoides totais e vitamina A de cucurbitáceas do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma da Embrapa Semiárido / Total caratenoids and vitamin A of cucurbits from germoplasm bank of Embrapa Semiarid

Dentre as espécies cultivadas no semiárido baiano, as abóboras são uma excelente alternativa de produção. Nessa região onde são encontrados os mais baixos Índices de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) do Brasil e populações com alta incidência de hipovitaminose A, materiais promissores de abóboras, fontes de carotenoides, podem ser inseridos no agronegócio irrigado. O objetivo do trabalho foi identificar acessos de abóboras do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma (BAG) de Cucurbitáceas da Embrapa Semiárido com altos teores de carotenoides totais e vitamina A. Os teores de carotenoides totais (CT), expressos em termos de β-caroteno, variaram de 14,93µg g-1 (A4) até 290,62µg g-1 (A43) entre os diferentes acessos (A). Dos carotenoides encontrados nos acessos com maiores teores de CT, 60-70% foram quantificados como α- e β-caroteno, representando um valor total de vitamina A de 1.182,39 gRAE 100g-1 (A40) e 1.828,84 gRAE 100g-1 (A43). Esses resultados demonstram que os 48 acessos de abóboras do BAG estudados apresentam grande variação quanto ao teor de carotenoides totais, e os selecionados representam alta fonte de vitamina A.

Among the species of short cycle crops, with great potential to be increased within the agribusiness of the Semi-Arid Bahia, the pumpkins are an excellent alternative for production. In this region where are found the lowest HDI of Brazil, and populations with high incidence of hypovitaminosis A, promising materials of pumpkins with high amounts of carotenoids have a chance to be good accepted and inserted into the irrigated agribusiness. The aim of this research was to identify accessions of pumpkins from the Active Germplasm Bank (BAG) of Cucurbitáceas from Embrapa Semi-arid with high amounts of total carotenoids and vitamin A. The amount of total carotenoids found by UV-vis spectrophotometry (445nm) in different accessions (A) ranged from 14.93mg g-1 (A4) to 290.62mg g-1 (A43), with average value of 366.60 31.21µg g-1. In the access with higher amounts of total carotenoids a percentage between 60-70 % were quantified as α- and β-carotene showing a total value of vitamin A of 1,182.39 gRAE 100g-1 (A40) and 1,828.84 gRAE 100g-1 (A43). These results demonstrate that the 48 accessions of pumpkins BAG studied show a big variation in the content of total carotenoids, and may represent some high source of vitamin A, which really increase the importance of identifying genotypes for production in large scale of lines segregant of vitamin A.

Influência da dieta suplementada com óleo de soja na composição centesimal e perfil lipídico de tilápias do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) / Effect of dietary regime supplemented with soybean oil on the lipid profile and chemical composition of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

A dieta exerce efeito pronunciado na composição das carcaças de peixes. Neste trabalho, foi avaliada a qualidade nutricional da fração lipídica do tecido muscular de tilápias do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) submetidas a dietas com diferentes teores de óleo de soja (OS). Os peixes foram alimentados por 21 dias com ração contendo 5,98% de lipídios totais (LT) oriundos de ração comercial, sem adição de óleo de soja(A), dieta com adição de 2% (B) e 4% de óleo de soja (C). Não houve diferenças significativas (p > 0,05)entre os teores de umidade, cinzas, proteína bruta e LT (0,98% a 1,08%) dos tecidos musculares resultantes dos tratamentos. Foram separados e identificados até 25 ácidos graxos, com diferença significativa (p <0,05) na maioria deles, dependendo da dieta. Os majoritários em ordem decrescente foram: 16:0, 18:1n9,18:2n6, 18:0, 20:4n6 e 22:5n6, independentemente do tratamento. A adição de OS na ração comercial mostrou perspectivas de promover o crescimento dos animais, sem afetar a composição centesimal e a qualidade nutricional da fração lipídica do tecido, em função dos altos teores de poli-insaturados, indicando ser uma matéria-prima satisfatória para incorporação parcial na ração.