Analysis of NH3-N Slow Release systems for fiber digestibility of low-quality forage: in vitro approach

Urea is a common non-protein supplement used in ruminant feed; however, excessive consumption may lead to poisoning by NH3. Although the slow release of urea into the rumen has shown to be an essential aspect for ruminant feed, to date only a few studies have addressed this matter. In this study we examined the influence of five different NH3-N slow release systems based on clay-urea nanocomposites on the fiber digestibility of low-quality forage (sugarcane straw) in vitro. Physical properties of nanocomposites were evaluated and their effects on digestibility were tested in vitro using pristine urea as a positive control (level of 1 % of DM of sugarcane straw sample) and sugarcane (with no additives) as a negative control. Ammonia release and digestibility were evaluated at 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96-h. Generally, all nanocomposites increased (p < 0.05) digestibility of fiber over control under all the conditions stipulated, but the samples with hydrogel content were more expressive. We concluded that an ideal release rate and optimum environment for microbial synthesis are necessary to maximize the digestion of sugarcane.

Analysis of NH3-N Slow Release systems for fiber digestibility of low-quality forage: in vitro approach

Urea is a common non-protein supplement used in ruminant feed; however, excessive consumption may lead to poisoning by NH3. Although the slow release of urea into the rumen has shown to be an essential aspect for ruminant feed, to date only a few studies have addressed this matter. In this study we examined the influence of five different NH3-N slow release systems based on clay-urea nanocomposites on the fiber digestibility of low-quality forage (sugarcane straw) in vitro. Physical properties of nanocomposites were evaluated and their effects on digestibility were tested in vitro using pristine urea as a positive control (level of 1 % of DM of sugarcane straw sample) and sugarcane (with no additives) as a negative control. Ammonia release and digestibility were evaluated at 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96-h. Generally, all nanocomposites increased (p < 0.05) digestibility of fiber over control under all the conditions stipulated, but the samples with hydrogel content were more expressive. We concluded that an ideal release rate and optimum environment for microbial synthesis are necessary to maximize the digestion of sugarcane.(AU)

Estimates of in situ digestibility and fibrous compounds in feeds for ruminants / Estimativa de digestibilidade in situ e componentes fibrosos em alimentos para ruminantes

Current paper assesses the relationship between in situ incubation time, particle size and types of materials on estimates of indigestible fractions of dry matter (iDM) and neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) in cattle feed and feces. Samples of soybean meal, alfalfa and feces of cattle fed on high concentrated diets were analyzed. The samples were processed in a Wiley mill, with 0.5 and 1.5 mm porosity for food and 1.5 mm for feces, which were packed in 4 × 5 cm F57 bags (Ankon®) and nonwoven fabric (100 g m-2) of two brands. The material was divided into two groups, with and without treatment with acetone, and five replications. Samples of each group were incubated in the rumen of a multiparous cow adapted to a 70:30 diet, forage:concentrate diet, for 240 hours. The iDM and iNDF levels were evaluated sequentially to interpret the percentages of undigested material. Data underwent analysis of variance (ANOVA, p < 0.05) and means were compared by Tukeys test (p < 0.05). Material, size of particles and incubated material affected iDM and iNDF estimates.(AU)

A premissa é avaliar a relação do tempo de incubação in situ, tamanho de partículas e tipos de materiais sobre as estimativas das frações indigestíveis da matéria seca (MSi) e da fibra em detergente neutro (FDNi) em alimentos e fezes bovinas. Estudaram-se amostras de farelo de soja, alfafa e fezes de bovinos alimentados com dietas com alto concentrado. As amostras foram processadas em moinho de facas com peneiras de porosidade 0,5 e 1,5 mm para alimentos e 1,5 para fezes, acondicionadas em sacos de F57 (Ankon®) e tecido não tecido (100 g m-2) de duas marcas na dimensão 4 × 5 cm. Os materiais foram divididos em dois grupos, com e sem tratamento com acetona e cinco repetições, incubadas no rúmen de uma vaca multípara adaptada à dieta 70:30, volumoso:concentrado, respectivamente, por 240h. Os teores de MSi e FDNi foram avaliados sequencialmente para interpretação das porcentagens de material não digerido, e os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (Anova, p < 0,05), e as médias comparadas posteriormente pelo teste de Tukey (p < 0,05). Houve efeito do tipo de material utilizado, tamanho de partículas e material incubado sobre as estimativas de MSi e FDNi.(AU)

Estimativa de digestibilidade in situ e componentes fibrosos em alimentos para ruminantes / Estimates of in situ digestibility and fibrous compounds in feeds for ruminants

A premissa é avaliar a relação do tempo de incubação in situ, tamanho de partículas e tipos de materiais sobre as estimativas das frações indigestíveis da matéria seca (MSi) e da fibra em detergente neutro (FDNi) em alimentos e fezes bovinas. Estudaram-se amostras de farelo de soja, alfafa e fezes de bovinos alimentados com dietas com alto concentrado. As amostras foram processadas em moinho de facas com peneiras de porosidade 0,5 e 1,5 mm para alimentos e 1,5 para fezes, acondicionadas em sacos de F57 (Ankon®) e tecido não tecido (100 g m-2) de duas marcas na dimensão 4 × 5 cm. Os materiais foram divididos em dois grupos, com e sem tratamento com acetona e cinco repetições, incubadas no rúmen de uma vaca multípara adaptada à dieta 70:30, volumoso:concentrado, respectivamente, por 240h. Os teores de MSi e FDNi foram avaliados sequencialmente para interpretação das porcentagens de material não digerido, e os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (Anova, p 0,05), e as médias comparadas posteriormente pelo teste de Tukey (p 0,05). Houve efeito do tipo de material utilizado, tamanho de partículas e material incubado sobre as estimativas de MSi e FDNi.(AU)

Current paper assesses the relationship between in situ incubation time, particle size and types of materials on estimates of indigestible fractions of dry matter (iDM) and neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) in cattle feed and feces. Samples of soybean meal, alfalfa and feces of cattle fed on high concentrated diets were analyzed. The samples were processed in a Wiley mill, with 0.5 and 1.5 mm porosity for food and 1.5 mm for feces, which were packed in 4 × 5 cm F57 bags (Ankon®) and nonwoven fabric (100 g m-2) of two brands. The material was divided into two groups, with and without treatment with acetone, and five replications. Samples of each group were incubated in the rumen of a multiparous cow adapted to a 70:30 diet, forage:concentrate diet, for 240 hours. The iDM and iNDF levels were evaluated sequentially to interpret the percentages of undigested material. Data underwent analysis of variance (ANOVA, p 0.05) and means were compared by Tukeys test (p 0.05). Material, size of particles and incubated material affected iDM and iNDF estimates.(AU)

Estimativa de digestibilidade in situ e componentes fibrosos em alimentos para ruminantes / Estimates of in situ digestibility and fibrous compounds in feeds for ruminants

A premissa é avaliar a relação do tempo de incubação in situ, tamanho de partículas e tipos de materiais sobre as estimativas das frações indigestíveis da matéria seca (MSi) e da fibra em detergente neutro (FDNi) em alimentos e fezes bovinas. Estudaram-se amostras de farelo de soja, alfafa e fezes de bovinos alimentados com dietas com alto concentrado. As amostras foram processadas em moinho de facas com peneiras de porosidade 0,5 e 1,5 mm para alimentos e 1,5 para fezes, acondicionadas em sacos de F57 (Ankon®) e tecido não tecido (100 g m-2) de duas marcas na dimensão 4 × 5 cm. Os materiais foram divididos em dois grupos, com e sem tratamento com acetona e cinco repetições, incubadas no rúmen de uma vaca multípara adaptada à dieta 70:30, volumoso:concentrado, respectivamente, por 240h. Os teores de MSi e FDNi foram avaliados sequencialmente para interpretação das porcentagens de material não digerido, e os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (Anova, p 0,05), e as médias comparadas posteriormente pelo teste de Tukey (p 0,05). Houve efeito do tipo de material utilizado, tamanho de partículas e material incubado sobre as estimativas de MSi e FDNi.

Current paper assesses the relationship between in situ incubation time, particle size and types of materials on estimates of indigestible fractions of dry matter (iDM) and neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) in cattle feed and feces. Samples of soybean meal, alfalfa and feces of cattle fed on high concentrated diets were analyzed. The samples were processed in a Wiley mill, with 0.5 and 1.5 mm porosity for food and 1.5 mm for feces, which were packed in 4 × 5 cm F57 bags (Ankon®) and nonwoven fabric (100 g m-2) of two brands. The material was divided into two groups, with and without treatment with acetone, and five replications. Samples of each group were incubated in the rumen of a multiparous cow adapted to a 70:30 diet, forage:concentrate diet, for 240 hours. The iDM and iNDF levels were evaluated sequentially to interpret the percentages of undigested material. Data underwent analysis of variance (ANOVA, p 0.05) and means were compared by Tukeys test (p 0.05). Material, size of particles and incubated material affected iDM and iNDF estimates.

Digestibilidade in situ do sorgo e desaparecimento do nitrogênio amoniacal em vacas holandesas alimentadas com zeólita e uréia / In situ digestibility of sorghum and disappearance of ammonia nitrogen in Holstein cows fed with urea and zeolite / La digestibilidad in situ de sorgo y desaparición de nitrógeno amoniacal en vacas holandesas alimentadas con urea y zeolita

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a digestibilidade in situ da matéria seca do sorgo e o desaparecimento do nitrogênio amoniacal em vacas holandesas fistuladas alimentadas com zeolita e uréia. Foram utilizadas dietas isoprotéicas e isoenergéticas e com zeolita (400g/dia) e sem zeolita. Foram avaliados pH e dinâmica do nitrogênio no rúmen e digestibilidade in situ. Os resultados indicaram que a utilização da zeólita natural misturadas à uréia proporcionou a maior disponibilidade de amônio no rúmen. O comportamento do pH ruminal não foi afetado com a inclusão da zeolita estilbita na composição das dietas. A suplementação com zeolita na dieta com uréia levou à menor digestibilidade in situ da matéria seca do sorgo (planta) e menor digestibilidade da FDNi.

The main objective of this research was to evaluate the in situ digestibility of sorghum and the disappearance of ammonia nitrogen in fistulated cows fed with urea and zeolite. Rumen pH, nitrogen dynamics and food digestibility in situ were evaluated. The results indicated that the use of natural zeolite mixed with urea increased ammonium availability in the rumen. Rumen pH was not affected by the inclusion of zeolite in the composition of diets. The effect of zeolite supplementation in the diet with urea led to lower in situ digestibility of dry matter of sorghum (plant), and iNDF.

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la digestibilidad in situ de la materia seca de sorgo y desaparición de nitrógeno amoniacal en vacas Holandesas fistuladas alimentadas con zeolita y urea. Se utilizaron dietas isoproteicas, isocalóricas, con zeolita (400g/day) y sin zeolita. Se evaluó la dinámica de pH y nitrógeno en el rumen y la digestibilidad in situ. Los resultados indicaron que el uso de zeolita natural mezclado con urea proporciona la mayor disponibilidad de amonio en el rumen. El pH del rumen no se vio afectado por la inclusión de zeolita estilbita en composición de la dieta. Complementar la dieta con zeolita con urea llevó a disminuir la digestibilidad in situ de la materia seca de sorgo (planta) y menor NDFi digestibilidad.

La digestibilidad in situ de sorgo y desaparición de nitrógeno amoniacal en vacas holandesas alimentadas con urea y zeolita / In situ digestibility of sorghum and disappearance of ammonia nitrogen in holstein cows fed with urea and zeolite / Digestibilidade in situ do sorgo e desaparecimento do nitrogênio amoniacal em vacas holandesas alimentadas com zeólita e uréia

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a digestibilidade in situ da matéria seca do sorgo e o desaparecimento do nitrogênio amoniacal em vacas holandesas fistuladas alimentadas com zeólita e uréia. Foram utilizadas dietas isoprotéicas e isoenergéticas e com zeólita (400g/dia) e sem zeólita. Foram avaliados pH e dinâmica do nitrogênio no rúmen e digestibilidade in situ. Os resultados indicaram que a utilização da zeólita natural misturadas à uréia proporcionou a maior disponibilidade de amônio no rúmen. O comportamento do pH ruminal não foi afetado com a inclusão da zeólita estilbita na composição das dietas. A suplementação com zeólita na dieta com uréia levou à menor digestibilidade in situ da matéria seca do sorgo (planta) e menor digestibilidade da FDNi.

[Development of cereal bar with pineapple skin]. / Elaboração de barra de cereais com casca de abacaxi.

The cereal bars are multi-component products consisting of cereals, dried fruit and syrup binder and may be added to the consumable parts of fruits and vegetables which usually are not exploited and have high nutritional value, thereby reducing food waste. It was developed a jam with pineapple skin, which it was utilized in 13.5% in the cereal bar formulation. The cereal bar was sensorial evaluated and had its centesimal and mineral composition determined. The new product achieved average of 8.3 for global impression using 9 points hedonic scale, 91% of acceptance rate and 67% of purchase intent. In this first use of pineapple skin jam as food ingredient it can be concluded that its aggregation in the cereal bar formula is feasible, making an accepted product with fibers, proteins and minerals, as an alternative to traditional cereal bars.