[Stanford Longevity Laws.]

The paper presents the statements and conclusions of the World first unique prospect cohort clinical study on longevity factors - «Genetic Studies of Genius¼, namely, the Stanford study of longevity of «the Termаn's children¼, performed primarily by Dr. Lewis Terman, and later on by Drs. Howard Friedman and Lesli Martin at the Stanford University campus and in City-of-San-Francisco, USA. It was started a century (100) years ago, in 1922. The next statements on longevity were concluded from the study: 1) people («Terman's children¼) with high personal organization live longer; 2) professionally successful people live, on average, ~5 years longer; 3) moderate physical activity and sports contribute to a longer life; 4) activity and high motivation in old age prolong significantly life; 5) people at happy marriages live longer; 6) the sexual satisfaction of husband and wife in a happy marriage predicts a long life for both of spouses; 7) children of divorced parents live, on average, ~5 years less than children in surviving families. It is suggested to call the conclusions of this world's first clinical study on longevity, 1 528 children being involved, as «the Stanford LongevityLaws¼.

Hysteretic structural changes within five-layered modulated 10M martensite of Ni-Mn-Ga(-Fe).

Modulated structure of Ni-Mn-Ga-based alloys is decisive in their magnetic shape memory (MSM) functionality. However, the precise nature of their five-layered modulated 10M martensite is still an open question. We used x-ray and neutron diffraction experiments on single crystals to investigate structural changes within 10M-modulated martensite of the Ni50Mn27Ga22Fe1MSM alloy. The modulation vector gradually increases upon cooling from commensurateq= (2/5)g110, whereg110is the reciprocal lattice vector, to incommensurate withqup to pseudo-commensurateq= (3/7)g110. Upon heating, reverse changes are observed with a thermal hysteresis of ≈60 K. The same hysteretic behaviour was detected in the electrical resistivity and the effective elastic modulus. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the changes are accompanied by the refinement of thea/blaminate. These observations indicate that the commensurate state is a metastable form of 10M martensite. Upon cooling, this phase evolves through nanotwinning into a more irregular and more stable incommensurate structure.

Greater learning transfer effect for avoidance of loss than for achievement of gain in Finnish and Russian schoolchildren.

Classification of behavior into principal categories of approach and avoidance is grounded in evolutionary considerations and multiple results of behavioral, self-report, and brain-activity analyses. Contrasted via measures of cognitive processes, avoidance is accompanied by greater cognitive engagement than approach. Considering outcome as a key constituent of behavioral underpinnings, we interpret approach/avoidance distinction in terms of structure of experience: avoidance domain provides more detailed interaction with the environment, than approach domain. Learning outwardly similar behaviors aimed at gain or loss outcomes manifests formation of different structures that underlie further learning. Therefore, we predicted difference of learning transfer between gain and loss contexts that was revealed here by introducing two tasks for different groups of schoolchildren in Finland and Russia. The cultural specificity of gain/loss differences was also evident with employed measures, including error rate and post-error slowing. The results support that avoidance-motivated behavior is organized as a more complex organism-environment interaction, than the approach-motivated behavior.

Low temperature a/b nanotwins in Ni50Mn25+xGa25-x Heusler alloys.

We have found low temperature a/b nanotwins having (110) twinning plane in a five-layered modulated martensite phase of Ni50Mn25+xGa25-x (at. %) Heusler alloys and identified the particular region in phase diagram where the nanotwinning occurs. Evolution of the structure with decreasing temperature was studied by X-ray diffraction using single crystals exhibiting magnetic shape memory effect. The merging of (400) and (040) lines upon cooling for 2.6 < x < 3.5 indicated a/b nanotwinning originating from the refinement of initially coarse a/b twins. Refinement of the twins with decreasing temperature was observed directly using scanning electron microscopy. The prerequisite for nanotwinning is an extremely low twin boundary energy, which we estimated using first-principles calculations to be 0.16 meV/Å2. As the nanotwinning distorts the relation between the crystal lattice and the X-ray diffraction pattern, it should be taken into consideration in structural studies of Ni-Mn-Ga Heusler alloys.

Polarized Neutron Study of Ni-Mn-Ga Alloys: Site-Specific Spin Density Affected by Martensitic Transformation.

Polarized neutron scattering has been used to obtain the magnetic moment at specific crystallographic sites of the austenitic and martensitic phases of two nonstoichiometric Ni-Mn-Ga single crystals with close composition. These alloys have been chosen because they exhibit different structures in the paramagnetic state and inverse positions of the respective martensitic transformation and Curie temperature. The diffraction analysis revealed a remarkable result: Despite the similar alloy composition, the magnetic moments of Mn are quite different for the two alloys at the same crystallographic position. Furthermore, such a difference enabled us to assess that the exchange coupling between Mn atoms switches from ferro- to antiferromagnetic at a distance between 2.92 and 3.32 Å in the martensite. These results are of great importance to guide first principles calculations that, up to now, have not been contrasted with experiments at the atomic level.

Diversity of ukrainian winter common wheat varieties with respect to storage protein loci and molecular markers for disease resistance genes.

Diversity of Ukrainian winter common wheat varieties was studied with respect to the storage protein loci Gli-A1, Gli-B1, Gli-D1, Glu-A1, Glu-B1, Glu-D1, Gli-A3, Gli-B5, and Gli-A6 (362 varieties) and markers for the Lr34/Yr18/Pm38/Sr57/Bdv1 gene conferring moderate resistance to a number of biotrophic pathogens, the Tsn1 gene for sensitivity to the toxins A of the necrotrophic fungi Pyrenophora triticirepentis and Stagonospora nodorum, the Tsc2 gene for sensitivity to the toxin B of P. triticirepentis, and the TDF_076_2D gene for moderate resistance to Fusarium head blight (181 varieties). Significant differences in frequencies of alleles at these marker loci between groups of varieties developed in different soil and climatic zones were revealed. The retention of a set of predominant alleles of a certain zone in different periods of breeding was confirmed. At the same time, the appearance of new allele associations in the groups of varieties of the Steppe (in particular Gli-A1g and Glu-B1al) and the Central Forest-Steppe (1AL/1RS and Glu-B1d) in the last two decades has been noted. Nonrandom associations between alleles of disease resistance genes as well as alleles of disease resistance genes and storage protein alleles were revealed

[The history of the Kazan School of Therapists (on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the Kazan State Medical University)].

The history of the Kazan School of Therapists numbers two centuries of scientific achievements and discoveries. German Professors F.H. Erdman and K.F. Fuks laid the groundwork for clinical teaching continued by Russian therapists N.A. Skandovsky, N.A. Vinogradov, A.P. Kazem-Bek, N.K. Goryaev, and other distinguished scientists. The prominent scientists of the 20th century made great contributions to the development of modern therapy; the names of M.N. Cheboksarov, Z.I. Malkin, A.G. Teregulov, and I.G. Salikhov are known and they are respected by the world medical public.

[Alleles at storage protein loci in Triticum spelta L. accessions and their occurrence in related wheats].

Variation at eight storage protein loci was analyzed in the collection of T. spelta accessions from the National Centre of Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine, most of which are European spelts. The analysis allowed identification of seven alleles at the Gli-B1 locus, five alleles at the Gli-A1 and Glu-B1 loci, three alleles at the Gli-A3 locus, two at the Gli-D1, Gli-B5, Glu-A1, and Glu-D1 loci. The majority of alleles are encountered among common wheat cultivars, only five alleles were specific for spelts. The high frequency of the alleles Gli-B1hs* and h encoding the 45-type gamma-gliadin in European spelts and durum wheat cultivars, as well as the occurrence of these alleles in T. dicoccum, in particular, in accessions from Switzerland and Germany, supports von Büren's hypothesis that European spelt resulted from hybridization between a tetraploid wheat with the 45-type y-gliadin and a hexaploid wheat. Analysis of genetic distances based on the genotypes at eight storage protein loci permitted differentiation of the Asian spelt accession from European spelts.

[Allelic state of the molecular marker for the golden nematode (Globodera rostochiensis) resistance gene H1 among Ukrainian and world cultivars of potato (Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum)].

The purpose of our investigation was determination of allelic state of the H1 resistance gene against the pathotypes Ro1 and Ro4 of golden potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis) among Ukrainian and world potato (Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum) cultivars. The allelic condition of the TG689 marker was determined by PCR with DNA samples isolated from tubers of potato and primers, one pair of which flanks the allele-specific region and the other one was used for the control of DNA quality. Among analyzed 77 potato cultivars the allele of marker associated with the H1-type resistance was found in 74% of Ukrainian and 90% foreign ones although some of those cultivars proved to be susceptible to the golden potato nematode in field. The obtained data confirm the presence of H1-resistance against golden nematode pathotypes Ro1 and Ro4 among the Ukrainian potato cultivars and efficiency of the used marker within the accuracy that has been declared by its authors.

[Identification of alleles at gliadin loci Gli-U1 and Gli-M(b) 1 in Aegilops biuncialis Vis].

The diversity of alleles of gliadin loci Gli-U1 and Gli-M(b) 1 was studied in the tetraploid species Aegilops biuncialis (UUM(b)M(b)). The collection of 41 Ae. biuncialis accessions and F2 grain obtained from five crossing combinations provides material used in this study. Gliadins were separated by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel conducted in the acidic medium. To determine genomic affiliation (Uor M(b)) of components of Ae. biuncialis gliadin pattern, accessions of Ae. umbellulata and Ae. comosa were analyzed. In Ae. biuncialis accessions, 14 alleles were identified at the locus Gli-U1 and 12 alleles, at the locus Gli-M(b) 1. The results testify to a markedly high degree of allele diversity at major gliadin-coding loci of chromosomes belonging to Ae. biuncialis homeologous group 1.

[Allelic variation at high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit loci in Aegilops biuncialis Vis].

Alleles at the high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit loci Glu-U1 and Glu-M(b)1 were analyzed in the tetraploid species Aegilops biuncialis (UUM(b)M(b)). The material for the investigation included the collection of 39 accessions of Ae. biuncialis from Ukraine (the Crimea), one Hellenic accession, one accession of unknown origin, F2 seeds from different crosses, as well as samples from natural populations from the Crimea. Ae. umbellulata and Ae. comosa accessions were used to allocate components of the HMW glutenin subunit patterns of Ae. biuncialis to U or M(b) genomes. Eight alleles were identified at the Glu-U1 locus and ten alleles were revealed at the Glu-M(b) 1 locus. Among alleles at the Glu-M(b) 1 locus ofAe. biuncialis there were two alleles controlling the y-type subunit only and one allele encoding the x-subunit only.

Variation at storage protein loci in winter common wheat cultivars of the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.

Genotypes at the gliadin loci Gli-A1, Gli-B1, Gli-D1 and the high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit loci Glu-A1, Glu-B1, Glu-D1 were identified in 77 winter common wheat cultivars developed in the Central Forest Steppe of Ukraine in different periods of time. The highest level of variation was observed at the Gli-A1 locus. Predominant alleles (one or two per locus) were revealed. The comparison of allele frequencies in groups of cultivars developed in different periods of time (before 1996 and in 1996-2007) has demonstrated appearance of new alleles and change of frequencies of existing alleles at the storage protein loci. The high frequency of cultivars with the wheat-rye 1BL/1RS translocation was detected (about 40%). The wheat rye 1AL/1RS translocation was identified in six cultivars developed in the last decade. Four gliadin alleles, Gli-A1w (a marker for the 1AL/1RS translocation), Gli-A1x, Gli-A1y and Gli-B1x, were proposed for cataloging.

[Dependence of cross-pollination indices on genotype characteristics of winter common wheat].

Out-crossing indices (the out-rcrossing rate, the frequency of plants with cross-pollination and outcrossing intensity) in F2 plants of winter common wheat from the reciprocal cross B-16 x Odesskaya Krasnokolosaya were analysed using storage proteins as genetic markers. Outcrossing indices greatly differed depending on growth conditions. The out-crossing rate was 0,35 % (Odessa, 2000) and 5,11% (Kyiv, 2004). The highest out-crossing indices were detected in homozygotes for the presence of the rye 1BL/1RS translocation. The out-crossing indices in heterozygotes for the presence of the 1BL/1RS translocation were intermediate. Differences in the out-crossing indices were detected between populations of F2 plants derived from direct and reciprocal crossing. Different directions of these differences were noted for the out-rcrossing rate and the frequency of plants with cross-pollination, on the one hand, and out-crossing intensity, on the other hand.

The history of Kazan neurological school.

The historical prerequisites for the foundation and teaching of neurology at Kazan University are described; the relationship between the history of Kazan Imperial University Kazan medical university and neurology school is shown. Brief biographies of outstanding representatives of Kazan Neuroscience (D.P. Skalozubov, V.M. Bekhterev, L.O. Darkshevich, N.O. Kovalevsky, N.A. Mislavsky, A.V. Kibyakov, A.S. Dogel, A.V. Favorsky, L.I. Omorokov, and Y.Y. Popelyansky) are presented. The description of scientific interests of the Kazan neurological school and its specific features related to the one century period since 1885 are described.

[Effect of an introgression from Aegilops cylindrica host on manifestation of productivity traits in winter common wheat F2 plants]. / éffekt introgressii ot Aegilops cylindrica Host. v proiavlenii priznakov produktivnosti rastenii F2 ozimoi miagkoi pshenitsy.

The effect of introgression of a chromosome 1D segment from Aegilops cylindrica to winter common wheat on productivity traits in F2 plants was studied using storage protein loci as genetic markers. An allele of the gliadin-coding Gli-D1 locus served as a marker of the introgression. Using of two- and three-locus interaction models, it was shown that the introgression tagged with Gli-D1 affected the manifestation of productivity traits (productive tillering, grain weight per plant and grain number per plant) through interaction with other marker storage protein loci: Glu-B1, Glu-D1, and Gli-B2.

[Recombination frequency in the locus Gli-D1 of common wheat T. aestivum L]. / Chastota rekombinatsii v lokuse Gli-D1 u miagkoi pshenitsy T. aestivum L.

The recombination frequency at the gliadin locus Gli-D1 of common wheat was determined by the maximum likelihood method. Recombination was observed between the gene encoding the fastest omega-component of the allele Gli-D1j, and the genes encoding the other omega-gliadins of this allele. The frequency of recombination was 0.65 +/- 0.18% for the cross between the near-isogenic lines of winter common wheat with respect to gliadin loci Gli-D1-4 and Gli-B1-3 and 0.78 +/- 0.45% for the cross between the varieties Yunnat and B-16.

Alteration of the liver in rats with experimental dysbiosis.

We evaluated the relationship between pathological changes in the liver and the state of intestinal microflora in rats with experimental dysbiosis. Changes in the intestinal microflora were accompanied by alteration of the morphological structure in the liver. Enhanced proliferation of Ito cells served as an indirect evidence of damage to the liver. Ito cells did not undergo transformation into myofibroblasts that excluded the possibility of fibrosis.

Systemic endotoxemia during chronic viral hepatitis.

Incidence and severity of systemic endotoxemia in patients with chronic viral hepatitis B and C were studied using the limulus test. Healthy subjects and patients with acute viral hepatitis B and C comprised reference groups. The incidence of "physiological" systemic endotoxemia in healthy subjects was 31.3%, while in chronic hepatitis systemic endotoxemia was found in 69-84% patients and it was more severe in this case. A significant correlation was revealed between systemic endotoxemia with virus replication and the degree of basic clinical and laboratory signs in patients with chronic viral hepatitis B.

Possible participation of endotoxin of gram-negative bacteria in pathogenesis of liver damage during viral hepatitis.

Possible role of gram-negative bacteria in the genesis of hepatic damage during chronic viral hepatitis B and C was studied. Histological activity, hepatocyte proliferative activity, and expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin were compared with the severity of endotoxemia in patients with chronic hepatitis B and C. The study revealed a correlation between the degree of intralobular necroses, hepatocyte proliferation, and myofibroblast transdifferentiation of Ito cells with endotoxin concentration in the blood.