Proposal of a New Specific Test to Assess the Aerobic Performance in Judo.

Purpose: Judo is an intermittent sport, dependent on anaerobic metabolism as well as aerobic metabolism to generate energy during a match; however, there are few reliable tests to measure specific aerobic performance in judo. Thus, the present study aimed to propose a new specific and indirect method to assess the aerobic performance in judo athletes; it determined the inter-rater and test-retest reliability of this new protocol and correlated the new protocol with a valid laboratory test. Method: The participants included 15 men, athletes of judo (age average: 21.59 ± 4.60 years, weight: 80.71 ± 15.93 kg and height: 173.2 ± 6.84 cm). The participants performed three tests: the first test was a graded exercise test (GXT) and the second and third tests were the Judo Aerobic Test (JAT). Results: The test presented high test-retest and inter-rater reliability, the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) ranking of 0.68-0.96, the correlation values ranging from .77 to .96, and no statistical differences between means in test and retest (p > .05). The standard error of measurement and the coefficient of variation between raters presented lower than 10%, indicating reproducibility. Moderate and strong correlations were found between JAT and GXT variables. Conclusion: We concluded that the test presents excellent inter-rater and test-retest reliability and a moderate correlation with GXT.

Secondary protein in the muscle of exercised rats that received creatine supplementation / Proteína secundaria en el músculo de ratones ejercitados que recibieron suplemento de creatina / Proteína secundária no músculo de ratos exercitados que receberam suplemento de creatina

ABSTRACT Introduction: Currently there is a lack of clarity around the use of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy to analyze the effect of creatine (Cr) supplementation on the secondary structures of skeletal muscle tissue protein subjected to exercise. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the spectral characteristics of the tibialis anterior muscle in rats subjected to exercise in a pool and to Cr supplementation. Methods: Experiment 1. First, an experiment was conducted to ensure that FT-IR would be able to detect change in the secondary structures of skeletal muscle tissue protein in the group of sedentary rats (SED) and in the group of rats that received creatine supplementation (CRE). Experiment 2. Next, the effect of physical exercise on the spectral characteristics of muscle tissue, especially when compared to the groups without exercise practice, was examined. Results: It was possible to verify that the peaks centered on 1658 cm-1 (amide I) and 1546 cm-1 (amide II) are characteristic spectra and indicated as markers of protein content. Conclusion: Thus, FT-IR spectroscopy proved to be able to monitor changes in secondary structures of skeletal muscle protein in both animals that received supplements and in those subjected to exercise and both cases reconciled. Furthermore, the FT-IR technique proved to be a viable method for the nondestructive evaluation of skeletal muscle protein structures. Level of evidence II, Investigation of treatment results.

RESUMEN Introducción: Actualmente, no hay claridad en lo que se refiere al uso de la técnica de espectroscopia de Infrarrojo con transformada de Fourier (FT-IR) para análisis del efecto de la suplementación de creatina (Cr) sobre las estructuras secundarias de la proteína del tejido muscular esquelético sometido a ejercicio. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las características espectrales del músculo tibial anterior de ratones sometidos a ejercicio en piscina y a la suplementación con Cr. Métodos: Experimento 1. En primer lugar, fue realizada una experiencia para asegurar que la FT-IR sería capaz de detectar la variación en las estructuras secundarias de la proteína del tejido muscular esquelético en el grupo de ratones sedentarios (SED) y el grupo de ratones que sólo recibieron suplemento de creatina (CRE). Experimento 2. A continuación, fue examinado el efecto del ejercicio físico sobre las características espectrales del tejido muscular, especialmente cuando comparado con los grupos sin práctica de ejercicio. Resultados: Fue posible verificar que los picos centrados en 1658 cm−1 (amida I) y 1546 cm−1 (amida II) son espectros característicos e indicados como marcadores del tenor proteico. Conclusión: Siendo así, la técnica de espectroscopia de FT-IR mostró ser capaz de monitorizar las variaciones en las estructuras secundarias de la proteína del tejido muscular esquelético, tanto en animales que recibieron suplementos, como en los que fueron sometidos a ejercicio y ambos casos conciliados. Además, la técnica FT-IR probó ser un método viable para la evaluación no destructiva de las estructuras proteicas en el músculo esquelético. Nivel de evidencia II, Investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

RESUMO Introdução: Atualmente, não há clareza no que diz respeito ao uso da técnica de espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FT-IR) para análise do efeito da suplementação de creatina (Cr) sobre as estruturas secundárias da proteína do tecido muscular esquelético submetido a exercício. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as características espectrais do músculo tibial anterior de ratos submetidos a exercício em piscina e à suplementação com Cr. Métodos: Experimento 1. Em primeiro lugar, foi realizada uma experiência para assegurar que a FT-IR seria capaz de detectar a variação nas estruturas secundárias da proteína do tecido muscular esquelético no grupo de ratos sedentários (SED) e no grupo de ratos que só receberam suplemento de creatina (CRE). Experimento 2. Em seguida, foi examinado o efeito do exercício físico sobre as características espectrais do tecido muscular, especialmente quando comparado com os grupos sem prática de exercício. Resultados: Foi possível verificar que os picos centrados em 1658 cm−1(amida I) e 1546 cm−1(amida II) são espectros característicos e indicados como marcadores do teor proteico. Conclusão: Assim sendo, a técnica de espectroscopia de FT-IR mostrou ser capaz de monitorar as variações nas estruturas secundárias da proteína do tecido muscular esquelético tanto em animais que receberam suplementos, quanto nos que foram submetidos a exercício e ambos os casos conciliados. Além disso, a técnica FT-IR provou ser um método viável para a avaliação não destrutiva de estruturas proteicas no músculo esquelético. Nível de evidência II, Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

Validation study of a software for proprioceptive evaluation / Estudo de validação de um programa de computador para avaliação proprioceptiva

Objective: To validate the PhisioPlay software for proprioceptive evaluation of the shoulder joint based on the data obtained by isokinetic dynamometry equipment. Methods: Thirty-one individuals constituted a single group for proprioceptive evaluation of both shoulder joints by means of joint position sense (JPS). The testing protocol of PhisioPlay consisted of the abduction movement of the shoulder to the target angles of 45° and 90° and the maintenance of these positions for 30 seconds. In the isokinetic dynamometer, the test was performed using its proprioceptive evaluation protocol for the same movement, target angles, and maintenance time established for the previous test. Results: For the 90° variables, statistical analysis pointed to agreement for the dominant limb in relation to the mean angulation and the absolute difference and for the non-dominant limb in relation to the absolute difference. The results of mean comparisons of the absolute differences via the Wilcoxon Test corroborate the literature regarding the behavior of the JPS considering joint amplitude, lateral dominance, and greater or lesser torque affecting the joint. Reliability and sensitivity measures also strengthen the conclusions. Conclusion: The results point to the construct validity of the PhisioPlay software for evaluating the JPS of the shoulder joint at 45° and 90° and suggest that the JPS is more influenced by the angle of the joint during the motor task than by the lateral dominance.

Objetivo: Validar do software PhisioPlay para avaliação proprioceptiva da articulação do ombro realizando movimento de abdução a 45º e 90º utilizando os dados obtidos por um equipamento de dinamometria isocinética. Métodos: Trinta e um indivíduos compuseram um único grupo de avaliação da propriocepção pelo senso de posição articular (SPA) do ombro. O protocolo de teste no PhisioPlay consistiu no movimento de abdução do ombro para o ângulo alvo de 45° e 90° e sua manutenção por 30 segundos. No dinamômetro isocinético o teste foi realizado utilizando seu protocolo de avaliação proprioceptiva para o mesmo movimento, ângulos alvo e tempo de manutenção no ângulo alvo estabelecidos para o teste anterior. Resultados: Para as variáveis de 90° foi observada concordância moderada para o membro dominante em relação à angulação média e à diferença absoluta, e para o membro não dominante em relação à diferença absoluta. O teste de Wilcoxon ao comparar os valores dos erros absolutos em relação ao ângulo alvo obtidos pelo PhisioPlay corroboram com a literatura sobre o comportamento do SPA observando amplitude articular, lateralidade e maior ou menor torque incidindo sobre a articulação. Medidas de confiabilidade e sensibilidade também reforçaram este comportamento. Conclusão: Os resultados apontam para validade de construto do software PhisioPlay para a avaliação do SPA da articulação do ombro a 45° e 90° e sugerem que o SPA é mais influenciado pela angulação da articulação durante a tarefa motora do que pela dominância lateral.

Electromyograpic activity of the abdominal and paravertebral muscles during coffee harvesting / Atividade eletromiográfica dos músculos abdominal e paravertebral durante a colheita de café / Actividad electromiográfica de los músculos abdominal y paravertebral durante la cosecha de café

ABSTRACT Introduction The rural worker involved in the coffee harvest is an important person for the economy of the many countries. However, scientific studies on the health of this worker are rare. Objective To analyze the lumbar paravertebral musculature and abdominal rectus of rural workers during coffee harvesting with the manual machines with different footrest bases (inclined, declined and horizontal), by means of electromyography. Methods Eight male rural workers from the region of Muzambinho participated in the study. All procedures and electromyographic routines were applied according to the SENIAN protocol. The workers made the usual coffee harvesting movements, using the manual machine for one minute. The data are expressed as means and standard deviations. The RMS (root mean square) signal and the median frequency (FM) were also analyzed. Results It was observed that the type of footrest base did not influence the electromyographic activity RMS or the FM, but we found that the paravertebral muscles have greater electromyographic activation when compared to the abdominal muscles, regardless of the type of footrest base. Conclusion For the task performed, the paravertebral muscles present greater electromyographic activation compared to the abdominal rectus. Level of Evidence III; Diagnostic studies - Investigating a diagnostic test.

RESUMO Introdução O trabalhador rural envolvido na colheita de café é um personagem importante para a economia de muitos países. Contudo, são raros os estudos que envolvam a saúde desse trabalhador. Objetivo Analisar através da eletromiografia a musculatura paravertebral lombar e reto abdominal dos trabalhadores rurais durante a colheita de café com a derriçadeira manual, em diferentes bases de apoio para os pés (inclinado, declinado e horizontal). Métodos Participaram do estudo oito trabalhadores rurais da região de Muzambinho, do sexo masculino. Todos os procedimentos e rotinas eletromiográficas foram aplicados de acordo com o protocolo de SENIAN. Os trabalhadores realizaram os movimentos usuais da colheita do café utilizando a derriçadeira manual durante um minuto. Os dados foram expressos em média e desvio padrão com o sinal RMS (root mean square), além disso, foi analisada a frequência mediana (FM). Resultados Observou-se que os planos não influenciaram na atividade eletromiográfica RMS e nem na FM, no entanto, foi constatado que os músculos paravertebrais possuem maiores níveis de ativação eletromiográfica quando comparados aos músculos abdominais, independentemente dos planos. Conclusão Conclui-se que para a tarefa realizada os músculos paravertebrais apresentam maior ativação eletromiográfica em comparação aos retos abdominais. Nível de evidência III; Estudos diagnósticos-Investigação de exame para diagnósticos.

RESUMEN Introducción El trabajador rural involucrado en la cosecha de café es un personaje importante para la economía de muchos países. Sin embargo, son raros los estudios que abarquen la salud de este trabajador. Objetivo Analizar a través de electromiografía la musculatura paravertebral lumbar y recto abdominal de los trabajadores rurales durante la cosecha de café con la cosechadora manual, en diferentes bases de apoyo para los pies (inclinado, declinado y horizontal). Métodos Participaron en el estudio ocho trabajadores rurales de la región de Muzambinho, del sexo masculino. Todos los procedimientos y rutinas electromiográficas fueron aplicadas de acuerdo con el protocolo de SENIAN. Los trabajadores realizaron los movimientos usuales de la cosecha de café utilizando una cosechadora manual durante un minuto. Los datos fueron expresados en promedio y desviación estándar con la señal RMS (root mean square) y también fue analizada la frecuencia mediana (FM). Resultados Se observó que los planos no influenciaron en la actividad electromiográfica RMS y tampoco en la FM, sin embargo, fue constatado que los músculos paravertebrales poseen mayores niveles de activación electromiográfica cuando comparados a los músculos abdominales, independientemente de los planos. Conclusión Se concluye que para la tarea realizada los músculos paravertebrales presentan mayor activación electromiográfica en comparación a los rectos abdominales. Nivel de evidencia III; Estudios diagnósticos-Investigación de examen para diagnósticos.

Using the ICF framework to evaluate the effects of environmental factors on physical disability among people with diabetes mellitus.

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the influence of environmental factors on the ICF activity-participation outcome, controlling for body function and personal factor dimensions of 75 diabetes patients. Method: Outcome measures included questionnaires on musculoskeletal pain (Nordic Questionnaire), physical and environment domains of World Health Organization Quality of Life version BRIEF (WHOQOL-brief) and clinical and personal data. Multiple linear regression with hierarchical entry of variables was used. Results: An assessment of WHOQOL-brief revealed a score of 66.6 (SD = 17.3) to physical domain and 58.8 (DP = 12.1) to environment domain. The factors associated with physical domain were lower limb pain, number of comorbidities, and environment barriers. The highest environmental barriers were financial constraints, availability of health services, deficiency of self-management, and inadequate family and social support. The final model explained 44.0% (F[12.02], p < 0.001) of variability of the physical domain. Conclusions: We confirmed the functional consequences of diabetes mellitus to be complex and multifactorial. An approach that considers the interaction between individual and environmental attributes is necessary due to the disabling nature of this health condition.

Efeito da imersão em água fria sobre a recuperação pós-esforço em atletas de jiu-jitsu / Effect of cold water immersion on post-exertion recovery in jiu-jitsu athletes / Efecto de la inmersión en agua fría sobre la recuperación post-esfuerzo en atletas de jiu-jitsu

RESUMO Introdução: A imersão em água fria (IAF) tem sido usada habitualmente para a recuperação muscular, mesmo com evidências limitadas sobre sua eficácia. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos da IAF depois de uma sessão de treinamento de atletas de jiu-jitsu, sobre creatina quinase (CQ), testes funcionais de força e parâmetros isocinéticos. Métodos: Doze atletas de jiu-jitsu (idade 21,75 ± 3,10 anos; IMC 24,65 ± 3,81 kg/m2; tempo de treinamento 3,41 ± 0,51 anos) foram recrutados. Considerando que o estudo é cruzado, cada grupo teve a participação dos 12 atletas com wash-out de 30 dias. Os participantes foram divididos em dois grupos experimentais: (I) Grupo controle (CON), no qual os atletas não foram submetidos à IAF e (II) Grupo IAF, no qual os atletas foram submetidos à IAF (~12º C) durante seis minutos. O esforço físico foi realizado em uma sessão de treino com simulação de lutas de jiu-jitsu, com quatro lutas de cinco minutos cada e intervalo de três minutos entre elas. As variáveis CQ plasmática, protocolo estático e dinâmico do Kimono Grip Strength Test e parâmetros isocinéticos (pico de torque, trabalho e potência) foram avaliadas antes e depois dos procedimentos experimentais de recuperação. Para a análise estatística foi usada a análise de variância de dois fatores (tempo e tratamento). O nível de significância foi de 5%. Resultados: Observou-se o efeito do tempo ao comparar CQ plasmática (incremento de 174,39 ± 99,95 UI/l para o CON e incremento de 187,91 ± 113,02 UI/l para o IAF) e teste estático do KGST (delta de -5,83 ± 9,35 s para o CON e delta de -2,83 ± 13,94 s para o IAF) antes e depois dos procedimentos experimentais de recuperação, porém, sem efeito do tratamento (P > 0,05). Os parâmetros isocinéticos não foram influenciados. Conclusão: Conclui-se que a IAF não promoveu recuperação pós-esforço em atletas de jiu-jitsu. Nível de Evidência II; ECRC de menor qualidade.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Cold-water immersion (CWI) has been commonly used for muscle recovery, even with limited evidence of its efficacy. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of CWI after a training session of jiu-jitsu athletes on creatine kinase (CK), functional strength tests, and isokinetic parameters. Methods: Twelve jiu-jitsu athletes (age 21.75 ± 3.10 years; BMI 24.65 ± 3.81 kg/m2; training time 3.41 ± 0.51 years) were selected. Considering that this is a crossover study, each group had the participation of 12 athletes with a 30-day wash-out. Participants were divided into two experimental groups: (I) control group (CON), in which the athletes did not underwent CWI, and (II) CWI group, in which athletes underwent CWI (~ 12 °C) for six minutes. The physical exertion was carried out in a training session with simulation of jiu-jitsu fights, with four fights five minutes each and an interval of three minutes between them. Plasma CK, static and dynamic protocols of the Kimono Grip Strength Test, and isokinetic parameters (peak torque, work, and power) were assessed before and after the experimental recovery procedures. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way analysis of variance (time and treatment). The level of significance was 5%. Results: The effect of time on the comparison of plasma CK (increase of 174.39 ± 99.95 IU/l for CON and increase of 187.91 ± 113.02 IU/l for CWI) and static test KGST (Δt of -5.83 ± 9.35 s for CON and Δt of -2.83 ± 13.94 s for CWI) was observed before and after the experimental recovery procedures, but without treatment effect (P> 0.05). Isokinetic parameters were not influenced (P>0.05). Conclusion: It is concluded that the CWI did not promote post-exertion recovery in jiu-jitsu athletes. Level of Evidence II; Lesser quality RCT.

RESUMEN Introducción: La inmersión en agua fría (IAF) se ha utilizado habitualmente para la recuperación muscular, aun con evidencias limitadas sobre su eficacia. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar los efectos de la IAF después de una sesión de entrenamiento de atletas de jiu-jitsu, sobre la creatina quinasa (CK), pruebas funcionales de fuerza y parámetros isocinéticos. Métodos: Doce atletas de jiu-jitsu (edad 21,75 ± 3,10 años, IMC 24,65 ± 3,81 kg/m2, tiempo de entrenamiento 3,41 ± 0,51 años) fueron reclutados. Considerando que el estudio es cruzado, cada grupo tuvo la participación de los 12 atletas con wash-out de 30 días. Los participantes fueron divididos en dos grupos experimentales: (I) Grupo control (CON), en el cual los atletas no fueron sometidos a la IAF y (II) Grupo IAF, en el cual los atletas fueron sometidos a la IAF (~ 12º C) durante seis minutos. El esfuerzo físico fue realizado en una sesión de entrenamiento con simulación de luchas de jiu-jitsu, con cuatro luchas de cinco minutos cada una y un intervalo de tres minutos entre ellas. Se evaluaron las variables CK plasmática, protocolo estático y dinámico del Kimono Grip Strength Test y los parámetros isocinéticos (pico de par, trabajo y potencia) antes y después de los procedimientos experimentales de recuperación. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la prueba de varianza de dos factores (tiempo y tratamiento). El nivel de significación fue de 5%. Resultados: Se observó el efecto del tiempo al comparar la CKplasmática (aumento de 174,39 ± 99,95 UI/l para el CON y aumento de 187,91 ± 113,02 UI/l para la IAF) y prueba estática del KGST (Δt de -5,83 ± 9,35 s para CON y Δt de -2,83 ± 13,94 s para IAF) antes y después de los procedimientos experimentales de recuperación, sin el efecto del tratamiento (P > 0,05). Los parámetros isocinéticos no fueron influenciados. Conclusión: Se concluye que la IAF no promovió la recuperación después del esfuerzo en atletas de jiu-jitsu. Nivel de Evidencia II; ECRC de menor calidad.

Raman spectral characteristics of neck and head of femur in low-density lipoprotein receptor gene knockout mice submitted to treadmill aerobic training.

Hypercholesterolemia is associated with deterioration of bone tissue. Trough Raman spectroscopy, the present study aimed to assess the molecular changes in terms of mineral and organic bone-tissue remodeling in low-density lipoprotein receptor gene knockout mice (LDLr-/-) submitted to treadmill aerobic training. In order to evaluate alterations in trabecular bone and cartilage surface, neck and head femoral were assessed into four groups: (CON, n=7), the 1) animals did not perform any physical activity and had hypercholesterolemia (CON, n=7); The trained groups where animals underwent a protocols of low, moderate and high training for 8weeks and 4 times per week on a treadmill with progressive intensities: running speed (8-13m/min) and time of exercise (20-60min). These progressive intensities were needed to adjust the working load for the physical training to 2) 30-49% (LOW, n=7), 3) 50-79% (MOD, n=7), and 4) 80-100% (HIGH, n=7) of the maximum running speed. Each group was examined for molecular changes in both bone phases (mineral and organic) using principal components analysis (PCA). All exercised groups showed a significant increase (p<0.05) of bone remodeling in trabecular area and a higher content of proteins (organic content) in cartilage independently of physical activity intensity. Thus, this work demonstrated that physical training could act as a bone-protector factor in hyperlipidemic animal model as well as Raman technique associated with PCA analysis may be feasible methodology for assessment or monitoring of bone at the molecular level.

Creatine supplementation attenuates pulmonary and systemic effects of lung ischemia and reperfusion injury.

BACKGROUND: Creatine (Cr) is a dietary supplement that presents beneficial effects in experimental models of heart and brain ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. It can improve adenosine 5'-triphosphate generation and reduce cell damage. This study evaluated the effects of Cr supplementation in a model of lung I/R. METHODS: Forty male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: sham operated, Cr+sham, I/R, and Cr+I/R. We investigated the effects of 5 days of Cr supplementation (0.5 g/kg/day by gavage) before left pulmonary artery ischemia (90 minutes) and reperfusion (120 minutes) on pulmonary and systemic response. RESULTS: Cr inhibited the I/R-induced increase in exhaled nitric oxide (p < 0.05), total cells (p < 0.01), and neutrophils (p < 0.001) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and in the systemic circulation (p < 0.001). The levels of interleukin-1ß (p < 0.05), tissue damping, and tissue elastance (p < 0.05) were also minimized. Cr also inhibited pulmonary edema formation (total proteins in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, p < 0.001; histologic edema index, p < 0.001) and neutrophils accumulation in lung tissue (p < 0.001). As possible mechanisms underlying Cr effects, we observed a reduced expression of caspase 3 (p < 0.05), reduced expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, and increased expression of TLR7 in lung tissue (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Cr supplementation presents pulmonary and systemic protective effects in acute lung injury induced by I/R in rats. These beneficial effects seem to be related to the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties of Cr and modulation of TLRs.

Electromyographic activity of rectus abdominis muscles during dynamic Pilates abdominal exercises.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the electrical behaviour of the upper rectus abdominis (URA) and lower rectus abdominis (LRA) by electromyography (EMG) during the following dynamic Pilates abdominal exercises: roll up, double leg stretch, coordination, crisscross and foot work. The results were compared with EMG findings of traditional abdominal exercises (sit up and crunch). METHODS: Seventeen female subjects (with no experience of the Pilates method) were recruited. The URA and LRA were evaluated while 12 isotonic contractions were performed using the Pilates principles or traditional abdominal exercises. The data were normalised by a maximal voluntary isometric contraction. Normality was accepted, and ANOVA followed by Tukey test was used to determine data differences (P < 0.05). RESULTS: Pilates exercises double leg stretch, coordination, crisscross and foot work promoted greater muscle activation than traditional exercises, mainly in URA. Thus, these exercises have the potential to be prescribed for muscle strengthening programmes.

Cardiovascular effects of Zumba(®) performed in a virtual environment using XBOX Kinect.

[Purpose] This study evaluated the acute cardiovascular responses during a session of Zumba(®) Fitness in a virtual reality environment. [Subjects] Eighteen healthy volunteers were recruited. [Methods] The following cardiovascular variables: heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and double product were assessed before and after the practice of virtual Zumba(®), which was performed as a continuous sequence of five choreographed movements lasting for 22 min. The game Zumba Fitness Core(®), with the Kinect-based virtual reality system for the XBOX 360, was used to create the virtual environment. Comparisons were made among mean delta values (delta=post-Zumba(®) minus pre-Zumba(®) values) for systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and double product using Student's t-test for paired samples. [Results] After a single session, a significant increase was noted in all the analyzed parameters (Systolic blood pressure=18%; Diastolic blood pressure=13%; Heart rate=67%; and Double product=97%). [Conclusion] The results support the feasibility of the use of Zumba Fitness Core(®) with the Kinect-based virtual reality system for the XBOX 360 in physical activity programs and further favor its indication for this purpose.

Effect of low-level laser therapy in an experimental model of osteoarthritis in rats evaluated through Raman spectroscopy.

OBJECTIVE: This work aimed to investigate the biochemical changes associated with low-level laser therapy (LLLT) using 660 and 780 nm, on a well-established experimental model of osteoarthritis (OA) in the knees of rats with induced collagenase, using histomorphometry and Raman spectroscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-six Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control (GCON, n=9), collagenase without treatment (GCOL, n=9), collagenase with LLLT 660 nm treatment (G660, n=8), and collagenase with LLLT 780 nm treatment (G780, n=10). LLLT protocol was: 30 mW power output, 10 sec irradiation time, 0.04 cm(2) spot size, 0.3 J energy, 0.75 W/cm(2) irradiance, and 7.5 J/cm(2) fluence per session per day, during 14 days. Then, knees were withdrawn and submitted to histomorphometry and Raman spectroscopy analysis. Principal components analysis (PCA) and Mahalanobis distance were employed to characterize the spectral findings. RESULTS: Histomorphometry revealed a significant increase in the amount of collagen III for the group irradiated with 660 nm. The Raman bands at 1247, 1273, and 1453 cm(-1) (from principal component score PC2), attributed to collagen type II, and 1460 cm(-1) (from PC3), attributed to collagen type III, suggested that the LLLT causes acceleration in cellular activity, especially on the cells that repair cartilage, accelerating the breakdown of cartilage destroyed by collagenase and stimulating the fibroblast to synthesize repairing collagen III. CONCLUSIONS: LLLT accelerated the initial breakdown of cartilage destroyed by collagenase and stimulated the fibroblast to synthesize the repairing collagen III, suggesting a beneficial effect of LLLT on OA.

Could the bone mineral density (T-score) be correlated with the Raman spectral features of keratin from women's nails and be used to predict osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis is a disease with great importance in current public health due to the associated risk of fracture; therefore, a rapid and accurate diagnosis becomes increasingly important. Recent literature has described a possible relationship between the changes in the organic phase of bone and the changes in nail keratin measured through Raman spectroscopy, aiming at the development of a standard for measuring bone quality and fracture risk both rapid and accurately. This work evaluated the correlation between the bone mineral density (BMD) scores of women with and without osteoporotic disease with the changes in the Raman spectra of the nail keratin, by assessing the intensity of the peak at 510 cm(-1) (S-S bridge) and the scores of principal component analysis (PCA), correlated with the values of BMD measured at the lumbar and hip. Raman spectra of ex vivo fingernails of 213 women were obtained by means of a dispersive Raman spectrometer (830 nm, 300 mW, in the spectral range between 400 and 1,800 cm(-1)). Peak intensities at ∼510 cm(-1) (assigned to the keratin S-S bridge) were measured, and the scores of first principal component loading vectors were calculated. Results showed no differences in the mean Raman spectra of nails of groups with and without osteoporosis. No correlation was found between the BMD scores and both the intensities of the 510 cm(-1) peak and the scores of the first four principal component vectors. Results suggest that BMD and fracture risk could not be assessed by the nail keratin features.

Raman ratios on the repair of grafted surgical bone defects irradiated or not with laser (λ780 nm) or LED (λ850 nm).

This work aimed to assess biochemical changes associated to mineralization and remodeling of bone defects filled with Hydroxyapatite+Beta-Beta-tricalcium phosphate irradiated or not with 2 light sources. Ratios of intensities, band position and bandwidth of selected Raman peaks of collagen and apatites were used. Sixty male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups subdivided into 2 subgroups (15th and 30th days). A standard surgical defect was created on one femur of each animal. In 3 groups the defects were filled with blood clot (Clot, Clot+Laser and Clot+LED groups) and in the remaining 3 groups the defects were filled with biomaterial (Biomaterial, Biomaterial+Laser and Biomaterial+LED groups). When indicated, the defects were irradiated with either Laser (λ780 nm, 70 mW, Φ∼0.4 cm(2)) or LED (λ850±10 nm, 150 mW, Φ∼0.5 cm(2)), 20 J/cm(2) each session, at 48 h intervals/2 weeks (140 J/cm(2) treatment). Following sacrifice, bone fragments were analyzed by Raman spectroscopy. Statistical analysis (ANOVA General Linear Model, p<0.05) showed that both grafting and time were the variables that presented significance for the ratios of ∼1660/∼1670 cm(-1) (collagen maturation), ∼1077/∼854 cm(-1) (mineralization), ∼1077/∼1070 cm(-1) (carbonate substitution) and the position of the ∼960 cm(-1) (bone maturation). At 30th day, the ratios indicated an increased deposition of immature collagen for both Clot and Biomaterial groups. Biomaterial group showed increased collagen maturation. Only collagen deposition was significantly dependent upon irradiation independently of the light source, being the amount of collagen I increased in the Clot group at the end of the experimental time. On the other hand, collagen I deposition was reduced in biomaterial irradiated groups. Raman ratios of selected protein matrix and phosphate and carbonate HA indicated that the use of biphasic synthetic micro-granular HA+Beta-TCP graft improved the repair of bone defects, associated or not with Laser or LED light, because of the increasing deposition of HA.

Correlação entre a dinamometria e teste funcional em atletas de handebol / Correlation between dynamometryand functional test in handball athletes / Correlación entre dinamometría y prueba funcional en atletas de balonmano

INTRODUÇÃO: São poucas as informações que relacionam testes funcionais com testes mais precisos, como a dinamometria isocinética. OBJETIVO: Correlacionar as variáveis isocinéticas pico de torque (PT), potência média (PM) e trabalho total (TT) de rotadores internos de ombro em atletas de handebol do gênero masculino com o teste funcional de arremesso de medicine ball (AMB). MÉTODOS: Participaram desse estudo 25 atletas amadores de handebol do gênero masculino com idade média 17,72 ± 2,16 anos. A coleta de dados foi realizada em dois dias diferentes, respeitando intervalo mínimo de 48 horas entre as sessões. De maneira aleatória, definida por sorteio, os atletas faziam o teste isocinético ou o teste de AMB. Para o teste de AMB, o atleta deveria arremessar uma medicine ball de 3 kg a maior distância possível. Para análise isocinética, foram utilizadas as velocidades de 60°/s e 180°/s avaliando a capacidade muscular dos músculos rotadores internos de ombro. Para análise de associações foram utilizados os testes de correlação de Pearson e regressão linear simples. RESULTADOS: Foram observadas associações moderadas (0,60 ≤ r < 0,70; p<0,05) para as variáveis PT, PM e TT e o teste de AMB na velocidade de 60°/s. Além disso, observaram-se associações altas (r ≥ 0,70; p<0,05) entre as variáveis estudadas na velocidade de 180°/s. CONCLUSÃO: As variáveis isocinéticas PT, PM e TT, de rotadores internos de ombro do braço dominante de atletas de handebol do gênero masculino apresentam correlação moderada a alta com o teste funcional de AMB. .

INTRODUCTION: There is little information that correlates the functional tests with more accurate tests such as isokinetic dynamometry. OBJECTIVE: To correlate the isokinetic variables peak torque (PT), mean power (MP) and total work (TW) of the internal rotators of the shoulder in male handball athletes, through the medicine ball throw (MBT) functional test. METHODS: 25 male, amateur handball athletes, with an average age of 17.72 ± 2.16 years, took part in this study. The data collection was performed on two different days, with an interval of 48 hours between sessions. The athletes were assigned by a random draw, to perform the isokinetic assessment or the MBT test. For the MBT test, the athlete was instructed to throw a medicine ball (3kg) as far as possible. For the isokinetic analysis, speeds of 60°/s and 180°/s were used, evaluating the muscular capacity of the internal rotator muscles of the shoulder. To analyze the associations, Pearson's correlation and simple linear regression were used. RESULTS: Moderate associations (0.60 ≤ r < 0.70; p<0.05) were observed for the variables PT, MP and TW with the MBT test at the speed of 60°/s. Also, high correlations (r ≥ 0.70; p<0.05) were observed between the variables studied at the speed of 180°/s. CONCLUSION: The isokinetic variables PT, MP and TW of the internal rotators of the shoulder of the dominant arm in male handball athletes show a moderate and high correlation with the functional MBT. .

INTRODUCCIÓN: Existe poca información que correlacionen pruebas funcionales con pruebas más precisas, como el dinamómetro isocinético. OBJETIVO: Correlacionar las variables de torque máximo (PT), la potencia media (PM) y el trabajo total (TT) de los rotadores internos del hombro con la prueba funcional de lanzamiento de medicine ball (AMB) en atletas de balonmano del sexo masculino. MÉTODOS: Participaron del estudio 25 atletas de balonmano masculino con una edad media 17,72 ± 2,16 años. La recolección de datos se llevó a cabo en dos días diferentes, respetando un intervalo mínimo de 48 horas entre las sesiones. Los atletas realizaron test isocinético o prueba de AMB de manera aleatoria, definida por sorteo. Para la prueba de la AMB, el atleta debería lanzar un medicine ball de 3 Kg. a la máxima distancia posible. Para el análisis isocinético se utilizaron velocidades de 60°/s y 180 °/s para evaluar la capacidad de los músculos rotadores internos del hombro. Para analizar las asociaciones se utilizaron las pruebas de correlación de Pearson y regresión lineal. RESULTADOS: Asociaciones moderadas (0,60 ≤ r < 0,70; p < 0,05) fueron observadas para las variables PT, PM y TT y para la prueba AMB a 60º/s. Además, las asociaciones entre las variables a 180 º/s fueron altas (r ≥ 0,70; p < 0,05). CONCLUSIÓN: Las variables isocinéticas PT, PM y TT de los rotadores internos del hombro del brazo dominante de atletas de balonmano del sexo masculino mostraron una correlación moderada y alta con la prueba funcional AMB. .

Laser therapy in bone repair in rats: analysis of bone optical density.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate, by digital radiology, the bone regeneration process in rats submitted to femoral osteotomy and treated with low power laser therapy. METHODS: Forty-five Wistar rats were subjected to transverse osteotomy of the right femur and divided randomly into three experimental groups (n = 15): animals not treated with laser therapy G (C), animals that received laser therapy with λ: 660nm G (660nm) and animals that received laser therapy with λ: 830nm G (830nm). Animals were sacrificed after 7, 14 and 21 days. The bone calluses were evaluated by digital X-ray at 65 kVp, 7mA and 0.032 s exposures. RESULTS: The values obtained were submitted to variance analysis (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey-Kramer test. The significance level adopted was 5%. The groups G (C), G (660nm), and G (830nm) at the 7(th) day showed a significant bone development, with p <0.0116; the groups G (C), G (660nm), and G (830nm) at the 14(th) day showed values of p <0.0001; at the 21(st) day,a higher degree of bone repair were observed in group G (830nm), and G (660nm), with p <0.0169. CONCLUSION: Based on the radiographic findings, G (830nm) showed more complete bone regeneration, as shown in the gray shades of the images. Level of Evidence II, Individual Study With Experimental Design.

Raman spectroscopy detection of molecular changes associated with two experimental models of osteoarthritis in rats.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of applying Raman spectroscopy in probing the molecular changes in terms of collagen deposition and tissue remodeling associated with two well-established experimental models of osteoarthritis (OA) in knee of rats. In order to evaluate alterations in the articular surface area, the menisci-covered tibial region was assessed into three groups as follows: control (joint preserved) and two models of experimental knee OA: collagenase-induced model (n = 8) and treadmill exercise-induced model (n = 8). Each group was examined for molecular changes using spectral parameters related to cartilage, subchondral bone, and bone tissues. A significant increase of Raman ratios related to mineralization and tissue remodeling was found (p < 0.05), suggesting that both models were successful for inducing OA in rats. The significantly lower phenylalanine content and higher crystallinity in the treadmill exercise-induced model of OA than collagenase-induced model of OA (p < 0.05) indicated that the OA pathogenesis was model-dependent. Thus, this work suggests that the Raman spectroscopy technique has potential for the diagnosis and detection of cartilage damage and monitoring of subchondral bone and bone in OA pathogenesis at the molecular level.

Low-level light-emitting diode therapy increases mRNA expressions of IL-10 and type I and III collagens on Achilles tendinitis in rats.

The present study investigated the effects of low-level light-emitting diode (LED) therapy (880 ± 10 nm) on interleukin (IL)-10 and type I and III collagen in an experimental model of Achilles tendinitis. Thirty male Wistar rats were separated into six groups (n = 5), three groups in the experimental period of 7 days, control group, tendinitis-induced group, and LED therapy group, and three groups in the experimental period of 14 days, tendinitis group, LED therapy group, and LED group with the therapy starting at the 7th day after tendinitis induction (LEDT delay). Tendinitis was induced in the right Achilles tendon using an intratendinous injection of 100 µL of collagenase. The LED parameters were: optical power of 22 mW, spot area size of 0.5 cm(2), and irradiation time of 170 s, corresponding to 7.5 J/cm(2) of energy density. The therapy was initiated 12 h after the tendinitis induction, with a 48-h interval between irradiations. The IL-10 and type I and III collagen mRNA expression were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction at the 7th and 14th days after tendinitis induction. The results showed that LED irradiation increased IL-10 (p < 0.001) in treated group on 7-day experimental period and increased type I and III collagen mRNA expression in both treated groups of 7- and 14-day experimental periods (p < 0.05), except by type I collagen mRNA expression in LEDT delay group. LED (880 nm) was effective in increasing mRNA expression of IL-10 and type I and III collagen. Therefore, LED therapy may have potentially therapeutic effects on Achilles tendon injuries.

Laser therapy in bone repair in rats: analysis of bone optical density

OBJECTIVE: To investigate, by digital radiology, the bone regeneration process in rats submitted to femoral osteotomy and treated with low power laser therapy. METHODS: Forty-five Wistar rats were subjected to transverse osteotomy of the right femur and divided randomly into three experimental groups (n = 15): animals not treated with laser therapy G (C), animals that received laser therapy with λ: 660nm G (660nm) and animals that received laser therapy with λ: 830nm G (830nm). Animals were sacrificed after 7, 14 and 21 days. The bone calluses were evaluated by digital X-ray at 65 kVp, 7mA and 0.032 s exposures. RESULTS: The values obtained were submitted to variance analysis (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey-Kramer test. The significance level adopted was 5%. The groups G (C), G (660nm), and G (830nm) at the 7th day showed a significant bone development, with p <0.0116; the groups G (C), G (660nm), and G (830nm) at the 14th day showed values of p <0.0001; at the 21st day,a higher degree of bone repair were observed in group G (830nm), and G (660nm), with p <0.0169. CONCLUSION: Based on the radiographic findings, G (830nm) showed more complete bone regeneration, as shown in the gray shades of the images. Level of Evidence II, Individual Study With Experimental Design. .

Experiência de treinamento com Nintendo Wii sobre a funcionalidade, equilíbrio e qualidade de vida de idosas / Training experience with Nintendo Wii on functionality, balance and quality of life in elderly

O objetivo desse relato de experiência foi analisar a funcionalidade, equilíbrio e qualidade de vida em duas idosas não institucionalizadas, após serem submetidas a um protocolo de treinamento em Realidade Virtual composto por nove sessões com duração de 50 minutos cada e frequência de três vezes por semana. Para tanto, utilizou-se os jogos do software Wii Fit, bem como o acessório Balance Board do console Nintendo Wii, a partir de um programa de treinamento elaborado fundamentado em diretrizes gerais de agência de saúde, tais como o Colégio Americano de Medicina do Esporte (ASCM). A avaliação da funcionalidade foi realizada com o uso dos Testes de Aptidão Física para Idosos (TAFI), o equilíbrio foi avaliado com a Escala de Berg e a qualidade de vida foi mensurada com o questionário SF-36. Os resultados apontaram melhora nos valores absolutos de todos os testes analisados, permitindo concluir acerca do potencial do programa de treinamento elaborado para a melhora da independência funcional de idosos. Esperamos que este estudo auxilie pesquisadores a dar continuidade à pesquisa e às ações envolvendo o uso do Nintendo Wii como ferramenta assistiva a idosos.

The aim of this case report was to assess the functionality, balance and quality of life of two non-institutionalized elderly submitted to a training protocol in Virtual Reality. The training protocol consisted of nine sessions with 50 minutes of duration, and three times a week. Games of Wii Fit software and the Balance Board of Nintendo Wii were used for training protocol. The guidelines of health agencies, American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), were used to design the training program. The assessment of functionality was performed with Tasks of Physical Fitness for elderly; balance was assessed by Berg scale and quality of life was measured with the SF-36 questionnaire. The results indicated improvements in the absolute values of variables assessed. It may be concluded that the Nintendo Wii is a potential tool for training program to improve functional independence of elderly. We hope that this study stimulates researchers to continue investigating the use of Nintendo Wii as an assistive tool for the elderly.