ABSTRACT
Macrobrachium amazonicum is the most frequently consumed freshwater crustacean by river communities of the Amazon. Despite its relative abundance and vast knowledge on the species from data on cultivated specimens, little is known regarding its biology in the natural environment, especially its use of creeks that are strongly influenced by the tide. Specimens of Macrobrachium amazonicum were collected in September 2006 (dry season) and March 2007 (rainy season) from two perennial creeks of the Guajará Bay in the state of Pará (northern Brazil), using traps similar to the matapis used by local fishermen to identify the spatial distribution of the species. Shrimps of all sizes use the tidal creeks in both seasons, including for breeding purposes. The greatest abundance of the species occurred in headwater areas and in the dry season. It is suggested that abundant allochthonous organic matter and the preference for protected areas may explain the abundance and breeding activity of this species in the headwaters of the creeks.
Macrobrachium amazonicum é o crustáceo dulcícola mais frequentemente consumido pelas populações ribeirinhas da Amazônia. Entretanto, apesar de sua relativa abundância e vasto conhecimento da espécie a partir de dados de cultivo, pouco se conhece sobre sua biologia no ambiente natural, especialmente quanto à forma de utilização de canais fortemente influenciados pelas marés. Amostras desse camarão foram coletadas em setembro/06 (período seco) e março/07 (período chuvoso), em dois canais perenes da Baía do Guajará, Pará, utilizando armadilhas (matapis) como as utilizadas pelos pescadores locais para identificar a distribuição espacial dos organismos. Os canais de maré são utilizados por camarões de todos os tamanhos nas duas estações do ano, inclusive para a reprodução. A maior abundância de indivíduos da espécie foi encontrada no período seco, nas áreas a montante dos canais . Postula-se que a abundante matéria orgânica alóctone e a busca de locais protegidos podem ser os fatores que explicam a concentração da abundância e da atividade reprodutiva nas áreas a montante dos canais.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Investigation were carried out of the benefits of honey and pollen of two forage species on biological aspects of the adult phase of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861). Mating pairs of the predator were placed in cylindrical PVC cages (10 cm x 10 cm) and maintained in climate-controlled chambers at 25 ± 1º C, 70% RH and 12-hour photophase. They were fed diets of yeast + honey (1:1) and castor pollen without the addition of honey (controls), and the following treatments: elephant grass pollen; signal grass pollen; elephant grass pollen + honey; signal grass pollen + honey. When they were only given castor pollen, the green lacewings had shorter life spans and did not lay eggs. The prelaying and laying periods were not influenced by the different food sources with the presence of honey, regardless of the protein source. The number of eggs/female was greater for the diet with yeast + honey (1:1), followed by elephant grass pollen + honey, castor pollen + honey, and signal grass + honey. It was found that the pollen of the tested plants had positive effects on the biology of C. externa, when honey was added as a carbohydrate source. Therefore, to aid the performance and permanence of this natural pest predator in these forage crops, it is recommended that the lacewings food be supplemented with flowers or other sources of carbohydrates.
RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar o benefício do mel e do pólen proveniente de duas espécies de forrageiras, sobre os aspectos biológicos da fase adulta de Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861). Casais do predador foram individualizados em gaiolas cilíndricas de PVC (10 x 10 cm) mantidas em câmaras climatizadas a 25 ± 1º C, 70% UR e fotofase de 12 horas. Utilizaram-se dietas à base de lêvedo de cerveja + mel (1:1) e pólen de mamona com e sem adição de mel (testemunhas) e os seguintes tratamentos: pólens de capim-elefante, braquiária, capim-elefante + mel e braquiária + mel. Quando foi fornecido apenas pólen de mamona, os crisopídeos apresentaram o menor tempo de vida e não realizaram posturas. Os períodos de pré-oviposição e oviposição não foram influenciados pelas diferentes fontes de alimento com a presença de mel, independente da fonte proteica. O número de ovos/fêmea foi maior para a dieta com lêvedo de cerveja + mel, seguida dos pólens de capim-elefante + mel, mamona + mel e braquiária + mel. Verificou-se que o pólen das plantas apresentou efeitos positivos sobre a biologia de C. externa, quando adicionado mel como fonte de carboidrato. Portanto, para maior eficiência e permanência deste inimigo natural em cultivos dessas forrageiras, recomenda-se a suplementação alimentar com flores ou outras fontes de obtenção de carboidratos.
ABSTRACT
All deaths of children under one year of age and residing in the Pau da Lima Health District, in the city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, during the year 1991 were investigated through home visits and analysis of patient files. The study measured effectiveness of health services by verifying potentially avoidable deaths and the level of medical care these children received. More than half of the total of 47 deaths were related to causes considered amenable to prompt action by health services; 10 (21.3%) of the deaths occurred at home or in public (outside of health care facilities). Loss of information occurred in 36 (76.6%) of the mother's interviews, related to incomplete information on the death certificate and to changes of address. Analysis of patient files in the health clinics showed a 58.3% loss of information, indicating low-quality organization of hospital statistics; there was a prevalence of consultations classified as inadequate or barely adequate, due mainly to problems with physical examination and treatment. Despite this study's operational limitations, the results point to problems of access, effectiveness, and adequacy in the health care process.