Methodological approach towards a Gap Assessment of the Serbian microbiology system in the function of surveillance in line with EU standards and acquis.

INTRODUCTION: Italian and Serbian Health authorities performed an in-depth Gap Assessment of the Serbian microbiology system in the function of communicable disease surveillance using a methodology adapted to context and information needs. METHODS: There were two study phases: a capacity based survey and an equipment mapping survey. Invited participants included national health authorities, heads of national reference laboratories and of public/private diagnostic laboratories in Serbia. Findings were analysed preliminarily and identified gaps were discussed, prioritized and validated through two ad hoc workshops involving all concerned institutions. RESULTS: The Gap Assessment was performed between September and December 2017. The overall response rate was 69% for phase one and 74% for phase two. Identified gaps were assessed as highly relevant during the project workshops. DISCUSSION: Gaps and priorities were highlighted, validated, and studied with a suitable level of detail to develop a concrete action-plan. The same methodological approach could be used to monitor progress in Serbia as well as in other EU candidate countries.

Cost-effectiveness of a cardiovascular disease primary prevention programme in a primary health care setting. Results of the Polish part of the EUROACTION project.

BACKGROUND: Well designed cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention programmes appear to be generally applicable and effective in reducing exposure to risk factors and the incidence of disease. However, introducing them broadly into clinical practice would have a significant impact on the healthcare budget, and requires careful consideration. AIM: The purpose of this health economic analysis was to assess the potential cost-effectiveness of the model nurse-led, comprehensive CVD primary prevention programme which was prepared and introduced in the EUROACTION project, in high-risk patients in Poland. METHODS: A Markov model was developed to assess the long-term costs of preventive intervention. The health states modelled were: event-free (all patients at the beginning of observation), stable angina first year, acute myocardial infarction, stable angina subsequent year, myocardial infarction subsequent year, CVD death, and other causes of death. Health benefits from the reduction in risk factors were estimated based on Framingham risk function assuming the probability of defined health states according to British registers. The time horizon of the analysis was ten years, and one Markov cycle length was one year. The analysis was prepared from the healthcare payer's perspective. A willingness to pay threshold of three gross domestic product (GDP) per capita / quality-adjusted life years (QALY) was used. Univariate sensitivity analysis was conducted. Results were presented as an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) expressed as an incremental cost per QALY. RESULTS: In Poland, EUROACTION intervention resulted mainly in reductions in the prevalence of smoking (by 14%) and high blood pressure (by 7%). Intervention on other risk factors, including blood lipids, was found to be less effective. Estimated ICERs were 19,524 PLN for men and 82,262 PLN for women. The programme was even more cost-effective in smokers i.e. estimated ICERs were 12,377 PLN in men and 53,471 PLN in women. The results were most sensitive to variations in health states utilities and cost value range as well as the duration of treatment effect. CONCLUSIONS: The model nurse-led, comprehensive CVD primary prevention programme developed in the EUROACTION project appears to be potentially highly cost-effective for high-risk male patients in Poland (below 1 GDP per capita per QALY). For women, the cost-effectiveness was less but still below the acceptable threshold (below three GDP per capita per QALY), although the sensitivity analysis showed that results were a subject of some uncertainty.