Emotionally subjective reactivity to cervical cytology pictures is modulated by expertise.

Our aims were to create a catalog of cytological pictures and to evaluate the valence (level of pleasantness/unpleasantness) and arousal (level of calm/excitement) of these pictures in individuals with different occupations. The sample consisted of medical and law college students and cytopathologists. Valence and arousal score for general pictures were not modulated by expertise in cytology. However, students judged the cytological pictures to be lower in valence and in arousal than the cytopathologists. The cytopathologists classified cytological pictures with lesions as lower in valence and higher in arousal than cytological pictures without lesions.

Long-term benefits of heart rate variability biofeedback training in older adults with different levels of social interaction: a pilot study.

To test whether heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback training benefits older adults with different social interaction levels. METHODS: 32 older adults (16 were institutionalized and 16 were not). Both groups received 14 sessions, 15 min, 3 times a week, with half of the individuals receiving HRV biofeedback training and the other half receiving control training. The following parameters were assessed immediately before and after training, and 4.5 weeks after the last session (follow-up period): aerobic conditioning, anthropometric data, emotional scores, and HRV components. RESULTS: Before the training, the institutionalized individuals had higher scores of loneliness (p < 0.01) and depression (p < 0.0001) and lower social touches (p < 0.0001), body mass (p = 0.04), and body fat percentage (p = 0.002) than the non-institutionalized individuals. HRV biofeedback improved symptoms of depression in both groups. HRV improved only in the non-institutionalized group, and loneliness only in the institutionalized group. Lastly, all changes persisted after the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: HRV biofeedback training was effective in improving symptoms of depression in older adults. Improvement of HRV and loneliness was dependent on the level of social interaction.

New Law of Brazilian Biodiversity: Legal Aspects and Impact in the Field of Biotechnology.

Access to genetic resources (GR) and/or traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources (ATK) has been regulated in Brazil since 2001. The law 13,123 / 2015 determined a significant change in the theme, mainly on the rules of distribution of benefits obtained for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, the access to technology and technology transfer, the exploitation of products or reproductive material from the GR or ATK and consignment to the outside of part or all the living or dead organism shipped for GR. The implementation of international treaties on GR and ATK for research, biotechnological development and bioprospecting have been causing difficulties for Brazilian researchers, mainly due to the lack of information and dissemination available for compliance with the legislation. In this work, the members of the Committee for Access to Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge of the Federal Fluminense University (UFFGEN) - Brazil, and collaborators performed a critical reflection on the new law, helping Brazilian researchers with information necessary to understand the changes made by the new legislation, especially in the field of Biotechnology associated with Brazilian Biodiversity.

Avaliação nutricional e dietética de pré-escolares de Montes Claros, Minas Gerais / Dietary and nutritional assessment of pre-school children in Montes Claros, Minas Gerais / Evaluación dietética y nutricional de preescolar en Montes Claros, Minas Gerais

Objetivo: avaliar o estado nutricional e o consumo alimentar das principais fontes de macro e micronutrientes ingeridos por pré-escolares. Método: trata-se de estudo exploratório-descritivo, transversal e com abordagem quantitativa, composto por 269 crianças de ambos os sexos com idade entre 3 e 5 anos dos centros municipais de educação infantil de Montes Claros, Minas Gerais. Realizou-se inquérito alimentar e a avaliação antropométrica no ambiente escolar, mediante a autorização dos pais e/ou responsáveis. Resultados: verifica-se que a maioria das crianças se encontram eutróficas de acordo com todos os critérios avaliados. No inquérito alimentar, apenas o consumo de calorias totais e ferro encontrava-se adequado para a faixa etária. Entre os macronutrientes, o consumo de carboidratos, lipídeos e proteínas estava acima do valor recomendado. Dentre os micronutrientes, observa-se o consumo aumentado de zinco, sódio e vitamina C. No entanto, a ingestão de micronutrientes como o cálcio, magnésio, vitaminas A, D e E encontrava-se abaixo do recomendado, além das fibras. Conclusão: observa-se que o estado nutricional das crianças está adequado, porém há inadequação na ingestão alimentar. Este fator pode contribuir com o aumento no índice de sobrepeso e obesidade, e estar associado com as deficiências nutricionais.(AU)

Objective: to assess the nutritional status and food consumption of the main sources of macro and micronutrients ingested by preschool children. Method: This is an exploratory-descriptive, cross-sectional with a quantitative approach study, composed of 269 children of both sexes aged between 3 and 5 years of child municipal education centers in the city of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais. A food survey and anthropometric evaluation were carried out in the school environment, with the authorization of parents and/or guardians. Results: It appears that most of the children are eutrophic according to all the evaluated criteria. In the investigation of food, only the consumption of calories and iron was appropriate for the age range. Among the macronutrients, the consumption of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins was above the recommended value. Among the micronutrients, an increased consumption of zinc, sodium and vitamin C was observed. However, the intake of micronutrients such as calcium, magnesium, vitamins A, D and E was below the recommended levels, as well as the fibers consumption. Conclusion: It is observed that the nutritional status of children is appropriate, but there is inadequate food intake. This factor may contribute to the increase in overweight and obesity and may also be associated with nutritional deficiencies.(AU)

Objetivo: Valorar el estado nutricional y el consumo de alimentos de las principales fuentes de macro y micronutrientes son ingeridos por preescolar. Método: Este estudio es de tipo exploratorio-descriptivo, transversal de enfoque cuantitativo, compuesta por 269 niños de ambos sexos en edades comprendidas entre los 3 y los 5 años de centros municipales de educación infantil en la ciudad de Montes Claros, en el estado de Minas Gerais. Encuesta alimentaria y se realizó la evaluación antropométrica en el entorno de la escuela, previa autorización de los padres y/o tutores. Resultados: Parece que la mayoría de los niños se encuentra en el estatus nutricional de acuerdo con todos los criterios evaluados. En la investigación de alimentos, sólo el consumo de calorías y el hierro es el adecuado para el rango de edad. Entre los macronutrientes, el consumo de carbohidratos, lípidos y proteínas fue superior al valor recomendado. Entre los micronutrientes, se observó un incremento en el consumo de zinc, sodio y vitamina C. Sin embargo, la ingesta de micronutrientes como el calcio, el magnesio, vitaminas A, D y E, estaba por debajo de los niveles recomendados, así como las fibras. Conclusión: Se observa que el estado nutricional de los niños es adecuada, pero no hay una ingesta insuficiente de alimentos. Este factor puede contribuir al incremento del sobrepeso y la obesidad, y se asocia con deficiencias nutricionales.(AU)

Care coordination in PMAQ-AB: an Item Response Theory-based analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Analyze the quality of the National Program for Primary Care Access and Quality Improvement variables to evaluate the coordination of primary care. METHODS: A cross-sectional study based on data from 17,202 primary care teams that participated in the National Program for Primary Care Access and Quality Improvement in 2012. Based on the Item Response Theory, Samejima's Gradual Response Model was used to estimate the score related to the level of coordination. The Cronbach's alpha and Spearman' coefficients and the point-biserial correlation were used to analyze the internal consistency and the correlation between the items and between the items and the total score. We evaluated the assumptions of unidimensionality and local independence of the items. Cloud-type word charts aided in the interpretation of coordination levels. RESULTS: The Program items with the greatest discrimination in coordination level were: telephone/Internet existence, institutional communication flows, and matrix support actions. The specialists' contact frequency with the primary care and integrated electronic medical record required a greater level of coordination among the teams. The Cronbach' alpha was 0.8018. The institutional communication flows and telephone/Internet items had a higher correlation with the total score. Coordination scores ranged from -2.67 (minimum) to 2.83 (maximum). More communication, information exchange, matrix support, health care in the territory and the domicile had a significant influence on the levels of coordination. CONCLUSIONS: The ability to provide information and the frequency of contact among professionals are important elements for a comprehensive, continuous and high-quality care. OBJETIVO: Analisar a qualidade das variáveis do Programa de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica para avaliar a coordenação na atenção básica do cuidado. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal baseado em dados de 17.202 equipes de atenção básica que participaram do Programa de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica em 2012. Baseado na Teoria de Resposta ao Item, o Modelo de Resposta Gradual de Samejima foi utilizado para estimação do escore relacionado ao nível de coordenação. Os coeficientes alfa de Cronbach, Spearman e ponto bisserial foram utilizados para análise da consistência interna e da correlação entre os itens e de itens com o escore total. Foram avaliadas as suposições de unidimensionalidade e de independência local dos itens. Gráficos do tipo nuvem de palavras auxiliaram na interpretação dos níveis de coordenação. RESULTADOS: Os itens do Programa com maior discriminação do nível de coordenação foram: existência de telefone/internet, fluxos institucionais de comunicação e ações de apoio matricial. A frequência de contato de especialistas com a atenção básica e prontuário eletrônico integrado exigiram maior nível de coordenação das equipes. O coeficiente alfa de Cronbach total 0,8018. Os itens fluxos institucional de comunicação e telefone/internet tiveram maior correlação com o escore total. Os escores de coordenação variaram entre -2,67 (mínimo) e 2,83 (máximo). Maior grau de comunicação, troca de informações, apoio matricial, cuidado no território e domicílio tiveram peso relevante nos níveis de coordenação. CONCLUSÕES: A capacidade de disponibilizar a informação e a frequência de contato entre os profissionais são elementos importantes para o cuidado abrangente, contínuo e de qualidade.

Optimization of Postharvest Conditions To Produce Chocolate Aroma from Jackfruit Seeds.

Jackfruit seeds are an underutilized waste in many tropical countries. This work demonstrates the potential of roasted jackfruit seeds to develop chocolate aroma. Twenty-seven different roasted jackfruit seed flours were produced from local jackfruit by acidifying or fermenting the seeds prior to drying and then roasting under different time/temperature combinations. The chocolate aroma of groups of four flours were ranked by a sensory panel (n = 162), and response surface methodology was used to identify optimum conditions. The results indicated a significant and positive influence of fermentation and acidification on the production of chocolate aroma. SPME/GC-MS of the flours showed that important aroma compounds such as 2,3-diethyl-5-methylpyrazine and 2-phenylethyl acetate were substantially higher in the fermented product and that the more severe roasting conditions produced 2-3 times more 2,3-diethyl-5-methylpyrazine, but less 3-methylbutanal. Moisture, aw, pH, luminosity, and color were also monitored to ensure that these properties were similar to those of cocoa powder or cocoa substitutes.

Contributions on the regionalization process in two regions in the Southeast of Brazil / Contribuições do processo de regionalização em duas regiões do Sudeste do Brasil

Abstract Objectives: to analyze the contributions of regionalization in North-Barretos and South-Barretos regions, focusing on political, structural and organizational changes. Methods: mixed sequential explanatory methods using records analysis from the Comissão Intergestores Regional (CIR) (Regional Inter-managers Commission (CIR), interviews with questionnaire and guides along with 42 key agents (managers and providers of services) conducted in August 2015. The descriptive statistical results were presented with mean scores for each of the question in the questionnaire. The analysis of the thematic content was performed by using the Atlas-ti software and categories of the mixed themes were generated representing the following dimensions: policy, structure and organization. Results: the study identified that the Estrutura Regional da Secretaria Estadual de Saúde (Regional Structure of the State Health Department) is the most important institution in health policy decisions. Several contributions can be identified in the process of regionalization, mainly in the organizational aspect of the health system. The records demonstrated the frequent presence of themes related to networks, regulation and financing and the definition of flow of patients. Conclusions: regionalization in the North-Barretos and South-Barretos regions have contributed for a better organization in health actions and services. The intergovernmental forums do not work with coordination and they are not a collaborative place to negotiate health issues in these regions in São Paulo State

Resumo Objetivos: analisar as contribuições da regionalização nas regiões Norte-Barretos e Sul-Barretos, com enfoque nas mudanças políticas, estruturais e organizacionais. Métodos: métodos mistos explanatório sequencial com análise de atas da Comissão Intergestores Regional (CIR), entrevistas com questionário e roteiros junto a 42 atores-chave (gestores e prestadores) em agosto de 2015. Os resultados estatísticos descritivos foram apresentados com os escores médios das questões do questionário. A análise de conteúdo temático foi realizada utilizando o software Atlas-ti e as categorias de temas mistos foram geradas representando as dimensões: política, estrutura e organização. Resultados: o estudo identificou que a Estrutura Regional da Secretaria Estadual de Saúde é a instituição mais importante nas decisões sobre a política de saúde.Diversas contribuições podem ser identificadas no processo de regionalização, principalmente, no aspecto organizacional do sistema de saúde. As atas demonstraram a presença frequente de temas relacionados a redes, regulação e financiamento e a definição de fluxos de pacientes. Conclusões: a regionalização nas regiões de Norte-Barretos e Sul-Barretos contribuiu para a melhor organização das ações e serviços de saúde. Os fóruns intergovernamentais não exercem função de coordenação e não são um espaço colaborativo nas negociações sobre os assuntos de saúde nessas regiões do estado de São Paulo.

Region and Networks: multidimensional and multilevel approaches to analyze the health regionalization process in Brazil / Região e Redes: abordagem multidimensional e multinível para análise do processo de regionalização da saúde no Brasil

Abstract Objectives: to present a methodology used by the Policy, Planning and Region Management research and the Health Care Networks in Brazil - the Regions and Networks research. Methods: description of the analytical scheme in the process of choosing health regions and criteria to select cities and health units, instruments for collecting primary and secondary data and the indicators database, besides the regional typology elaborated for data analysis. Results: the analytical scheme is based on the health policy analysis; policy, structure and organization were defined as the macro dimensions. For each one of these, sub-dimensions were defined. The questionnaire was elaborated by variables that were possible to analyze the regionalization process determinants. Five health regions were selected from the previously defined criteria. Conclusions: the method allowed to establish attributes in the regionalization, constructed by specific components - integration, coordination and regulation. The multilevel approach was important because it portrayed different perceptions from the stakeholder managers and providers according to their bonds in the city, regional and state scenarios.

Resumo Objetivos: apresentar a metodologia adotada pela pesquisa Política, Planejamento e Gestão das Regiões e Redes de Atenção à Saúde no Brasil - Pesquisa Região e Redes. Métodos: descrição do esquema analítico, do processo de escolha das regiões de saúde e critérios para seleção dos municípios e unidades de saúde, instrumentos de coleta dos dados primários, dos dados secundários e do banco de indicadores, além de tipologia regional elaborada para a análise dos dados Resultados: o esquema analítico pautou-se na análise de política de saúde; foram estabelecidas três macrodimensões: política, estrutura e organização. Para cada uma destas, definiram-se subdimensões. Elaborou-se um questionário constituído por variáveis que possibilitaram analisar os condicionantes do processo de regionalização. Cinco regiões de saúde foram selecionadas a partir de critérios previamente definidos. Conclusões: o método permitiu estabelecer atributos da regionalização, construídos com base em componentes específicos - integração, coordenação e regulação. A abordagem multinível mostrou-se importante pois retrata diferentes percepções dos atores gestores e prestadores segundo seu vinculo, nos cenários municipal, regional e estadual.

Care coordination in PMAQ-AB: an Item response theory-based analysis / Coordenação do cuidado no PMAQ-AB: uma análise baseada na teoria de resposta ao Item

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Analyze the quality of the National Program for Primary Care Access and Quality Improvement variables to evaluate the coordination of primary care. METHODS A cross-sectional study based on data from 17,202 primary care teams that participated in the National Program for Primary Care Access and Quality Improvement in 2012. Based on the Item Response Theory, Samejima's Gradual Response Model was used to estimate the score related to the level of coordination. The Cronbach's alpha and Spearman' coefficients and the point-biserial correlation were used to analyze the internal consistency and the correlation between the items and between the items and the total score. We evaluated the assumptions of unidimensionality and local independence of the items. Cloud-type word charts aided in the interpretation of coordination levels. RESULTS The Program items with the greatest discrimination in coordination level were: telephone/Internet existence, institutional communication flows, and matrix support actions. The specialists' contact frequency with the primary care and integrated electronic medical record required a greater level of coordination among the teams. The Cronbach' alpha was 0.8018. The institutional communication flows and telephone/Internet items had a higher correlation with the total score. Coordination scores ranged from -2.67 (minimum) to 2.83 (maximum). More communication, information exchange, matrix support, health care in the territory and the domicile had a significant influence on the levels of coordination. CONCLUSIONS The ability to provide information and the frequency of contact among professionals are important elements for a comprehensive, continuous and high-quality care.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar a qualidade das variáveis do Programa de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica para avaliar a coordenação na atenção básica do cuidado. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal baseado em dados de 17.202 equipes de atenção básica que participaram do Programa de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica em 2012. Baseado na Teoria de Resposta ao Item, o Modelo de Resposta Gradual de Samejima foi utilizado para estimação do escore relacionado ao nível de coordenação. Os coeficientes alfa de Cronbach, Spearman e ponto bisserial foram utilizados para análise da consistência interna e da correlação entre os itens e de itens com o escore total. Foram avaliadas as suposições de unidimensionalidade e de independência local dos itens. Gráficos do tipo nuvem de palavras auxiliaram na interpretação dos níveis de coordenação. RESULTADOS Os itens do Programa com maior discriminação do nível de coordenação foram: existência de telefone/internet, fluxos institucionais de comunicação e ações de apoio matricial. A frequência de contato de especialistas com a atenção básica e prontuário eletrônico integrado exigiram maior nível de coordenação das equipes. O coeficiente alfa de Cronbach total 0,8018. Os itens fluxos institucional de comunicação e telefone/internet tiveram maior correlação com o escore total. Os escores de coordenação variaram entre -2,67 (mínimo) e 2,83 (máximo). Maior grau de comunicação, troca de informações, apoio matricial, cuidado no território e domicílio tiveram peso relevante nos níveis de coordenação. CONCLUSÕES A capacidade de disponibilizar a informação e a frequência de contato entre os profissionais são elementos importantes para o cuidado abrangente, contínuo e de qualidade.

The Regionalization Process in Brazil: influence on Policy, Structure and Organization dimensions / O Processo de Regionalização no Brasil: influência das dimensões Política, Estrutura e Organização

Objectives: to analyze the influence and performance on Policy, Structure and Organization dimensions in the regionalization process in five health regions in Brazil. Methods: a quantitative, cross-sectional study using primary data from 217 fulfilled interviews with managers, service providers and representatives of society in five health regions in Brazil. Calculation on the Influence Index that measures the contribution level of three dimensions in regionalization. Results: after analyzing the three dimensions that influence the regionalization process separately, it is necessary to point out that there is a better performance on the Policy dimension in front of all the others; on the other hand, Structure dimension shows itself to be feeble, configuring a real obstacle to progress the regionalization process; Organization occupies an intermediate place in all the regions of the study. The insufficient availability of physical, human and financial resources impedes to advance the regionalization and the achievement of its major objectives, which are the integration of services and coordination care. Conclusions: regionalization follows an uncertain path and without clear direction of its objectives, goals and deployed instruments. The Regional planning, in the case of health, is still a theoretical exercise.

Objetivos: analisar a influência e o desempenho das dimensões Política, Estrutura e Organização no processo de regionalização em cinco regiões de saúde no Brasil. Métodos: estudo quantitativo, transversal com uso de dados primários de 217 entrevistas realizadas com gestores, prestadores e representantes da sociedade em cinco regiões de saúde do Brasil. Cálculo do Índice de Influência que mede o grau de contribuição das três dimensões na regionalização. Resultados: ao analisarmos as três dimensões que influenciam o processo de regionalização separadamente, é preciso assinalar que há um melhor desempenho da dimensão Política frente às demais; por outro lado, a dimensão Estrutura se mostra a mais débil, configurando um verdadeiro obstáculo para o avanço do processo de regionalização; a dimensão Organização ocupa um lugar intermediário, em todas as regiões do estudo. A disponibilidade insuficiente de recursos físicos, humanos e financeiros entrava o avanço da regionalização e a consecução de seus objetivos maiores, que são a integração dos serviços e a coordenação do cuidado. Conclusões: regionalização segue um caminho incerto e sem diretriz clara de seus objetivos, metas e instrumentos de implementação. O planejamento regional, no caso da saúde, ainda é um exercício de teórico.

Physicians' job satisfaction and motivation in a public academic hospital.

BACKGROUND: Physician shortage is a global issue that concerns Brazil's authorities. The organizational structure and the environment of a medical institution can hide a low-quality life of a physician. This study examines the relationship between the hospital work environment and physicians' job satisfaction and motivation when working in a large public academic hospital. METHODS: The study was restricted to one large, multispecialty Brazil's hospital. Six hundred hospital physicians were invited to participate by e-mail. A short version of the Physician Worklife Survey (PWS) was used to measure working satisfaction. Physicians were also asked for socio-demographic information, medical specialty, and the intention to continue working in the hospital. RESULTS: Data from 141 questionnaires were included in the analyses. Forty-five physicians graduated from the hospital's university, and they did not intend to leave the hospital under any circumstance (affective bond). The motivating factor for beginning the career at the hospital and to continue working there were the connection to the medical school and the hospital status as a "prestigious academic hospital"; the physicians were more satisfied with the career than the specialty. Only 30% completely agreed with the statement "If I had to start my career over again, I would choose my current specialty," while 45% completely agreed with the statement "I am not well compensated given my training and experience." The greater point of satisfaction was the relationship with physician colleagues. They are annoyed about the amount of calls they are requested to take and about how work encroaches on their personal time. No significant differences between medical specialties were found in the analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The participants were satisfied with their profession. The fact that they remained at the hospital was related to the academic environment, the relationship with colleagues, and the high prestige in which society holds the institution. The points of dissatisfaction were inadequate remuneration and the fact that work invaded personal time. Routinely, there is a need for organizations to examine the impact of their structures, policies, and procedures on the stress and quality of life of physicians.

Saberes e práticas de enfermeiros na saúde mental: desafios diante da Reforma Psiquiátrica / Knowledge and practices of nurses in mental health: challenges in face of the Psychiatric Reform

A Reforma Psiquiátrica Brasileira orientou a reestruturação do modelo assistencial em saúde, ensejando a criação de serviços substitutivos em saúde mental. Considerando a importância do profissional de enfermagem na implementação dessa política, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa sobre os saberes e as práticas dos enfermeiros na área da saúde mental. Os sujeitos foram os enfermeiros que trabalham em dois Centros de Atenção em saúde mental, em duas cidades de Minas Gerais. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e observação sistemática e os dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo. Os profissionais mostraram conhecer as propostas da Reforma Psiquiátrica, porém apontaram dificuldades para concretizá-las nos serviços, tais como a ausência de articulação intersetorial dos serviços de saúde e a falta, na sua formação acadêmica, de conhecimentos e habilidades específicas para a atuação nos serviços substitutivos de saúde mental. Entretanto, demandam mais conhecimentos na área de psicopatologia e não situam a necessidade de outros saberes e práticas adequados à Reforma Psiquiátrica. O artigo recomenda fortalecer a formação dos enfermeiros na graduação e/ou em capacitações no trabalho, para que esses profissionais possam enfrentar os desafios colocados pelos serviços substitutivos da política de saúde mental.(AU)

Brazilian Psychiatric Reform guided the restructuring of the health care model, allowing for the creation of alternative services in mental health. Considering the importance of nursing professionals in the implementation of such a policy, a research on the knowledge and practices of nurses in the mental health area was developed. The subjects were nurses working in two centers of mental healthcare, in two cities of Minas Gerais. The research was conducted through semi-structured interviews and systematic observation and data were subjected to content analysis. The nurses understand the proposals of the psychiatric reform, but reported difficulties to concretize them, such as the lack of inter-agency coordination of health services and the lack, in their educational training, of knowledge and skills specifically required for the professional performance in the substitutive mental health services. However, they still require more knowledge in the area of psychopathology and do not point out the need for further knowledge and practices appropriated to Psychiatric Reform. The article recommends strengthening nursing training at the undergraduate level as well as in training at work, in order to prepare the professionals to meet the challenges of the substitutive services of the mental health policy.(AU)

Saberes e práticas de enfermeiros na saúde mental: desafios diante da Reforma Psiquiátrica / Knowledge and practices of nurses in mental health: challenges in face of the Psychiatric Reform

A Reforma Psiquiátrica Brasileira orientou a reestruturação do modelo assistencial em saúde, ensejando a criação de serviços substitutivos em saúde mental. Considerando a importância do profissional de enfermagem na implementação dessa política, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa sobre os saberes e as práticas dos enfermeiros na área da saúde mental. Os sujeitos foram os enfermeiros que trabalham em dois Centros de Atenção em saúde mental, em duas cidades de Minas Gerais. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e observação sistemática e os dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo. Os profissionais mostraram conhecer as propostas da Reforma Psiquiátrica, porém apontaram dificuldades para concretizá-las nos serviços, tais como a ausência de articulação intersetorial dos serviços de saúde e a falta, na sua formação acadêmica, de conhecimentos e habilidades específicas para a atuação nos serviços substitutivos de saúde mental. Entretanto, demandam mais conhecimentos na área de psicopatologia e não situam a necessidade de outros saberes e práticas adequados à Reforma Psiquiátrica. O artigo recomenda fortalecer a formação dos enfermeiros na graduação e/ou em capacitações no trabalho, para que esses profissionais possam enfrentar os desafios colocados pelos serviços substitutivos da política de saúde mental.

Brazilian Psychiatric Reform guided the restructuring of the health care model, allowing for the creation of alternative services in mental health. Considering the importance of nursing professionals in the implementation of such a policy, a research on the knowledge and practices of nurses in the mental health area was developed. The subjects were nurses working in two centers of mental healthcare, in two cities of Minas Gerais. The research was conducted through semi-structured interviews and systematic observation and data were subjected to content analysis. The nurses understand the proposals of the psychiatric reform, but reported difficulties to concretize them, such as the lack of inter-agency coordination of health services and the lack, in their educational training, of knowledge and skills specifically required for the professional performance in the substitutive mental health services. However, they still require more knowledge in the area of psychopathology and do not point out the need for further knowledge and practices appropriated to Psychiatric Reform. The article recommends strengthening nursing training at the undergraduate level as well as in training at work, in order to prepare the professionals to meet the challenges of the substitutive services of the mental health policy.

Padrões de acessos a informações sobre proteção antiUV durante os verões brasileiros: haveria um "efeito verão"? / Patterns of access to information on protection against UV during the Brazilian summer: is there such a thing as the "summer effect"?

Resumo Padrões de buscas na internet (queries) vinculados a “janelas” de interesses coletivos têm sido objeto de crescente investigação no campo da saúde pública. O presente artigo pretende identificar padrões de queries acerca de informações sobre a proteção da pele perante a exposição excessiva à radiação UV – o que aqui chamamos de “efeito verão”. Para estimar os acessos ao site do Instituto Nacional de Câncer – notória fonte de recursos informativos sobre prevenção – foi usado um software (Log analyzer) que mensura o volume de acessos a conteúdos específicos. Durante 48 meses foram acompanhadas as páginas sobre proteção da pele e autoexame (páginas de interesse). Observou-se que, embora a média de acessos tenha crescido significativamente, os resultados da análise de variância não mostraram diferenças significativas entre os realizados no verão e os feitos nos demais meses (p = 0,7491). A percepção da intensa exposição ao sol de verão não incentivou interesse suplementar por buscas sobre prevenção. Discute-se se a dissonância entre o conhecimento individual acerca do próprio estado de saúde em relação às medidas ligadas à sua preservação, pois talvez exerçam “influências antiprevenção” sobre o interesse coletivo a respeito da proteção da saúde.

Abstract Internet search patterns associated with “windows” of collective interest have been increasingly investigated in the field of public health. This article sets out to identify search patterns relating to the quest for information on skin protection after the perception of excessive exposure to UV radiation – the so-called “summer effect” as it is commonly referred to in Brazil. To calculate the number of hits on the Brazilian National Cancer Institute website – a renowned source of information resources on prevention – log analyzer software was used to measure the volume of hits on specific content pages. The pages on skin protection and self-examination (pages of interest) were monitored over a 48-month period. It was seen that, although the monthly average of hits on pages of interest revealed statistically significant annual growth, the results for the analysis of variance showed no significant differences between the number of hits in the summer compared with other months (p = 0.7491). In short, the perception of intense exposure to the summer sun did not encourage further interest to search for information on prevention.

[Patterns of access to information on protection against UV during the Brazilian summer: is there such a thing as the "summer effect"?]. / Padrões de acessos a informações sobre proteção antiUV durante os verões brasileiros: haveria um "efeito verão"?

Internet search patterns associated with "windows" of collective interest have been increasingly investigated in the field of public health. This article sets out to identify search patterns relating to the quest for information on skin protection after the perception of excessive exposure to UV radiation - the so-called "summer effect" as it is commonly referred to in Brazil. To calculate the number of hits on the Brazilian National Cancer Institute website - a renowned source of information resources on prevention - log analyzer software was used to measure the volume of hits on specific content pages. The pages on skin protection and self-examination (pages of interest) were monitored over a 48-month period. It was seen that, although the monthly average of hits on pages of interest revealed statistically significant annual growth, the results for the analysis of variance showed no significant differences between the number of hits in the summer compared with other months (p = 0.7491). In short, the perception of intense exposure to the summer sun did not encourage further interest to search for information on prevention.

Socioeconomic inequalities and exposure to traffic-related air pollution in the city of São Paulo, Brazil.

Air pollution is a leading public health concern. In addition, poor populations have been reported as showing increased exposure to such pollution. The current study thus aimed to evaluate the socioeconomic status of the population exposed to vehicle-related air pollution in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. The study used data from the 2010 Census on head-of-household's mean monthly income and the percentage of households connected to the sewage system. Exposure to air pollutants was estimated according to traffic density in the census tract plus a 200m surrounding buffer. The relationship between exposure and socioeconomic variables was analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test. Exposure increased with increasing socioeconomic status (p < 0.001). The population with the highest socioeconomic status lives in the most polluted areas of the city. However, place of residence alone is not capable of measuring exposure. The study suggests that future epidemiological studies include other indicators of vulnerability.

Socioeconomic inequalities and exposure to traffic-related air pollution in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil / Desigualdades socioeconomicas e exposicao aos poluentes gerados pelo trafego veicular em Sao Paulo, Brasil / Desigualdades socioeconomicas y exposicion a los contaminantes generados por el trafico de vehiculos en Sao Paulo, Brasil

Air pollution is a leading public health concern. In addition, poor populations have been reported as showing increased exposure to such pollution. The current study thus aimed to evaluate the socioeconomic status of the population exposed to vehicle-related air pollution in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. The study used data from the 2010 Census on head-of-household’s mean monthly income and the percentage of households connected to the sewage system. Exposure to air pollutants was estimated according to traffic density in the census tract plus a 200m surrounding buffer. The relationship between exposure and socioeconomic variables was analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test. Exposure increased with increasing socioeconomic status (p < 0.001). The population with the highest socioeconomic status lives in the most polluted areas of the city. However, place of residence alone is not capable of measuring exposure. The study suggests that future epidemiological studies include other indicators of vulnerability.

A poluição atmosférica é uma das maiores preocupações para a saúde pública. Além disso, populações pobres têm sido relatadas como mais expostas a essa poluição. Desse modo, este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a situação socioeconômica da população exposta aos poluentes atmosféricos gerados por fluxo veicular no Município de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram utilizadas informações da renda média mensal do chefe de domicílio e percentual de domicílios ligados à rede geral de esgoto, dos setores censitários do Censo Demográfico 2010. A exposição aos poluentes foi estimada pela densidade de tráfego do setor censitário e uma faixa adicional de 200m. A relação entre a exposição e variáveis socioeconômicas foi analisada pelo teste Kruskal- Wallis. A exposição aumentou conforme a melhora da situação socioeconômica (p < 0,001). A população de melhor nível socioeconômico reside em áreas mais poluídas. Entretanto, o local de residência, apenas, não é capaz de indicar maior exposição. Sugere-se a inclusão de outros indicadores de vulnerabilidade em futuros estudos epidemiológicos.

La contaminación del aire es una preocupación importante para la salud pública. Por otra parte, los pobres han sido identificados como los más expuestos a contaminación. Así, este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la situación socioeconómica de la población expuesta a contaminantes del aire generado por el tráfico de vehículos en São Paulo, Brasil. La información de la renta media mensual del jefe de familia y el porcentaje de hogares conectados a la red de alcantarillado público se obtuvo de los sectores censales 2010. La exposición a los contaminantes se estimó por la densidad de tráfico de sectores censales y una banda adicional de 200m. La relación entre la exposición y las variables socioeconómicas se analizó mediante la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis. La exposición aumenta con la mejora de la situación socioeconómica (p < 0,001). La población de mayor estatus socioeconómico vive en zonas más contaminadas. No obstante, el lugar de residencia, solamente, no es capaz de indicar una mayor exposición. Se sugiere la inclusión de otros indicadores de vulnerabilidad en los futuros estudios.

The written informed consent form (WICF): factors that interfere with acceptance.

BACKGROUND: The written informed consent form (WICF) provides information that must be written in simple, easily understood language, highlighting voluntary participation safeguards, risks, possible benefits, and procedures. Currently, the possibility that research subjects do not fully understand the text of the WICF or their rights as participants, despite having signed the WICF and agreed to participate in the study, has been a point of discussion. AIM: To evaluate the readability of the WICFs, as well as to correlate research subject acceptance of the WICF with demographic status, social factors, risk-benefit relationship, and education level. METHODS: The study involved 793 patients treated in public or private hospitals and asked to give informed consent for their inclusion. Were reviewed patient medical charts in order to obtain demographic and social data, and was used the Flesch Reading Ease and the Flesch-Kincaid Readability Indices to evaluate the reading level of the WICF texts. RESULTS: Acceptance was higher (99.7%) among patients treated in public health care facilities and among patients (99.73%) who participated in protocols involving lower risk. Although acceptance was not influenced by education level, 462 patients (58.26%) had eight or less years of schooling. The obtained readability index ranged from 9.9 to 12 on the Flesch-Kincaid test, and from 33.1 to 51.3 on the Flesch Reading Ease test. CONCLUSION: The WICFs had high degree of reading difficulty. Although patient acceptance was not found to be related to demographic or social factors, it was found to be influenced by the risk-benefit relationship.

Termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido (TCLE): fatores que interferem na adesão / The written informed consent form (WICF): factors that interfere with acceptance

RACIONAL: O Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE) aborda informações que precisam estar descritas de forma clara e de fácil compreensão, destacando riscos, possíveis benefícios e procedimentos. Atualmente discute-se a possibilidade de sujeitos de pesquisa não entenderem totalmente o texto do TCLE nem seus direitos como participantes, mesmo tendo assinado o TCLE e aderido à pesquisa. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a legibilidade dos TCLE, bem como correlacionar a aceitação do sujeito da pesquisa com estado demográfico, fatores sociais, relação risco-benefício e nível de instrução. MÉTODOS: Análise dos dados de 793 pacientes, que foram convidados a participar de diferentes protocolos de pesquisa clínica em hospitais privados e públicos. Foram revistos os dados dos prontuários médicos para obtenção dos dados demográficos e sociais. Foram usados os Índices de Legibilidade Flesch Reading Ease e Flesch-Kincaid para avaliar o nível de legibilidade dos textos dos TCLE. RESULTADOS: A adesão dos sujeitos de pesquisa aos protocolos propostos não teve influência dos fatores demográficos e sociais, no entanto, verificou-se maior adesão entre os pacientes de instituição de tratamento público (99,7%) em comparação com instituição de tratamento privada (93,7%). A adesão foi maior entre os pacientes que participaram de protocolos com menor risco (99,73%) em comparação com os que participaram de protocolos com maior risco (81,3%). Apesar da adesão não ter tido influência do nível de escolaridade, ele foi menor ou igual a oito anos de estudo para 462 pacientes (58,26%), entre os quais 444 (96,1%) eram de instituição de tratamento público. Os índices de legibilidade obtidos variaram de 9.9 a12 para o teste de Flesch-Kincaid e 33,1 a 51,3 para o teste de Flesch Reading Ease. CONCLUSÕES: Os TCLE apresentaram altos graus de dificuldade para leitura. Apesar da aceitação pelo paciente não estar relacionada com fatores sociais ou demográficos, foi influenciado pela relação risco-benefício.

BACKGROUND: The written informed consent form (WICF) provides information that must be written in simple, easily understood language, highlighting voluntary participation safeguards, risks, possible benefits, and procedures. Currently, the possibility that research subjects do not fully understand the text of the WICF or their rights as participants, despite having signed the WICF and agreed to participate in the study, has been a point of discussion. AIM: To evaluate the readability of the WICFs, as well as to correlate research subject acceptance of the WICF with demographic status, social factors, risk-benefit relationship, and education level. METHODS: The study involved 793 patients treated in public or private hospitals and asked to give informed consent for their inclusion. Were reviewed patient medical charts in order to obtain demographic and social data, and was used the Flesch Reading Ease and the Flesch-Kincaid Readability Indices to evaluate the reading level of the WICF texts. RESULTS: Acceptance was higher (99.7%) among patients treated in public health care facilities and among patients (99.73%) who participated in protocols involving lower risk. Although acceptance was not influenced by education level, 462 patients (58.26%) had eight or less years of schooling. The obtained readability index ranged from 9.9 to 12 on the Flesch-Kincaid test, and from 33.1 to 51.3 on the Flesch Reading Ease test. CONCLUSION: The WICFs had high degree of reading difficulty. Although patient acceptance was not found to be related to demographic or social factors, it was found to be influenced by the risk-benefit relationship.

Iron deficiency anaemia and blood lead concentrations in Brazilian children.

This study investigated the relationship between iron deficiency/iron deficiency anaemia, assessed by several parameters, and blood lead concentration in children. This cross-sectional study involved 384 Brazilian children, aged 2-11 years, who lived near a lead-manipulating industry. Complete blood counts were obtained by an automated cell counter. Serum iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and ferritin were determined respectively, by colorimetric, turbidimetric methods and chemiluminescence. Blood lead was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The impact of several parameters for assessment of iron status (haemoglobin, serum iron, TIBC, transferrin saturation, ferritin, red cell indices and red cell distribution width) and variables (gender, age, mother's education, income, body mass index, iron intake, and distance from home to lead-manipulating industry) on blood lead concentration was determined by multiple linear regression. There were significant negative associations between blood lead and the distance from home to the lead-manipulating industry (P<0.001), Hb (P=0.019), and ferritin (P=0.023) (R(2)=0.14). Based on these results, further epidemiological studies are necessary to investigate the impact of interventions like iron supplementation or fortification, as an attempt to decrease blood lead in children.