Integrative approach reveals the identity of Brazilian specimens previously recognized as Anastrepha dissimilis Stone, 1942 (Diptera: Tephritidae).

Anastrepha dissimilis is currently considered to be widely distributed in Brazil, occurring in 20 of 27 states. However, morphological differences between the holotype (from Plaisance, Haiti) and a paratype (from Pernambuco, Brazil) suggest that the Brazilian specimens are not A. dissimilis, because their aculeus tip is similar to the paratype not to the holotype. Therefore, considering the importance of integrative taxonomy for species delimitation, we used geometric and linear morphometrics and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequences integrated with the morphology of the aculeus tip to clarify the identity of populations previously identified as A. dissimilis from multiple Brazilian localities. Morphological data show a uniform pattern among the Brazilian populations, with some variation among specimens from the south and northeast. In addition, the geometric and linear morphometrics suggest considerable geographic variation among these populations, suggesting the existence of at least two morphs. The molecular analysis revealed that specimens from Brazil previously identified as A. dissimilis belong to Anastrepha chiclayae Greene, with a genetic distance ranging from 0.00 to 0.015%. According to our integrative analyses, specimens from Brazil formerly identified as A. dissimilis actually are A. chiclayae. Therefore, this is the first record of A. chiclayae in Brazil, and we also report that A. dissimilis does not occur in Brazil.

A new species of emDoryctobracon/em Enderlein (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) parasitizing larvae of emAnastrepha/em Schiner (Diptera, Tephritidae), with illustrated key to species of emDoryctobracon/em that parasitize fruit-infesting tephritids in Brazil.

Doryctobracon maculatus Marinho, a new species of Braconidae (Opiinae) collected in the municipalities of Piracicaba and São Roque, state of São Paulo, Brazil, is described and illustrated. This new species is placed in group of species with areolate propodeum, but is easily distinguished from other species of this group, and other members of the genus by the noticeable black to dark-brown spots on the head, mesosoma and metasoma. This new species was reared in larvae of Anastrepha pseudoparallela (Diptera, Tephritidae) in passion fruits, Passiflora alata Curtis (Passifloraceae). An illustrated key to species of Doryctobracon recorded in Brazil is presented.

Temporal Overlap and Co-Occurrence in a Guild of Sub-Tropical Tephritid Fruit Flies.

Studies of community assembly have emphasized snapshot comparisons of spatially replicated samples from "natural" assemblages. Agro-ecosystems are characterized by relatively little habitat heterogeneity and no dispersal barriers for actively flying insects. Therefore, dynamic patterns of species segregation and aggregation are more likely to reflect the direct or indirect effects of species interactions. We studied the temporal organization of a guild of 21 congeneric species of Anastrepha that colonized fruit orchards in Monte Alegre do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil. This assemblage also included the introduced Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata. One hundred six consecutive weekly censuses (11 Jan 2002-16 Jan 2004) of flies in guava, loquat, and peach orchards revealed a pattern of minimum abundance during the coldest months of each year (June and July) and a maximum abundance during periods of flowering and fruit ripening. Overall, phenological overlap was greater than expected by chance. However, conditioned on the pattern of seasonal abundances, temporal occurrence and abundance matrices exhibited patterns of significant species segregation and anti-nestedness. In each year, the 3 orchards contained a small number of species pairs that exhibited statistically significant temporal segregation or aggregation. Most aggregated and segregated pairs reflected seasonal shifts in species presences that were not related to variation in air temperature. Most of the significant pairwise associations involved C. capitata: 8 of the 11 segregated pairs and 2 of the 7 aggregated pairs. These results suggest that species interactions between introduced and native species can be an important determinant of species associations in agro-ecosystems.

First record of Anastrepha pseudanomala Norrbom (Diptera: Tephritidae) and its host in Brazil

Anastrepha pseudanomala Norrbom was reared in fruits of Couma utilis (Apocynaceae), and also collected in McPhail traps in Ferreira Gomes county, State of Amapá, Brazil.

First record of Anastrepha pseudanomala Norrbom (Diptera: Tephritidae) and its host in Brazil.

Anastrepha pseudanomala Norrbom was reared in fruits of Couma utilis (Apocynaceae), and also collected in McPhail traps in Ferreira Gomes county, State of Amapá, Brazil.

[Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the State of São Paulo, Brazil: associated plants and parasitism]. / Parasitóides (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) de moscas-das-frutas (Diptera: Tephritidae) no Estado de São Paulo: plantas associadas e parasitismo.

A total of 3,008 braconid parasitoids in 26 species of fruit fly host plants were collected in 33 localities of São Paulo State. The majority of the braconids (96.2%) belonged to four Opiinae species, Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), Doryctobracon brasiliensis (Szépligeti), Opius bellus (Gahan) and Utetes anastrephae (Viereck), and the remaining 3.8%, a single species of Alysiinae, Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck). Doryctobracon areolatus was collected on Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied), A. obliqua (Macquart) and A. amita Zucchi, and was found associated with the largest number of fruit fly host plant species (26), being recorded for the first time in fruits of Clausena lansium and Cryptocarya aschersoniana. This species was the most common, occurring in most of the sampled localities, totaling 77.5% of all parasitoids collected. Doryctobracon brasiliensis was associated only with A. fraterculus and recorded, for the first time, in Japanese plum (Prunus salicina). It was not possible to associate the remaining braconids to the fruit fly species. Opius bellus was also reared from larvae in C. aschersoniana. The natural parasitism percentage ranged from <1% to 40%.

Parasitóides (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) de moscas-das-frutas (Diptera: Tephritidae) no Estado de São Paulo: plantas associadas e parasitismo / Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the State of São Paulo, Brazil: associated plants and parasitism

Foram coletados 3.008 braconídeos em larvas/pupas de moscas-das-frutas em 26 espécies de frutos, distribuídos em 33 municípios paulistas. A maioria dos braconídeos pertencia a Opiinae (96,2 por cento), representada por quatro espécies - Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), Doryctobracon brasiliensis (Szépligeti), Opius bellus (Gahan) e Utetes anastrephae (Viereck) - e os demais a Alysiinae (3,8 por cento), representada apenas por Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck). Doryctobracon areolatus foi atraída por mais frutos hospedeiros de moscas-das-frutas (26) e ocorreu na maioria dos municípios amostrados, totalizando 77,5 por cento dos parasitóides coletados. Doryctobracon areolatus foi associada com Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.), A. obliqua (Macquart), A. amita Zucchi e, pela primeira vez, em frutos de wampi (Clausena lansium) e em canela-batalha (Cryptocarya aschersoniana). Doryctobracon brasiliensis foi associada apenas com A. fraterculus e registrada, pela primeira vez, em larvas em ameixa-japonesa (Prunus salicina). Não foi possível associar as demais espécies de parasitóides às espécies de moscas-das-frutas. Opius bellus foi obtida de larvas em canela-batalha. A percentagem de parasitismo natural variou de <1 por cento a 40 por cento.

A total of 3,008 braconid parasitoids in 26 species of fruit fly host plants were collected in 33 localities of São Paulo State. The majority of the braconids (96.2 percent) belonged to four Opiinae species, Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), Doryctobracon brasiliensis (Szépligeti), Opius bellus (Gahan) and Utetes anastrephae (Viereck), and the remaining 3.8 percent, a single species of Alysiinae, Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck). Doryctobracon areolatus was collected on Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied), A. obliqua (Macquart) and A. amita Zucchi, and was found associated with the largest number of fruit fly host plant species (26), being recorded for the first time in fruits of Clausena lansium and Cryptocarya aschersoniana. This species was the most common, occurring in most of the sampled localities, totaling 77.5 percent of all parasitoids collected. Doryctobracon brasiliensis was associated only with A. fraterculus and recorded, for the first time, in Japanese plum (Prunus salicina). It was not possible to associate the remaining braconids to the fruit fly species. Opius bellus was also reared from larvae in C. aschersoniana. The natural parasitism percentage ranged from < 1 percent to 40 percent.

New records of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), wild hosts and parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in the Brazilian Amazon / Novos registros de moscas-das-frutas (Diptera: Tephritidae), hospedeiros silvestres e parasitóides (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) na Amazônia brasileira

Anastrepha anomala Stone was obtained from Parahancornia amapa (Huber) Ducke (Apocynaceae) fruits, and Anastrepha hastata Stone from Cheiloclinium cognatum (Miers.) (Hippocrateaceae) in the State of Amapá, Brazil. Two braconids, Doryctobracon sp. and Opius bellus Gahan, were reared from the latter fruit fly species. This is the first record of P. amapa as a fruit fly host. C. cognatum is the first host known to A. hastata. Both braconids are also the first records of parasitoids for this species.

Anastrepha anomala Stone foi obtida de frutos de Parahancornia amapa (Huber) Ducke (Apocynaceae) e Anastrepha hastata Stone de Cheiloclinium cognatum (Miers.) (Hippocrateaceae) no Amapá, sendo obtidos dois braconídeos, Doryctobracon sp. e Opius bellus Gahan, dessa espécie. Este é o primeiro registro de P. amapa como hospedeiro de moscas-das-frutas. C. cognatum é o primeiro hospedeiro conhecido de A. hastata e os braconídeos são também os primeiros registros de parasitóides dessa espécie.

New records of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), wild hosts and parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in the Brazilian Amazon.

Anastrepha anomala Stone was obtained from Parahancornia amapa (Huber) Ducke (Apocynaceae) fruits, and Anastrepha hastata Stone from Cheiloclinium cognatum (Miers.) (Hippocrateaceae) in the State of Amapá, Brazil. Two braconids, Doryctobracon sp. and Opius bellus Gahan, were reared from the latter fruit fly species. This is the first record of P. amapa as a fruit fly host. C. cognatum is the first host known to A. hastata. Both braconids are also the first records of parasitoids for this species.

Susceptibility of guava genotypes to natural infestation by Anastrepha spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the municipality of Monte Alegre do Sul, state of São Paulo, Brazil

As espécies infestantes de moscas-das-frutas e seus índices de infestação foram determinados para onze genótipos de goiaba (Psidium guajava L.). De março a abril de 2000, dez frutos maduros de cada genótipo foram coletados em intervalos semanais, de plantas não pulverizadas com inseticidas, instaladas no município de Monte Alegre do Sul, SP. Os frutos foram trazidos para o laboratório, pesados e colocados em copos plásticos contendo areia para obtenção de pupas de tefritídeos. De 95% das goiabas coletadas foram obtidos pupários de moscas-das-frutas. Das 682 fêmeas de Anastrepha recuperadas, quatro espécies foram identificadas: A. fraterculus (Wied.) (86,5%), A. obliqua (Macquart) (10,8%), A. bistrigata Bezzi (1,8%) e A. sororcula Zucchi (0,9%). Três espécies de parasitóides Braconidae (Opiinae) foram recuperadas: Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), Doryctobracon brasiliensis (Szépligeti) e Utetes anastrephae (Viereck). Os genótipos diferiram quanto aos níveis de infestação dependendo da época da coleta. Os genótipos 'L2P4 Vermelha', 'Ruby Suppreme' e 'Webber Suppreme' mostraram menor susceptibilidade em termos de produção de pupários por fruto. A variabilidade de infestação entre os genótipos de goiaba e as razões do aumento no nível de infestação ao longo do tempo são discutidas.

Abamectin resistance in Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae): selection, cross-resistance and stability of resistance

Studies on artificial laboratory selections with abamectin, cross-resistance relationships, and stability of resistance were carried out with Tetranychus urticae Koch to provide basic information for an abamectin resistance management program. Selections for resistance and susceptibility to abamectin were performed in a population of T. urticae, collected from a commercial strawberry field in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. After five selections for resistance and five selections for susceptibility, susceptible (S) and resistant (R) strains of T. urticae to abamectin were obtained. The resistance ratio (R/S) at the LC50 reached 342-fold values. The toxicity of eight acaricides was evaluated in the R and S strains, observing significant differences (at LC50) between R and S strains for milbemectin, fenpropathrin and chlorfenapyr. Significant correlation was detected between the LC50s of abamectin and milbemectin, indicating cross-resistance between these acaricides. No cross-resistance was detected for the acaricides fenpyroximate, cyhexatin, propargite and dimethoate. The stability of abamectin resistance was also studied under laboratory conditions. Abamectin resistance was unstable in the absence of selection pressure. For all studied populations (with 75, 50 and 25 percent of initial frequency of resistant mites), the percentage of resistant mites decreased to levels equal or lower than 15 percent in six months. The results indicate that milbemectin should be avoided for managing abamectin resistance in T. urticae.

Estudos envolvendo seleções artificiais com abamectim, relações de resistência cruzada e estabilidade da resistência foram realizados em Tetranychus urticae Koch para fornecer subsídios para um programa de manejo da resistência a abamectim. Seleções artificiais para resistência e suscetibilidade a abamectim foram realizadas em laboratório, utilizando-se uma população de T. urticae, coletada de um cultivo comercial de morangueiro em Atibaia, SP. Após cinco seleções para resistência e cinco seleções para suscetibilidade, foram obtidas as linhagens suscetível (S) e resistente (R) de T. urticae a abamectim. A razão de resistência (CL50 R/ CL50 S) obtida alcançou valores de 342 vezes. A toxicidade de oito acaricidas foi avaliada nas linhagens R e S, observando-se diferenças significativas entre as duas linhagens, para as CL50s dos produtos milbemectin, fempropatrim e clorfenapir. Foram obtidas correlações significativas entre as CL50s de abamectim e milbemectim, indicando resistência cruzada entre esses acaricidas. Não foi detectada resistência cruzada com os acaricidas fempiroximate, ciexatim, propargite e dimetoato. A resistência de T. urticae a abamectim mostrou-se instável na ausência de pressão de seleção. Para todas as populações estudadas (com freqüência inicial de 75, 50 e 25 por cento de ácaros resistentes), a porcentagem de ácaros resistentes caiu para níveis iguais ou inferiores a 15 por cento em seis meses. Os resultados indicam que milbemectim deve ser evitado em programas de manejo da resistência de T. urticae a abamectim.

Fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritoidea) infestation in citrus in the State of São Paulo, Brazil / Infestação de moscas-das-frutas (Diptera: Tephritoidea) em citros no estado de São Paulo

No período de fevereiro de 1998 a maio de 2000, frutos de diferentes variedades e híbridos de citros foram coletados para determinar os níveis de infestação e o complexo de espécies de Tephritoidea/ parasitóides, nas condições do estado de São Paulo. O total de 12.239 frutos (1.416,93 kg) foi coletado em 25 municípios. Do total das amostras foram recuperados 5.252 pupários e 3.039 adultos de Tephritoidea. Aproximadamente 78,1% dos adultos foram Tephritidae [77,1% de Anastrepha sp. e 1,0% de Ceratitiscapitata (Wied.)], e 21,9%, Lonchaeidae (Neosilba spp.). Todas as fêmeas de Anastrepha foram identificadas como A. fraterculus (Wied.). Adultos de Braconidae, Diapriidae e Eucoilinae emergiram dasamostras de citros. Os índices médios de infestação foram 0,4 pupário/fruto e 3,7 pupários/ kg de frutos. As laranjas doces foram as variedades cítricas mais susceptíveis ao ataque de espécies de Tephritoidea, em número de pupários/fruto. Em amostras isoladas, ‘Tangerina Cravo’ (Citrus reticulata) e ‘Laranja Azeda’ (Citrus aurantium) apresentaram os maiores índices de infestação por fruto (3,4 e 2,4 pupários, respectivamente). Algumas amostras de ‘Kunquat’ (Fortunella sp.) e ‘Tangerina Cravo’ alcançaram níveis altos de infestação (64,0 e 37,9 pupários/kg de frutos, respectivamente). As laranjas doces são as variedades mais suscetíveis à infestação de Tephritoidea no estado de São Paulo. O parasitóide D. areolatus (Opiinae) foi o braconídeo mais freqüente durante o levantamento.

From February 1998 to May 2000, fruits of different citrus varieties and hybrids were collected in order to assess the fruit fly infestation levels and tephritoid/parasitoid complex in the state of São Paulo. A total of 12,239 fruits (1,416.93 kg) was collected in 25 municipalities. From all the samples 5,252 puparia and 3,039 adults of Tephritoidea were recovered. About 78.1% of all adults collected were Tephritidae [77.1% de Anastrepha sp. and 1.0% de Ceratitis capitata (Wied.)] and 21.9% were Lonchaeidae (Neosilba spp.). All females of Anastrepha were identified as A. fraterculus (Wied.). Adults of Braconidae, Diapriidae and Eucoilinae emerged from the citrus samples. Mean infestation indices were 0.4 puparium/ fruit and 3.70 puparia/kg of fruits. Sweet oranges were the most susceptible to Tephritoidea infestations when the number of puparia/fruit was considered. In isolated samples, ‘Cravo mandarin’ (Citrus reticulata) and sour orange (Citrus aurantium) showed the highest infestation indices (3.4 and 2.4 puparia/fruit, respectively). Some samples of ‘Kunquat’’ (Fortunella sp.) and ‘Cravo’ mandarin reached high levels of infestation (64.0 and 37.9 puparia/kg of fruits, respectively). The sweet oranges were the most susceptible to Tephritoidea infestations in the state of São Paulo. The parasitoid Opiinae D. areolatus was the most abundant braconid species.

Primeiro registro de espécies de Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae) no estado do Acre / First record of Anastrepha species (Diptera: Tephritidae) from the state of Acre, Brazil

Um levantamento de moscas-das-frutas foi conduzido em dois pomares do campo experimental da Embrapa Acre, estado do Acre, de agosto de 2001 a janeiro de 2002. As moscas-das-frutas foram coletadas em frascos caça-moscas com melaço de cana a 10 por cento, como atrativo. Foram coletados 2.265 exemplares, pertencentes apenas ao gênero Anastrepha, e 1.179 fêmeas foram identificadas. A espécie mais comum foi A. obliqua (Macquart) (98,8 por cento). As outras espécies foram de ocorrência mais baixa: A. striata Schiner (0,9 por cento), A. distincta Greene (0,2 por cento), um exemplar de A. leptozona Hendel, um exemplar de A. tumida (primeiro registro na Amazônia brasileira), além de um exemplar não-identificado.

A fruit fly trapping survey was conducted on two orchards at Embrapa Acre, state of Acre, Brazil, from August/2001 to January/2002. The fruit flies were collected in traps with 10 percent sugarcane molasses as attractive. A total of 2,265 specimens, belonging to genus Anastrepha, were captured and 1,179 females were identified. The most common species was A. obliqua (Macquart) (98.8 percent). The other species occurred rarely: A. striata Schiner (0.9 percent), A. distincta Greene (0.2 percent), one specimen of A. leptozona Hendel, one specimen of A. tumida Stone and a not identified specimen. A. tumida was recorded for the first time in the Brazilian Amazon.

Toxicidade Diferencial de Agroquímicos a Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) e Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) em Morangueiro / Differential Toxicity of Pesticides to Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) on Strawberry

This work aimed to evaluate the differential toxicity of pesticides to populations of the mite species Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) and Tetranychus urticae Koch collected from commercial crops of strawberry (Fragaria sp.) in Atibaia county, State of São Paulo, Brazil. In the test of acute toxicity of pesticides, adult females of N. californicus received the pesticidetreatment under Potter spray tower. The predaceous mite N. californicus showed the same or higher tolerance than T. urticae to various pesticides in laboratory. The highest difference wasobserved to the acaricide propargite, for which the predaceous mite was 25.1 times more tolerant than the two-spotted spider mite. This phytoseiid was also 4.7, 2.9 and 2.5 times more tolerantthan T. urticae to chlorfenapyr, fenpyroximate, and cyhexatin, respectively. In the test of residual toxicity of pesticides, the chemicals were sprayed on plants of strawberry in the field. Leaves were collected after different periods from the treatment and artificially infested with adult females ofN. californicus. The mortality was assessed 48h or 72h after treatment. Fenpyroximate, fenpropathrin, dimethoate, propargite, sulphur, and benomyl were innocuous to N. californicus. Chlorfenapyr, cyhexatin, and abamectin were significantly harmful to the predaceous mite causinginitial mortality rates between 37.5% and 57.5%. The use of predaceous mites like of this population of N. californicus, which presents low susceptibility to various pesticides can be very useful for programs of management of T. urticae on strawberry in Brazil.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a toxicidade diferencial de agroquímicos apopulações de ácaros das espécies Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) e Tetranychus urticae Koch coletadas de cultivos comerciais de morangueiro (Fragaria sp.) em Atibaia, SP. No teste de toxicidade aguda, fêmeas adultas de N. californicus foram tratadas através de pulverização direta utilizando torre de Potter. O ácaro predador N. californicus mostrou tolerância igual ou superior a T. urticae a diversos produtos, em condições de laboratório. A maior diferença foi observada para o acaricida propargite, para o qual o ácaro predador mostrou-se 25,1 vezes mais tolerante que o ácaro rajado. Este fitoseídeo também se mostrou 4,7; 2,9 e 2,5 vezes mais tolerante que o ácaro rajado, a clorfenapir, fempiroximate e ciexatim, respectivamente. No teste de toxicidade residual de agroquímicos, apulverização foi realizada em canteiros de morango. Foram coletados folíolos em diferentes períodos após a aplicação e infestados artificialmente com fêmeas adultas de N. californicus. As avaliaçõesde mortalidade foram realizadas 48h ou 72h após a infestação. Fempiroximate, fempropatrim, dimetoato, propargite, enxofre e benomil mostraram-se inócuos a N. californicus. Clorfenapir, ciexatim e abamectim foram significativamente prejudiciais ao ácaro predador causando mortalidades iniciaisentre 37,5% e 57,5%. A utilização de ácaros predadores como desta população de N. californicus, que apresenta baixa suscetibilidade a diversos agroquímicos, poderia ser muito útil em programas de manejo de T. urticae em morangueiro no Brasil.

Caracterização Morfológica de Três Espécies de Broca-da-Haste em Chuchuzeiro (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae, Lamiinae) / Morphological Characterization of Three Species of Stem Borer (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae, Lamiinae) in Chayote

The simultaneous occurrence of Adetus analis (Haldeman), Adetus fuscoapicalis Breuning and Plerodia syrinx (Bates) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae, Lamiinae) is reported boring the stems of chayote, Sechium edule. A. analis is the same species as Adetus muticus (Thomson) been wich was referred before by several authors in Brazil. A. analis and A. fuscoapicalis are similar in morphologic and ethologic aspects. This paper presents a detailed description and illustrations of both species in order to help in the identification of these species. P. syrinx, which shows the same attacking behavior of these species of Adetus, also had its morphological characters described, in pupal and adult stages.

A ocorrência simultânea de Adetus analis (Haldeman), Adetus fuscoapicalis Breuning e Plerodia syrinx (Bates) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae, Lamiinae), broqueando ramos de chuchuzeiro Sechium edule (Jaqc.) Sw., é relatada. A. analis é sinônima de A. muticus (Thomson), que foi referida por diversos autores no Brasil. A. analis e A. fuscoapicalis são muito semelhantes quanto aos aspectos morfológicos e etológicos. Assim foi realizada uma descrição detalhada e ilustrações de ambas espécies a fim de promover uma identificação segura. P. syrinx, que apresenta comportamento de ataque semelhante ao das espécies de Adetus, também foi descrita em seus caracteres morfológicos nas fases de pupa e adulto.