Stage II and stage III periodontitis clinical burdens of HIV-1 undergoing antiretroviral therapy.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this retrospective cross-sectional study was to estimate the association of HIV-1 infection under highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) on the clinical parameters of periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 205 patients were divided in two groups: 74 HIV + and 131 HIV - . Periodontal probing depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), and visible supragingival biofilm (VSB) were recorded. The association of HIV-1 infection with the presence of at least 3 sites with PPD ≥ 5 mm and/or CAL ≥ 4 mm in non-adjacent teeth was estimated using binary logistic regression models. RESULTS: The variables HIV-1 infection (OR = 5.53, p < 0.0001, 95% CI: 2.45-13.64), age [range 35-50 years old (OR = 5.73, p < 0.0001, 95% CI: 2.49-13.20); > 50 years old (OR = 6.29, p = 0.002, 95% CI: 1.94-20.42)], and VSB (OR = 23.68, p < 0.0001, 95% CI: 8.07-69.53) showed a significant direct association with BOP outcome. CONCLUSIONS: HIV-1 infection under HAART did not have association with the presence of at least 3 sites with PPD ≥ 5 mm and/or CAL ≥ 4 mm. However, HIV patients on HAART had direct association of HIV-1 infection with BOP and an inverse association with PPD. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These results support that monitoring gingival bleeding associated with oral prophylaxis would be beneficial in the prevention and management of periodontitis in HIV-1 patients on HAART.

Dental implants in individuals living with HIV-1: Results from a prospective study in patients undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To assess survival and success rates of dental implants and the occurrence of peri-implant diseases (mucositis/peri-implantitis) in HIV-1-infected individuals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this prospective study, 13 HIV-1-infected individuals undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy (with undetectable plasma HIV RNA levels, and CD4+ T cells > 350/mm3 ) were followed after implant placement, as well as 13 non-HIV-1-infected matched controls. Patients enrolled in this study were followed up to 120 months (mean = 40.6 months; standard deviation = 22.2; range 18 -120 months). Twenty-five implants were placed in pristine healed sites for each group and bone augmentation procedures, when needed, were done only for contour augmentation. Patients were enrolled in a strict periodontal/peri-implant supportive therapy protocol with three recalls per year. The two groups were compared regarding subject-level characteristics (age, gender, smoking, diabetes) and implant-level characteristics (marginal bone level, peri-implant health status). RESULTS: All the implants healed uneventfully and reached 100% survival rates (after at least 18 months) in both groups. There were no significant differences between groups for peri-implant diseases (mucositis/peri-implantitis) and for all subject-level co-variables (p > .05). Only the variables dental implant prosthesis type (DIPT) (p = .021, d = .86) and follow up (p = .011, d = .77) showed statistically significant differences between groups. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that well-controlled HIV-1-infected individuals are eligible to undergo implant therapy, achieving survival and success rates comparable to non-HIV-1-infected controls.

Odontogenic sinusitis: a comprehensive review.

Odontogenic sinusitis (OS) is a highly prevalent, underappreciated and underdiagnosed disease that has been known for over 100 years. Apical periodontitis, periodontal disease and iatrogenic extrusion of foreign bodies into the sinus are the main causes of OS. Although the prevalence of sinus pathosis of dental origin is still controversial, otolaryngologists recognize that in the presence of recalcitrant sinusitis, a dental origin should be considered and properly treated. Currently, cone-beam computed tomography is the gold-standard imaging technique to assess the relationship between dental conditions, especially apical periodontitis and sinus diseases, and whenever this association is detected, patients should be seen by both a dentist and an otolaryngologist in order to achieve complete recovery. This article reviews the current concepts regarding the definitions, diagnosis and management of OS from a clinical point of view.

Dental implants and bone augmentation in HIV-infected patients under HAART: Case report and review of the literature.

The present study reviewed the literature regarding dental implants in HIV-infected patients and reports the long-term follow-up of three clinical cases of patients under HAART that received bone augmentation and dental implants. The first case presents a young patient with a large defect in the mandible, as a consequence of a longitudinal fracture, that was treated with guided bone regeneration (GBR) previously to implant placement. The second case reported is middle-aged man with a fractured upper lateral incisor treated with immediate placement and simultaneous GBR to repair the dehiscence due to the buccal bone resorption. The third case shows an elderly patient that underwent sinus lifting with the simultaneous placement of two implants. All cases were treated after patients were medically controlled and followed for at least 10 years. Controlled HIV-infected patients undergoing HAART may be candidates to implant rehabilitation, as long as their plasmatic HIV viral load and CD4+ T lymphocytes count are within the parameters that indicate immune stability. Long-term stability of soft and hard tissues can be obtained maintaining function and esthetics. However, stronger evidence, based on prospective, controlled clinical trials is needed to provide the dental and medical teams with conclusive data.

Levels of HIV-1 in subgingival biofilm of HIV-infected patients.

AIM: The aims of the current study were to compare the levels of HIV-1 in the subgingival biofilm (SHVL) between detectable and undetectable plasmatic HIV-1 viral load (PHVL) in HIV-infected patients as well as to determine the association of SHVL with PHVL and clinical periodontal parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-one HIV-infected individuals were divided into two groups: detectable (21) and undetectable (20) PHVL. Subgingival biofilm samples were obtained for detection and quantification of HIV-1 by real-time RT-PCR. To estimate the effect of co-variables on the outcome undetectable SHVL, the Generalized Estimation Equation (GEE) was employed. RESULTS: Detectable SHVL was observed only in the detectable PHVL group and the detection of the HIV-1 was observed in 40% of these individuals. In the bivariate analysis between co-variables from the individual level and the outcome SHVL, significant difference was observed only for the CD4+ T lymphocytes levels (p = 0.017). The multiple logistic model demonstrated that only CD4+ T lymphocytes levels had a significant effect on the outcome undetectable SHVL [OR 8.85 (CI 3.6-9.2), p = 0.002]. CONCLUSION: HIV-1 can be detected and quantified in the subgingival biofilm of HIV-infected individuals, but these findings are not associated with PHVL and periodontal clinical parameters.

The association between detectable plasmatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral load and different subgingival microorganisms in Brazilian adults with HIV: a multilevel analysis.

BACKGROUND: This study investigates the association between detectable plasmatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral load (HVL) and high levels of periodontal- and non-periodontal-related microorganisms in the subgingival microbiota of individuals with HIV. METHODS: Thirty-seven individuals with HIV were divided into two groups: 1) detectable HVL (n = 15); and 2) undetectable HVL (n = 22). Subgingival biofilm samples were obtained, and the levels of 35 microbial species were determined by the checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization method. Periodontal clinical measures and laboratory and sociodemographic data were also registered. χ(2) test, Fisher exact test, and Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare groups. Multilevel ordinal regression models were used to test the association between HVL and the levels of 35 microbial species in subgingival biofilm, adjusted for confounders. RESULTS: Of the 35 species studied, 11 (31.4%) showed higher mean levels in the detectable HVL group than undetectable HVL group (P <0.001). These species included Actinomyces naeslundii II, Actinomyces israelii, Actinomyces odontolyticus, Veillonella parvula, Capnocytophaga gingivalis, Eikenella corrodens, Campylobacter concisus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and Candida albicans. Significant associations between detectable HVL and high levels of microorganisms, adjusted for confounders, were observed for A. naeslundii I, Actinomyces gerencseriae, C. gingivalis, E. corrodens, C. concisus, Prevotella nigrescens, T. forsythia, and Dialister pneumosintes. CONCLUSION: Detectable plasmatic HVL in individuals with HIV was associated with elevated levels of known periodontal pathogens, such as P. nigrescens, T. forsythia, and E. corrodens, as well as C. concisus, C. gingivalis, and D. pneumosintes in the subgingival biofilm.

Analysis of leukotoxin gene types of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in brazilians with aggressive periodontitis

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) tem sido associado com diferentes formas de doenças periodontais, mas tal espécie é considerada o principal agente etiológico da doença periodontal agressiva. Algumas cepas de Aa apresentam uma deleção de 530 pb na região promotora do operon do gene da leucotoxina, produzindo assim maiores quantidades de leucotoxina. Tal fato pode ter um importante papel na patogênese das doenças periodontais. A proposta do presente estudo foi determinar a prevalência do Aa e a ocorrência da deleção genética da leucotoxina em pacientes com periodontite agressiva generalizada (PAG) de uma amostra da população brasileira. Trinta indivíduos com saúde periodontal e 29 pacientes com PAG participaram do estudo. Profundidade de bolsa à sondagem (PBS), nível clínico de inserção (NCI), presença de placa supragengival (PL) e sangramento à sondagem (SAS) foram avaliados em 6 sítios/dente de todos os pacientes. Amostras de saliva foram coletadas para isolamento do DNA bacteriano. A detecção do Aa e a ocorrência da deleção genética foram realizadas através da técnica de PCR diretamente nas amostras. Diferenças nos parâmetros clínicos e microbiológicos entre os grupos foram avaliadas através dos testes de Mann-Whitney, Fisher e Qui-quadrado. Associações entre os parâmetros clínicos e microbiológicos foram testadas através do teste de Pearson. Aa foi detectado com maior frequência em pacientes com PAG (96,6 por cento) do que pacientes saudáveis (76,7 por cento) (c2 = 4,9; p < 0,05). A deleção genética foi observada em 16 dos 28 (57,1 por cento) pacientes com PAG que foram positivos para Aa. Porém, nenhuma das amostras de indivíduos com saúde periodontal apresentaram a deleção (c2 = 19,15; p < 0,001). Correlações significantes entre a presença da deleção e os parâmetros clínicos PBS (r=0,312, p<0,05), NCI (r=0,406, p<0,01), PL (r=0,278, p<0,05) e SAS (r=0,409, p<0,01) foram observadas. Uma alta prevalência de Aa foi observada em brasileiros com PAG e...