NOISE POLLUTION IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER / POLUIÇÃO SONORA EM CRIANÇAS E ADOLESCENTES COM TRANSTORNO DO ESPECTRO AUTISTA

The World Health Organization (WHO) determines that the tolerable sound limit for humans is 65 decibels. Above that, it is considered noise pollution. Urban noises are invisible pollutants, they affect the health of men and animals, and can cause psychological and material impairments that alter the body's metabolism. In individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), noises can cause adverse and untimely reactions. This work aims to verify the influence of noise pollution on children and adolescents diagnosed with ASD, aged 0 to 19 years, living in the Metropolitan Region of Recife (RMR), Pernambuco, Brazil, through reports from family members. Data analysis was descriptive with qualitative and quantitative variables, based on bibliographical research. A questionnaire containing 33 questions was applied to 149 people responsible for children and adolescents with ASD. The result showed that 67.7% of them lived in noisy neighborhoods; 66.4% were sensitive to urban noise and 47.6% survived on just 1 minimum wage. Only 36% of family members reported noise pollution. The main noises highlighted were household appliances, fireworks and construction respectively.

A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) determina que o limite tolerável de som para o ser humano é 65 decibéis. Acima disso, é considerado poluição sonora. Os ruídos urbanos são poluentes invisíveis, afetam a saúde dos homens e animais, podendo causar comprometimentos psicológicos e materiais que alteram o metabolismo do corpo. Em indivíduos com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA), os ruídos podem causar reações adversas e intempestivas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo verificar a influência da poluição sonora em crianças e adolescentes diagnosticadas com TEA, na faixa etária de 0 a 19 anos, residentes na Região Metropolitana do Recife (RMR), Pernambuco, Brasil, através de relatos de familiares. A análise dos dados foi descritiva com variáveis qualitativas e quantitativas, fundamentada no levantamento bibliográfico. Foi aplicado questionário contendo 33 questões com 149 responsáveis por crianças e adolescentes com TEA. O resultado demonstrou que 67,7% delas residiam em bairros barulhentos; 66,4 % possuíam sensibilidade a ruídos urbanos e 47,6% sobreviviam com apenas 1 salário-mínimo. Apenas 36% dos familiares realizaram denúncias de poluição sonora. Os principais ruídos apontados foram respectivamente os eletrodomésticos, fogos de artifícios e construção civil.  

The Effects of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Osteoblasts Mineralization: A Comparison between 2D and 3D Cell Culture Models.

Although several studies assess the biological effects of micro and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), the literature shows controversial results regarding their effect on bone cell behavior. Studies on the effects of nanoparticles on mammalian cells on two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures display several disadvantages, such as changes in cell morphology, function, and metabolism and fewer cell-cell contacts. This highlights the need to explore the effects of TiO2 NPs in more complex 3D environments, to better mimic the bone microenvironment. This study aims to compare the differentiation and mineralized matrix production of human osteoblasts SAOS-2 in a monolayer or 3D models after exposure to different concentrations of TiO2 NPs. Nanoparticles were characterized, and their internalization and effects on the SAOS-2 monolayer and 3D spheroid cells were evaluated with morphological analysis. The mineralization of human osteoblasts upon exposure to TiO2 NPs was evaluated by alizarin red staining, demonstrating a dose-dependent increase in mineralized matrix in human primary osteoblasts and SAOS-2 both in the monolayer and 3D models. Furthermore, our results reveal that, after high exposure to TiO2 NPs, the dose-dependent increase in the bone mineralized matrix in the 3D cells model is higher than in the 2D culture, showing a promising model to test the effect on bone osteointegration.

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles affect osteoblast-derived exosome cargos and impair osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells.

Titanium (Ti) and its alloys are the most widely used metallic biomaterials in total joint replacement; however, increasing evidence supports the degradation of its surface due to corrosion and wear processes releasing debris (ions, and micro and nanoparticles) and contribute to particle-induced osteolysis and implant loosening. Cell-to-cell communication involving several cell types is one of the major biological processes occurring during bone healing and regeneration at the implant-bone interface. In addition to the internal response of cells to the uptake and intracellular localization of wear debris, a red flag is the ability of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (mimicking wear debris) to alter cellular communication with the tissue background, disturbing the balance between osseous tissue integrity and bone regenerative processes. This study aims to understand whether titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) alter osteoblast-derived exosome (Exo) biogenesis and whether exosomal protein cargos affect the communication of osteoblasts with human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (HMSCs). Osteoblasts are derived from mesenchymal stem cells coexisting in the bone microenvironment during development and remodelling. We observed that TiO2 NPs stimulate immature osteoblast- and mature osteoblast-derived Exo secretion that present a distinct proteomic cargo. Functional tests confirmed that Exos derived from both osteoblasts decrease the osteogenic differentiation of HMSCs. These findings are clinically relevant since wear debris alter extracellular communication in the bone periprosthetic niche, contributing to particle-induced osteolysis and consequent prosthetic joint failure.

Adaptação transcultural e validade do Questionnaire on Sexual Quality of Life - Female (SQoL-F) para o Brasil / Cross-cultural adaptation and validity of the Questionnaire on Sexual Quality of Life - Female (SQoL-F) in Brazil

RESUMO Objetivo A qualidade de vida sexual abarca a satisfação sexual e com a parceria, a expressão de desejos e valores sexuais, a boa imagem corporal, além de questões de ordem física, comportamentais, psicológicas e emocionais que afetam a sexualidade. Não há instrumentos confiáveis e válidos para avaliar a qualidade de vida sexual das mulheres brasileiras, portanto este estudo buscou traduzir o Questionnaire on Sexual Quality of Life - Female (SQoL-F) e apresentar evidências de validade do instrumento no contexto brasileiro. Métodos Foram realizados tradução, avaliação da validade de conteúdo, teste da versão pré-final e análise fatorial exploratória do instrumento. Resultados Identificou-se a presença de um único fator que explicou 49% da variância, condizente com o proposto no questionário original. Esse modelo unifatorial apresentou cargas fatoriais adequadas (entre 0,36 e 0,85). Conclusão O questionário apresentou boa consistência interna e foram apresentadas evidências de validade satisfatórias para o uso com mulheres brasileiras.

ABSTRACT Objective The quality of sexual life encompasses sexual satisfaction and with partnership, the expression of sexual desires and values, good body image, in addition to physical, behavioral, psychological and emotional issues that affect sexuality. There are no reliable and valid instruments to assess the quality of sexual life of Brazilian women, so this study sought to translate the Questionnaire on Sexual Quality of Life - Female (SQoL-F) and present evidence of validity of the instrument in the Brazilian context. Methods The translation, content validity evaluation, pre-final version test and exploratory factor analysis were performed. Results The presence of a single factor was identified that explained 49% of the variance, consistent with what was proposed in the original questionnaire. This one-factor model presented adequate factor loadings (between 0.36 and 0.85). Conclusion The questionnaire had good internal consistency and presented satisfactory evidence of validity for use with Brazilian women.

Nanomaterial Exposure, Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis and Adverse Cellular Outcomes: A Scoping Review.

The progressively increasing use of nanomaterials (NMs) has awakened issues related to nanosafety and its potential toxic effects on human health. Emerging studies suggest that NMs alter cell communication by reshaping and altering the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs), leading to dysfunction in recipient cells. However, there is limited understanding of how the physicochemical characteristics of NMs alter the EV content and their consequent physiological functions. Therefore, this review explored the relevance of EVs in the nanotoxicology field. The current state of the art on how EVs are modulated by NM exposure and the possible regulation and modulation of signaling pathways and physiological responses were assessed in detail. This review followed the manual for reviewers produced by The Joanna Brigs Institute for Scoping Reviews and the PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. The research question, "Do NMs modulate cellular responses mediated by EVs?" was analyzed following the PECO model (P (Population) = EVs, E (Exposure) = NMs, C (Comparator) = EVs without exposure to NMs, O (Outcome) = Cellular responses/change in EVs) to help methodologically assess the association between exposure and outcome. For each theme in the PECO acronym, keywords were defined, organized, and researched in PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases, up to 30 September 2021. In vitro, in vivo, ex vivo, and clinical studies that analyzed the effect of NMs on EV biogenesis, cargo, and cellular responses were included in the analysis. The methodological quality assessment was conducted using the ToxRTool, ARRIVE guideline, Newcastle Ottawa and the EV-TRACK platform. The search in the referred databases identified 2944 articles. After applying the eligibility criteria and two-step screening, 18 articles were included in the final review. We observed that depending on the concentration and physicochemical characteristics, specific NMs promote a significant increase in EV secretion as well as changes in their cargo, especially regarding the expression of proteins and miRNAs, which, in turn, were involved in biological processes that included cell communication, angiogenesis, and activation of the immune response, etc. Although further studies are necessary, this work suggests that molecular investigations on EVs induced by NM exposure may become a potential tool for toxicological studies since they are widely accessible biomarkers that may form a bridge between NM exposure and the cellular response and pathological outcome.

Photocatalyzed Intramolecular [2+2] Cycloaddition of N-Alkyl-N-(2-(1-arylvinyl)aryl)cinnamamides.

N-Alkyl-N-(2-(1-arylvinyl)aryl)cinnamamides are converted into natural product inspired scaffolds via iridium photocatalyzed intramolecular [2+2] photocycloaddition. The protocol has a broad substrate scope, whilst operating under mild reaction conditions. Tethering four components forming a trisubstituted cyclobutane core builds rapidly high molecular complexity. Our approach allows the design and synthesis of a variety of tetrahydrocyclobuta[c]quinolin-3(1H)-ones, in yields ranging between 20-99 %, and with excellent regio- and diastereoselectivity. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the intramolecular [2+2]-cycloaddition of 1,7-enynes-after fragmentation of the cyclobutane ring-leads to enyne-metathesis-like products.

Exposure to stressful events during a peacekeeping mission may have a price: The impact on trait of negative and positive affect and mental health.

We evaluated the participants' negative affect, positive affect, post-traumatic stress disorder, and depression symptoms before and after a peacekeeping mission. Depression symptoms and positive affect after mission were significantly associated with exposure to stressful events during the mission, controlled by the respective characteristics before mission. Negative affect and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms after mission had a tendency to be associated with exposure to stressful events during the mission, controlled by the respective characteristics before mission. In conclusion, even in healthy and physically active male peacekeepers, those more exposed to stressful events could be more vulnerable to present negative outcomes.

Photoinduced deaminative strategies: Katritzky salts as alkyl radical precursors.

Primary amines are one of the most predominant functional groups found in organic molecules. These entities help form the chemical architecture of natural products, bioactive molecules, synthetic building blocks and catalysts. Due to their ubiquitous presence, the development of strategies for the construction of C-C or C-X bonds through deaminative processes is of high importance. Deaminative methods offer new possibilities on the retrosynthetic rationale, and enable late-stage-functionalization of complex structures. As a result of the recent development of photoinduced processes, a variety of photo-mediated deaminative protocols employing 2,4,6-triphenyl-pyridinium salts - Katritzky Salts - as activating agents have been recently realized. This review covers the most recent developments of deaminative strategies by using Katritzky Salts as alkyl radical reservoirs, with particular concern on photoinduced processes applied to organic synthesis.

Evaluation of the volatile composition, toxicological and antioxidant potentials of the essential oils and teas of commercial Chilean boldo samples.

Chilean boldo (Peumus boldus Molina) is the boldo species most consumed around the world. Digestive and hepatobiliary disorders represent the main targets of its action. This work aims to characterize the volatile chemical composition, toxicological, and antioxidant potentials of the essential oils and teas of commercial samples of Chilean boldo packed on sachets [Group 1 (G1): five samples] or in plastic bags [Group 2 (G2): five samples]. Fifty-three compounds have been identified in the essential oils of commercial samples of Chilean boldo from Brazil, while only twelve compounds have been found in the volatile fraction of their infusions. Terpineol, 1,8-cineole, and p-cymene are the major compounds of essential oils. Terpineol is also the major compound of the volatile fraction of teas, followed by limonene dioxide. The presence in all samples of the chemical markers p-cymene, 1,8-cineole, ascaridole, and boldine suggests that they are genuine. The teas offer a better antioxidant capacity than essential oils, thereby indicating that antioxidant activity is concentrated in the non-volatile fraction of these herbs. All LD50 values estimated for the essential oils are below 200 ppm, thus indicating that the oils are highly cytotoxic. G1 and G2 appear to be very similar with respect to all the parameters analyzed. This similarity may indicate a single source for these products.

Solid state characterization and theoretical study of non-linear optical properties of a Fluoro-N-Acylhydrazide derivative.

In this work we determine the linear and non-linear optical properties of a Fluoro-N-Acylhydrazide derivative (FBHZ), using a combined supermolecule approach and an iterative scheme of electrostatic polarization, where the atoms of neighbouring molecules are represented by point charges. Our results for non-linear optics (NLO) are comparable to those found experimentally, suggesting that FBHZ constitutes an attractive object for future studies and for use as an interesting material for third-order NLO applications. The dynamic electrical properties of FBHZ in different solvent media are reported. Its molecular properties are closely related to supramolecular features; accordingly, we analysed all its crystal structure properties via intermolecular interactions in the solid state, using X-ray crystallography data and Hirshfeld surface (HS), including thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and hot-stage microscopy (HSM), where the results reveal crystal stability in respect to temperature variation.

PREVALÊNCIA DE SINTOMAS DE STRESS ENTRE GRADUANDOS DE UMA UNIVERSIDADE PÚBLICA / Prevalence of stress symptoms among students of a public university / Prevalencia de síntomas de estrés entre los estudiantes de una universidad pública

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de sintomas de stress entre os estudantes de graduação. Uma amostra de 635 estudantes da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro respondeu ao Inventário de Sintomas de Stress para Adultos de Lipp (ISSL) e a um questionário sócio-demográfico. A prevalência de stress encontrada foi de 50%, estando a maior parte desses alunos na fase de resistência e sendo predominantes os sintomas psicológicos do stress. Houve maior ocorrência de stress no sexo feminino, em alunos que moram em residências estudantis públicas ou privadas e que têm menos contato com a família (p<0,05). Assim como em outros estudos realizados com populações universitárias, foi encontrada predominância de stress no sexo feminino. Observou-se a importância da convivência com a família ao se identificar uma menor ocorrência de stress em alunos que residem e/ou visitam a família com maior frequência. A alta prevalência de alunos na fase de resistência, a predominância de sintomas psicológicos e o alto índice de alunos que acreditam necessitar de acompanhamento psicológico, indicam a necessidade de criação de programas preventivos, de diagnóstico e tratamento para essa parcela da população.(AU)

Thepurpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of stress symptoms among undergraduate students. A sample of 635 students from the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro answered the Lipp Inventory of Stress Symptoms for Adults (ISSL) and a socio demographic questionnaire. The prevalence of stress was found to be 50%, with the majority of students at the resistance phase and a predominance of psychological symptoms of stress. A higher prevalence of stress was found in women and students who live in student residences (public or private) and those who have less contact with their family (p<0.05). Similar to other studies with undergraduate students, we identified higher stress rates among women. It was identified the importance of living with the family, due to the decreased prevalence of stress in students residing with the family and those who visit it more often. The high prevalence of students in the resistance phase, the predominance of psychological symptoms and the high number of students who believe they need psychological treatment, suggest the necessity of creating a prevention and treatment program for this population.(AU)

El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la prevalencia de síntomas de estrés entre los estudiantes universitarios. Una muestra de 635 estudiantes de la Universidad Federal Rural de Río de Janeiro contestaron al Inventario de Síntomas de Estrés para Adultos de Lipp (ISSL) y a un cuestionario socio demográfico. La prevalencia de estrés encontrado fue de 50%, estando la mayor parte de esos estudiantes en la fase de resistencia, siendo predominantes los síntomas psicológicos del estrés. Hubo mayor ocurrencia de estrés en estudiantes del sexo femenino, que viven en residencias públicas o privadas y que tienen menos contacto con la familia (p <0,05). Así como en otro estudio realizado con población universitaria, se ha encontrado predominio de estrés en el sexo femenino. Se ha observado la importancia de la convivencia con la familia al identificarse una menor ocurrencia del estrés en estudiantes que viven e/o visitan a la familia con mayor frecuencia. La alta prevalencia de estudiantes en la fase de resistencia, el predominio de síntomas psicológicos y el alto índice de estudiantes que creen necesitar de acompañamiento psicológico, indican la necesidad de crear un programa de prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento para esa población.(AU)

Prevalência de sintomas de stress entre graduandos de uma universidade pública / Prevalence of stress symptoms among students of a public university / Prevalencia de síntomas de estrés entre los estudiantes de una universidad pública

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de sintomas de stress entre os estudantes de graduação. Uma amostra de 635 estudantes da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro respondeu ao Inventário de Sintomas de Stress para Adultos de Lipp (ISSL) e a um questionário sócio-demográfico. A prevalência de stress encontrada foi de 50%, estando a maior parte desses alunos na fase de resistência e sendo predominantes os sintomas psicológicos do stress. Houve maior ocorrência de stress no sexo feminino, em alunos que moram em residências estudantis públicas ou privadas e que têm menos contato com a família (p<0,05). Assim como em outros estudos realizados com populações universitárias, foi encontrada predominância de stress no sexo feminino. Observou-se a importância da convivência com a família ao se identificar uma menor ocorrência de stress em alunos que residem e/ou visitam a família com maior frequência. A alta prevalência de alunos na fase de resistência, a predominância de sintomas psicológicos e o alto índice de alunos que acreditam necessitar de acompanhamento psicológico, indicam a necessidade de criação de programas preventivos, de diagnóstico e tratamento para essa parcela da população.

Thepurpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of stress symptoms among undergraduate students. A sample of 635 students from the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro answered the Lipp Inventory of Stress Symptoms for Adults (ISSL) and a socio demographic questionnaire. The prevalence of stress was found to be 50%, with the majority of students at the resistance phase and a predominance of psychological symptoms of stress. A higher prevalence of stress was found in women and students who live in student residences (public or private) and those who have less contact with their family (p<0.05). Similar to other studies with undergraduate students, we identified higher stress rates among women. It was identified the importance of living with the family, due to the decreased prevalence of stress in students residing with the family and those who visit it more often. The high prevalence of students in the resistance phase, the predominance of psychological symptoms and the high number of students who believe they need psychological treatment, suggest the necessity of creating a prevention and treatment program for this population.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la prevalencia de síntomas de estrés entre los estudiantes universitarios. Una muestra de 635 estudiantes de la Universidad Federal Rural de Río de Janeiro contestaron al Inventario de Síntomas de Estrés para Adultos de Lipp (ISSL) y a un cuestionario socio demográfico. La prevalencia de estrés encontrado fue de 50%, estando la mayor parte de esos estudiantes en la fase de resistencia, siendo predominantes los síntomas psicológicos del estrés. Hubo mayor ocurrencia de estrés en estudiantes del sexo femenino, que viven en residencias públicas o privadas y que tienen menos contacto con la familia (p <0,05). Así como en otro estudio realizado con población universitaria, se ha encontrado predominio de estrés en el sexo femenino. Se ha observado la importancia de la convivencia con la familia al identificarse una menor ocurrencia del estrés en estudiantes que viven e/o visitan a la familia con mayor frecuencia. La alta prevalencia de estudiantes en la fase de resistencia, el predominio de síntomas psicológicos y el alto índice de estudiantes que creen necesitar de acompañamiento psicológico, indican la necesidad de crear un programa de prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento para esa población.

Propriedades mecânicas de resinas nanoparticuladas e microhíbridas fotoativadas por diferentes fontes de luz / Mechanical properties of nanoparticulate and microhybrid resins photoactivated by different light sources

Objetivo: mensurar a microdureza, profundidade de polimerização e resistência à flexão de uma resina nanoparticuladas e duas microhíbridas fotoativadas por aparelhos de Luz halógena e LED. Material e Método: três compósitos foram utilizados (P60, Z100 e Z350XT). Ensaio de microdureza Vickers foi aplicado em 60 amostras cilíndricas (5x2mm) divididas em seis grupos de acordo com a resina e aparelho fotopolimerizador utilizados. Profundidade de polimerização foi avaliada pelo cálculo da relação de dureza das superfícies superior-inferior das amostras. Resistência à flexão de três pontos (MPa) foi avaliada utilizando-se 60 amostras em formato de barra (25x2x2mm) divididas em grupos de forma semelhante ao ensaio de microdureza. Para análise estatística foi realizado teste t de Student e ANOVA com pós-teste de Tukey. Resultados e Conclusão: A resina nanoparticulada apresentou, em geral, menor dureza e profundidade de polimerização. Todos os compósitos apresentaram adequada resistência à flexão de acordo com recomendações da ISO 4049/2000. O desempenho do aparelho de luz LED foi superior ao de luz halógena.

Objective: measure the microhardness, polymerisation depth, and flexural strength of one resin and two nanoparticle microhybrid products that were photoactivated by halogen light devices and LEDs. Materials and methods: Three composites were used (P60, Z100 and Z350XT). The Vickers microhardness test was applied on 60 cylindrical samples (5x2 mm) that were divided into six groups according to the resin type and curing light. The depth of cure was evaluated by calculating the hardness ratio of the top-bottom surfaces of the samples. The resistance, or three-point bending strength (MPa), was evaluated using 60 bar shaped samples (25x2x2 mm) that were divided into groups similar to those of the microhardness test. Statistical analyses were performed using Student's t test, an ANOVA, and Tukey's post-test. Results and Conclusion: Nanoparticulate resin generally had a lower hardness and depth of cure. All composites showed adequate flexural strength according to the recommendations of ISO 4049/2000. Performance was best with LED light.

Blunted cardiac reactivity to psychological stress associated with higher trait anxiety: a study in peacekeepers.

BACKGROUND: Both exaggerated and diminished reactivity to stress can be maladaptive. Previous studies have shown that performing increasingly difficult tasks leads first to increased reactivity and then to a blunted response when success is impossible. Our aim was to investigate the influence of trait anxiety on cardiac and cortisol response to and recovery from a standardized psychosocial stress task (Trier Social Stress Task) in a homogeneous sample of healthy peacekeepers. We hypothesized that participants with higher trait anxiety would show blunted reactivity during the performance of an overwhelmingly difficult and stressful task. Participants (N = 50) delivered a speech and performed an arithmetic task in the presence of critical evaluators. Cortisol samples and electrocardiogram data were collected. Participants completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait version, the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) and the Military Peace Force Stressor Inventory. RESULTS: For heart rate, the findings showed that peacekeepers with higher trait anxiety reacted less to the speech task (p = 0.03) and to the arithmetic task (p = 0.008) than those with lower trait anxiety. Trait anxiety did not modulate cortisol responses to the task. Despite the high trait anxiety group having higher PCL-C scores than the low trait anxiety group (p < 0.0001), this did not influence the cardiac results. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that individuals with higher trait anxiety had less tachycardia in response to acute psychological stress than those with lower trait anxiety. The present results point to a higher risk for more anxious individuals of a maladaptive reaction to stressful events.

Vulnerabilidade e bem-estar psicológicos do estudante universitário / Vulnerability and psychological well-being of college student

O presente estudo buscou identificar indicadores de vulnerabilidade e bem-estar psicológicos em estudantes universitários. A amostra foi constituída a partir do banco de dados proveniente da avaliação de indicadores de saúde mental de estudantes universitários de cursos de graduação e de seis instituições de ensino superior (IES) distintas. Foram utilizados os instrumentos: Inventário de Sintomas de Stress para Adultos de Lipp, Maslach Burnout Inventory - Student Survey, Inventário de Ansiedade Traço-Estado, Inventário de Ansiedade de Beck, Inventário de Depressão de Beck, SelfReporting Questionnaire e General Health Questionnaire - 12 itens. Foram abordados 3.587 estudantes, de ambos os gêneros, regularmente matriculados. Em relação à sintomatologia de estresse, foram investigados 783 indivíduos, e a prevalência geral foi de 52,88%. Os sintomas ansiosos foram avaliados em 709 estudantes, e a prevalência encontrada foi de 13,54%. O sofrimento psicológico foi avaliado em 1.403 graduandos, sendo que 39,97% da amostra apresentou sofrimento psicológico significativo. O burnout, avaliado em 468 participantes do curso de medicina, foi encontrado em 5% da amostra. Os achados evidenciam a vulnerabilidade dos estudantes universitários e apontam para a necessidade de ampliar a discussão em torno da saúde mental dos universitários e de desenvolver programas de prevenção e intervenção(AU)

The aim of the present study was to identify indicators of psychological vulnerability and well-being in university students. A sample was extracted from the database of evaluating indicators of the mental health of university students of six universities. Instruments: Lipp's Inventory of Stress Symptoms, Maslach Burnout Inventory - Student Survey, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, Self-Reporting Questionnaire, and General Health Questionnaire, in a total of 12 items. Results: 3587 students of both genders participated in the study. Regarding the symptoms of stress, 783 individuals were investigated and the overall prevalence was of 52.88%. Anxiety symptoms were assessed in 709 students and the prevalence was of 13.54%. Psychological distress was assessed in 1403, being that 39.97% of that sample showed signs of important psychological distress. Burnout was evaluated in 468 participants of medical school, and it was found in 5% of that sample. These findings highlight the vulnerability of university students and show the necessity of increase in the discussions about the mental health of university students and the development of prevention and interventional programs(AU)

O uso do teatro do oprimido no tratamento em grupo para transtorno de ansiedade social / Using theater of the oppressed in group treatment for social anxiety disorder

O Teatro do Oprimido (TO), criado por Augusto Boal na década de 1960, é um conjunto de técnicas, exercícios e jogos teatrais que tem como objetivo principal colocar o teatro a serviço da transformação social. O transtorno de ansiedade social (TAS) é considerado um transtorno grave, de curso crônico, que pode chegar a ser incapacitante, e, atualmente, o tratamento considerado mais efetivo para esses casos é a terapia cognitivo-comportamental (TCC). Objetivou-se desenvolver um programa de tratamento psicológico estruturado para TAS, aliando a TCC em grupo às técnicas do TO, e avaliar sua eficácia em comparação a um grupo-controle em lista de espera. Foram avaliados 35 sujeitos que participaram do tratamento, e 21 em lista de espera. As avaliações ocorreram antes do início, ao final e um mês após a terapia. Foram realizadas 18 sessões, duas vezes por semana, com duração de duas horas cada. Os instrumentos utilizados foram os Inventários Beck de Depressão e Ansiedade, o Inventário de Ansiedade e Fobia Social (SPAI), a Escala de Medo da Avaliação Negativa (FNE) e a Escala de Autoestima. O grupo experimental apresentou resultados significativos em comparação ao grupo-controle em todos os instrumentos aplicados. O grupo experimental melhorou, mas o grupo-controle, não. Os resultados encontrados indicam que o modelo proposto foi uma intervenção com resultado superior à passagem do tempo(AU)

The Theatre of the Oppressed (TO) was created by Augusto Boal in the 1960's. It is a set of techniques, theater games, and exercises, that aims to put theater at the service of social transformation. Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is considered to be a serious disorder, of chronic course, that can lead to incapacity. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is considered to be the most effective treatment for SAD. The objective of this research was to develop a structured psychological treatment for SAD, combining group CBT with techniques of TO and having those results compared with a stand-by list control group. Thirty-five patients that participated in the treatment, and twenty-one individuals from the stand-by list, were evaluated. The evaluations occurred one month prior to the beginning of the therapy, at the end of the therapy, one month after the therapy. The protocol had eighteen sessions of two hours each. The sessions happened twice a week and the instruments used in the research were the Beck Depression Inventory, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Social Phobia Anxiety Inventory (SPAI), the Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE), and Self-Esteem Scale. The results found showed a significant statistical difference between the control group and the experimental group, all instruments considered. The experimental group improved in a significant way while the control group did not. The results indicate that the proposed protocol was more effective than the passage of time(AU)

Structural validity of the tonic immobility scale in a population exposed to trauma: evidence from two large Brazilian samples.

BACKGROUND: Tonic Immobility is a temporary state of motor inhibition in situations involving extreme fear. The first scale developed for its assessment was the 10-item Tonic Immobility Scale (TIS). However, there are still few studies on its structural (dimensional) validity. The objective of this study was to reassess the factor structure of the TIS applied to representative samples exposed to general trauma of two Brazilian mega-cities. METHODS: The sample comprised 3,223 participants reporting at least one traumatic experience. In São Paulo (n = 2,148), a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) first tested the originally proposed two-dimensional structure. This was followed by sequential Exploratory Structural Equation Models to identify the best fitting model, and subsequently tested in Rio de Janeiro (n = 1,075) via CFA. Alternative reduced versions were further explored using the aggregate sample. Model-based Item Response Theory (IRT) location parameters were also investigated. RESULTS: An absence of factor-based convergent and discriminant validity rejected the original proposition. However, the one-dimensional structure still held several residual correlations. Further exploration indicated the sustainability of reduced versions with seven (alternative A) and six (alternative B) items. Both presented excellent fit and no relevant residual item correlation. According to the IRT location parameters, items in alternative B covered a wider range of the latent trait. The Loevinger's H scalability coefficients underscored this pattern. CONCLUSIONS: The original model did not hold. A one-factor solution was the most tenable in both large samples, but with significant item residual correlations, indicating that content redundancies persisted. Further reduced and simplified versions of the TIS proved promising. Although studies are yet to be carried out in other settings, it is the authors' impression that the restricted versions of the TIS are already apt for use in epidemiologic studies since the pros tend to outweigh the cons (as outlined in the Discussion section).

Intervenção clínica para o transtorno de adaptação: uma revisão sistemática / Clinical intervention for adjustment disorder: a systematic review

CONTEXTO: O transtorno de adaptação tem recebido pouca atenção no Brasil e na literatura internacional. É importante identificar as opções disponíveis de tratamento, tanto farmacológicos como psicoterápicos.OBJETIVOS: Realizar uma revisão sistemática sobre os artigos já publicados que investigaram ou mencionaram algum método de intervenção clínica voltado para o transtorno de adaptação.MÉTODOS: Análise sistemática dos estudos indexados em dois acervos bibliográficos: PsycINFO e PubMed/Medline.RESULTADOS: Da década de 1980 até hoje poucos estudos sobre o assunto foram encontrados. Entre os trabalhos que apresentaram alguma modalidade de tratamento, 9 referem-se à psicoterapia, 4 à farmacoterapia e 2 à fitoterapia. Diferentes abordagens psicoterapêuticas foram mencionadas, porém, a terapia cognitivo-comportamental aparece com maior frequência. Na farmacoterapia, os mais citados foram os benzodiazepínicos, os antidepressivos atípicos e os ansiolíticos não benzodiazepínicos. Entre os fitoterápicos foi citado o uso de Ginkgo Biloba e Euphytose®.CONCLUSÕES: O tratamento para o transtorno de adaptação ainda requer mais atenção do campo acadêmico e maior número de pesquisas empíricas. Estudos adicionais são necessários, principalmente no que se refere à farmacoterapia(AU)

BACKGROUND: Adjustment Disorder has received little attention, both in Brazil and in the international literature. It is important to identify the available options for pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy.OBJECTIVES: A systematic review of the published articles which study or mention any method of clinical intervention for Adjustment Disorder.METHODS: Systematic review of studies indexed in two databases: PsycINFO and PubMed/Medline.RESULTS: From the 80's to the current decade, few studies were found. Among the studies that reported any kind of treatment, nine refer to psychotherapy, four to pharmacotherapy and two refer to phytotherapy. Different psychotherapeutic approaches have been mentioned; however, cognitive-behavioral therapy appeared more frequently. Among pharmacotherapeutic approaches, the most cited were benzodiazepines, atypical antidepressants and nonbenzodiazepine anti-anxiety medications. About phytotherapy, the use of Ginkgo Biloba and Euphytose® was cited.DISCUSSION: the treatment of adjustment disorder still requires more attention from the academic field as well as a larger number of empirical research. Additional studies are needed, especially regarding pharmacotherapy(AU)

Autopercepção de saúde em cuidadores familiares e o tipo de demência: resultados preliminares de uma amostra ambulatorial / Self-perception of health of family caregivers and the dementia type: preliminary results of an outpatients sample

A tarefa de cuidar de um familiar com demência é reconhecida como associada ao estresse crônico, e a problemas físicos e emocionais no cuidador. Entretanto, a influência do tipo de demência sobre a autopercepção de saúde em cuidadores familiares ainda é pouco conhecida. Objetivos: Descrever características sociodemográficas e clínicas de uma amostra ambulatorial do Rio de Janeiro composta por pacientes com demência e seus cuidadores familiares, e examinar a relação entre o tipo de demência do paciente (VD: Demência Vascular; DA: Doença de Alzheimer; DM: Demência Mista) e a autopercepção de saúde em cuidadores familiares. Métodos: A amostra (n=49) foi constituída por pacientes com demência e seus cuidadores familiares atendidos regularmente em um ambulatório de Psicogeriatria no Rio de Janeiro. Pacientes foram avaliados com Mini-Exame do Estado Mental, Questionário de Atividades Funcionais, Inventário Neuropsiquiátrico e Escala de Estadiamento da Demência. Cuidadores foram investigados com um Questionário Sociodemográfico e Clínico, que inclui questões de autopercepção de saúde física e emocional, além dos Inventários Beck de Depressão e Ansiedade, e Entrevista de Sobrecarga Zarit. Resultados: Cuidadores familiares de pacientes com DA apresentaram pior autopercepção de saúde física quando comparados aos familiares provedores de cuidados dos grupos dos outros tipos de demência, apesar da diferença não ter alcançado nível de significância estatística. A queixa de dor foi o problema físico mais frequente nos cuidadores nos três tipos diagnósticos...

Provide care for a demented relative is recognized as associated to chronic strain, and also to caregiver's physical and emotional problems. However, little is known about the influence of the dementia type on family caregiver health self-perception. Objectives: Describe sociodemographic and clinical factors of an outpatients sample in Rio de Janeiro composed by demented patients and their family caregivers, and to investigate the relation of the dementia type (Vascular Dementia: VaD; Alzheimer Disease: AD; Mixed Dementia: MD) with family caregivers health self-perception. Methods: Outpatients (n=49) with dementia were evaluated with Mini-Mental State Examination, Functional Activities Questionnaire, Neuropsychiatric Inventory, and Clinical Dementia Rating. Caregivers were assessed with a Sociodemographic and Clinical Questionnaire, Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories, and Zarit Burden Interview. Results: Family caregivers of AD patients presented poorer physical health self-perception when compared to family caregivers of the other dementia types, however these differences did not reach the statistical level. Physical and emotional complains were reported by the majority of caregivers of all dementia types. Complaint of pain was the most frequent physical problem among the three diagnostic types...

Resting vagal control and resilience as predictors of cardiovascular allostasis in peacekeepers.

The body's adaptive reaction to a stressful event, an allostatic response, involves vigorous physiological engagement with and efficient recovery from stress. Our aim was to investigate the influence of individual predispositions on cardiac responses to and recovery from a standardized psychosocial stress task (Trier Social Stress Task) in peacekeepers. We hypothesized that those individuals with higher trait resilience and those with higher resting vagal control would be more likely to present an allostatic response: a vigorous cardiac response to stress (i.e., reduction in interbeat intervals and heart rate variability (HRV)) coupled with a significant cardiac recovery in the aftermath. Fifty male military personnel with a mean age of 25.4 years (SD ± 5.99) were evaluated after returning from a peacekeeping mission. Electrocardiogram recordings were made throughout the experimental session, which consisted five conditions: basal, speech preparation, speech delivery, arithmetic task, and recovery. Mean interbeat intervals and HRV were calculated for each condition. An Ego-Resilience Scale and resting vagal control assessed individual predispositions. Stress tasks reduced interbeat intervals (tachycardia) and HRV in comparison with basal, with return to basal in the aftermath (p < 0.001, for all comparisons). Resilience and resting vagal control correlated positively with cardiac parameters for both stress reactivity and recovery (r ≥ 0.29; p < 0.05). In conclusion, peacekeepers showing higher trait resilience and those with higher resting vagal control presented a more adaptive allostatic reaction characterized by vigorous cardiac response to stress (i.e., tachycardia and vagal withdrawal) and efficient cardiac recovery after stress cessation.