ABSTRACT
Objetivo: investigar o perfil epidemiológico da Hanseníase na capital amazonense durante o período de 2018 a 2022. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma pesquisa epidemiológica, transversal, referente ao período de 2018 a 2022. Os casos notificados de hanseníase foram obtidos por meio do Sistema de Informação de Agravos Notificáveis (SINAN), disponíveis pelo DATASUS. Os coeficientes de prevalência e de mortalidade foram estratificados por sexo, idade, ano, município, escolaridade, lesões cutâneas, baciloscopia notificada, frequência. Os dados foram avaliados através da Análise Estatística Descritiva. Resultados: Foram registrados 2247 casos notificados por Hanseníase no estado do Amazonas, entre 2018 a 2022, englobando todas as formas de manifestação da doença, registrados no SINAN. Destes, 913 foram de notificação apenas em Manaus, capital do Amazonas. Quanto ao gênero, Manaus apresentou 548 casos sendo notificados em pessoas do sexo masculino, enquanto o feminino foi identificado em 365 casos. Quando relacionados ao ano, 2019 foi o que mais apresentou casos notificados de Hanseníase em Manaus (25,41%). Conclusão: A hanseníase continua sendo preocupante em Manaus por suas taxas que elevam/diminuem dependendo dos anos. É necessário mais intervençõe/ações/beneficios sociais e a assistência ainda é insuficiente, sendo relevante novos projetos/estratégias para os pacientes, espera-se uma melhoria das práticas de vigilância, com a meta de reduzir a taxa da doença no País.
Objective: to investigate the epidemiological profile of leprosy in the capital of Amazonas during the period 2018 to 2022. Methodology: This is a cross- sectional epidemiological survey covering the period from 2018 to 2022. The reported cases of leprosy were obtained through the Notifiable Disease Information System (SINAN), available from DATASUS. The prevalence and mortality coefficients were stratified by sex, age, year, municipality, schooling, skin lesions, reported bacilli, frequency. The data were evaluated through Descriptive Statistical Analysis. Results: We registered 2247 cases reported by leprosy in the state of Amazonas, between 2018 and 2022, covering all forms of manifestation of the disease, registered in SINAN. Of these, 913 were notification only in Manaus, capital of Amazonas. As to gender, Manaus presented 548 cases being reported in males, while the female was identified in 365 cases. When related to the year, 2019 was the most reported cases of leprosy in Manaus (25,41%). Conclusion: Leprosy continues to be worrying in Manaus for its rates that increase/decrease depending on the years. More interventions/social actions/benefits are needed and the assistance is still insufficient, being relevant new projects/strategies for patients, it is expected an improvement of surveillance practices, with the goal of reducing the disease rate in the country.
Propósito: investigar el perfil epidemiológico de la Hanseníasis en la capital del Amazonas durante el periodo 2018-2022. Metodología: Se trata de una encuesta epidemiológica intersectorial que abarca el período 2018-2022. Los casos notificados de hanseniasis se obtuvieron a través del Sistema de Información de Graves Notificables (SINAN), disponible en DATASUS. Los coeficientes de prevalencia y mortalidad fueron estratificados por género, edad, año, municipio, escolaridad, lesiones cutáneas, baciloscopia reportada, frecuencia. Los datos se evaluaron a través del análisis estadístico descriptivo. Resultados: Entre 2018 y 2022 se registraron 2247 casos de Hanseniasis en el estado de Amazonas, que abarcaron todas las formas de manifestación de la enfermedad, registrados en SINAN. De ellos, 913 solo fueron notificados en Manaus, la capital del Amazonas. En cuanto al género, Manaus presentó 548 casos notificados en hombres, mientras que la mujer fue identificada en 365 casos. En relación con el año, 2019 fue el caso más reportado de Hanseníasis en Manaus (25,41%). Conclusión: La lepra sigue siendo preocupante en Manaus por sus tasas que aumentan/disminuyen dependiendo de los años. Se necesitan más intervenciones, acciones y beneficios sociales y la asistencia sigue siendo insuficiente, siendo pertinentes nuevos proyectos y estrategias para los pacientes, se esperan mejores prácticas de vigilancia, con el objetivo de reducir la tasa de enfermedades en el país.
ABSTRACT
The phytocystatins regulate various physiological processes in plants, including responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, mainly because they act as inhibitors of cysteine proteases. In this study, we have analyzed four cystatins from Theobroma cacao L. previously identified in ESTs libraries of the interaction with the fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa and named TcCYS1, TcCYS2, TcCYS3 and TcCYS4. The recombinant cystatins were purified and subjected to the heat treatment, at different temperatures, and their thermostabilities were monitored using their ability to inhibit papain protease. TcCYS1 was sensitive to temperatures above 50°C, while TcCYS2, TcCYS3, and TcCYS4 were thermostable. TcCYS4 presented a decrease of inhibitory activity when it was treated at temperatures between 60 and 70°C, with the greater decrease occurring at 65°C. Analyses by native gel electrophoresis and size-exclusion chromatography showed that TcCYS4 forms oligomers at temperatures between 60 and 70°C, condition where reduction of inhibitory activity was observed. TcCYS4 oligomers remain stable for up to 20 days after heat treatment and are undone after treatment at 80°C. TcCYS4 presented approximately 90% of inhibitory activity at pH values between 5 and 9. This protein treated at temperatures above 45°C and pH 5 presented reduced inhibitory activity against papain, suggesting that the pH 5 enhances the formation of TcCYS4 oligomers. A variation in the titratable acidity was observed in tissues of T. cacao during the symptoms of witches' broom disease. Our findings suggest that the oligomerization of TcCYS4, favored by variations in pH, is an endergonic process. We speculate that this process can be involved in the development of the symptoms of witches' broom disease in cocoa.
