Redox modulation of stress resilience by Crocus sativus L. for potential neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory applications in brain disorders: From molecular basis to therapy.

Recent evidence demonstrates that Crocus sativus L. (saffron) counteracts oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation, closely linked to initiation and progression of major brain pathologies. Interestingly, saffron constituents such as crocin, crocetin and safranal can exert antioxidant or toxic effects depending on their endogenous concentration. According to the hormesis principles, at low dose they act as antioxidants in a wide range of brain diseases by upregulating Nrf2 signaling pathway and the expression of vitagenes, such as NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1), glutathione transferase (GT), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), sirtuin-1 (Sirt1) and thioredoxin (Trx) system. Importantly, neuronal dysregulation of Nrf2 pathway can be a prominent cause of selective susceptibility, under neuroinflammatory conditions, due to the high vulnerability of brain cells to oxidative stress. Here we discuss natural inducers from saffron targeting Nrf2/vitagene pathway for development of new therapeutical strategies to suppress oxidative stress and neuroinflammation and consequently cognitive dysfunction. In this review we also focus on the hormetic effect of saffron active constituents, summarizing their neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory properties, as well as pharmacological perspectives in brain disorders.

Vortexes tune the chirality of graphene oxide and its non-covalent hosts.

Graphene oxide (GO) is one of the most appealing bidimensional materials able to interact non-covalently with achiral molecules and to act as chiral inducers. Vortexes can tune chirality and, consequently transfer a specific handedness to non-covalent host molecules, either when dispersed in water or when deposited on a solid surface.

The small GTPase Rab29 is a common regulator of immune synapse assembly and ciliogenesis.

Accumulating evidence underscores the T-cell immune synapse (IS) as a site of intense vesicular trafficking, on which productive signaling and cell activation crucially depend. Although the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) is known to exploit recycling to accumulate to the IS, the specific pathway that controls this process remains to be elucidated. Here we demonstrate that the small GTPase Rab29 is centrally implicated in TCR trafficking and IS assembly. Rab29 colocalized and interacted with Rab8, Rab11 and IFT20, a component of the intraflagellar transport system that regulates ciliogenesis and participates in TCR recycling in the non-ciliated T cell, as assessed by co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence analysis. Rab29 depletion resulted in the inability of TCRs to undergo recycling to the IS, thereby compromizing IS assembly. Under these conditions, recycling TCRs accumulated in Rab11(+) endosomes that failed to polarize to the IS due to defective Rab29-dependent recruitment of the dynein microtubule motor. Remarkably, Rab29 participates in a similar pathway in ciliated cells to promote primary cilium growth and ciliary localization of Smoothened. These results provide a function for Rab29 as a regulator of receptor recycling and identify this GTPase as a shared participant in IS and primary cilium assembly.

Role of discoidin domain receptor 1 in dysregulation of collagen remodeling by cyclosporin A.

The anti-transplant rejection drug cyclosporin A (CsA) causes loss of collagen homeostasis in rapidly remodeling connective tissues, such as human gingiva. As a result of CsA treatment, collagen degradation by fibroblasts is inhibited, which leads to a net increase of tissue collagen and gingival overgrowth. Since fibrillar collagen is the primary ligand for the discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1), we hypothesized that CsA perturbs DDR1-associated functions that affect collagen homeostasis. For these experiments, human fibroblasts obtained from gingival explants or mouse 3T3 fibroblasts (wild type, over-expressing DDR1 or DDR1 knockdown) or mouse GD25 cells (expressing DDR1 but null for ß1 integrin), were treated with vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide) or with CsA. The effect of CsA on cell binding to collagen was examined by flow cytometry; cell-mediated collagen remodeling was analyzed with contraction, compaction and migration assays. We found that CsA inhibited cell binding to collagen, internalization of collagen, contraction of collagen gels and cell migration over collagen in a DDR1-dependent manner. CsA also enhanced collagen compaction around cell extensions. Treatment with CsA strongly reduced surface levels of ß1 integrins in wild type and DDR1 over-expressing 3T3 cells but did not affect ß1 integrin activation or focal adhesion formation. We conclude that CsA inhibition of collagen remodeling is mediated through its effects on both DDR1 and cell surface levels of the ß1 integrin.

Neuroimaging is useful for monitoring disease activity in linear scleroderma "en coup de sabre".

Scleroderma is a group of rare chronic connective tissue disorders characterized by collagen accumulation that causes tissue hardening with consequent fibrosis. Skin involvement is mostly frequent, although several internal organs can be impaired (heart, lungs, liver, etc.). In childhood, juvenile localized scleroderma (JLS) is more frequently observed; in this subtype cutaneous lesions predominate frequently on the limbs but also on the face and scalp; in this case, it is referred to as scleroderma "en coup de sabre" (ECDS). Neurological abnormalities have been described in association with ECDS as an effect of progressive scalp and underlying tissues involvement. Up to now, no validated biomarkers exist to evaluate disease evolution and, in this way, frequently diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) involvement occurs when patients are already symptomatic. We describe the case of a 5-year old girl, with a diagnosis of ECDS characterized by the typical scalp lesion, with slight subsidence of the underlying diploe. In this case, radiological examination has been essential to evaluate the degree of progression of skin and soft tissues lesions and to clarify the right therapeutic approach. In selected JLS children, both MRI and CT with 3D reconstruction images provide a useful tool to monitor disease evolution and to address therapeutic choices.

Acute stroke treatment using the Penumbra endovascular mechanical thrombolysis device: a single-centre experience.

PURPOSE: Ischaemic stroke due to occlusion of large cerebral vessels has a poor prognosis. The clinical outcome is related to efficacy and timing of recanalisation of the occluded arteries. We report our experience with a thrombus aspiration device (Penumbra), and focus on pre- and postprocedural management. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 18 consecutive patients with acute ischaemic stroke due to the occlusion of large cerebral vessels who were treated with mechanical thrombolysis at our centre between September 2009 and July 2010. Preprocedural symptoms were quantified using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). Mechanical thrombolysis was performed with the Penumbra system. Intravenous thrombolysis was done only if <3 h had elapsed since symptom onset. Associated vessel stenoses were treated with stenting. All patients underwent neurological examination and postprocedural magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) at 3 and 6 months. RESULTS: Mechanical thrombolysis using the Penumbra system was performed in all cases. A total of 83% of treated vessels had a value of 2/3 according to the Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (TICI) scale. In seven patients (39%) intravenous thrombolysis was unsuccessful, and salvage mechanical thrombolysis followed. Three patients died after the procedure (16.7%). Five patients (27.8%) required a stenting procedure. All patients reported a significant improvement in symptoms (mean baseline NIHSS 19.6±5.6; mean postprocedural NIHSS, 7.8±5.5 p<0.0001) CONCLUSIONS: Our preliminary experience with the Penumbra mechanical thrombolysis system confirms previously reported results showing the efficacy and safety of the device in treating acute stroke caused by the occlusion of large intracranial vessels.

Coronaric stent-graft deployment in the treatment of carotid blowout.

"Carotid blowout syndrome" is defined as a hemorrhage caused by rupture of the carotid artery and its branches, and may be a severe complication of rhinopharyngeal carcinoma. This study aimed to highlight the usefulness and versatility of endovascular stent-graft placement as a rescue treatment in life-threatening carotid blowout syndrome. We describe the unconventional use of a 6 × 5 mm balloon-expandable coronaric covered stent in a patient with a diagnosis of spinocellular rhinopharyngeal carcinoma, followed by carotid blowout syndrome. Although long-term follow-up is needed to assess the eventuality of bleeding recurrence, the immediate clinical results were satisfactory.

Molecular aspects of membrane fission in the secretory pathway.

Membrane fission is essential in various intracellular dissociative transport steps. The molecular mechanisms by which endocytic vesicles detach from the plasma membrane are being rapidly elucidated. Much less is known about the fission mechanisms operating at Golgi tubular networks; these include the Golgi transport and sorting stations, the trans-Golgi and cis-Golgi networks, where the geometry and physical properties of the membranes differ from those at the cell surface. Here we discuss the lipid and protein machineries that have so far been related to the fission process, with emphasis on those acting in the Golgi complex.

Amidino benzimidazole inhibitors of bacterial two-component systems.

Amidino benzimidazoles have been identified as inhibitors of the bacterial KinA/Spo0F two-component system (TCS). Many of these inhibitors exhibit good in vitro antibacterial activity against a variety of susceptible and resistant Gram-positive organisms. The moiety at the 2-position of the benzimidazole was extensively modified. In addition, the regioisomeric benzoxazoles, heterocyclic replacements for the benzimidazole, have been synthesized and their activity against the TCS evaluated.

CtBP/BARS induces fission of Golgi membranes by acylating lysophosphatidic acid.

Membrane fission is essential in intracellular transport. Acyl-coenzyme As (acyl-CoAs) are important in lipid remodelling and are required for fission of COPI-coated vesicles. Here we show that CtBP/BARS, a protein that functions in the dynamics of Golgi tubules, is an essential component of the fission machinery operating at Golgi tubular networks, including Golgi compartments involved in protein transport and sorting. CtBP/BARS-induced fission was preceded by the formation of constricted sites in Golgi tubules, whose extreme curvature is likely to involve local changes in the membrane lipid composition. We find that CtBP/BARS uses acyl-CoA to selectively catalyse the acylation of lysophosphatidic acid to phosphatidic acid both in pure lipidic systems and in Golgi membranes, and that this reaction is essential for fission. Our results indicate a key role for lipid metabolic pathways in membrane fission.

Proviral DNA in the brains of goats infected with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus.

Archive paraffin wax-embedded sections of brain from goats and kids naturally infected with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) were examined. Severe leucoencephalitis was present, with infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages into the white matter, meninges and choroid plexus. On both CAEV-positive and negative (control) tissues, in-situ polymerase chain reactions were used to amplify a DNA sequence specific to the proviral Pol region. In the infected tissues, strong hybridization signals were observed, mainly located in macrophages, microglial cells, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, and in the ependymal epithelium and choroid plexus. Positive areas were also found in the spinal cord in endothelial cells of small blood vessels. Some neurons showed a positive reaction.

Molecular cloning and functional characterization of brefeldin A-ADP-ribosylated substrate. A novel protein involved in the maintenance of the Golgi structure.

Brefeldin A (BFA) is a fungal metabolite that disassembles the Golgi apparatus into tubular networks and causes the dissociation of coatomer proteins from Golgi membranes. We have previously shown that an additional effect of BFA is to stimulate the ADP-ribosylation of two cytosolic proteins of 38 and 50 kDa (brefeldin A-ADP-riboslyated substrate (BARS)) and that this effect greatly facilitates the Golgi-disassembling activity of the toxin. In this study, BARS has been purified from rat brain cytosol and microsequenced, and the BARS cDNA has been cloned. BARS shares high homology with two known proteins, C-terminal-binding protein 1 (CtBP1) and CtBP2. It is therefore a third member of the CtBP family. The role of BARS in Golgi disassembly by BFA was verified in permeabilized cells. In the presence of dialyzed cytosol that had been previously depleted of BARS or treated with an anti-BARS antibody, BFA potently disassembled the Golgi. However, in cytosol complemented with purified BARS, or even in control cytosols containing physiological levels of BARS, the action of BFA on Golgi disassembly was strongly inhibited. These results suggest that BARS exerts a negative control on Golgi tubulation, with important consequences for the structure and function of the Golgi complex.

Substituted salicylanilides as inhibitors of two-component regulatory systems in bacteria.

A new class of inhibitors of the two-component regulatory systems (TCS) of bacteria was discovered based on the salicylanilide screening hits, closantel (1) and tetrachlorosalicylanilide (9). A systematic SAR study versus a model TCS, KinA/Spo0F, demonstrated the importance of electron-attracting substituents in the salicyloyl ring and hydrophobic groups in the anilide moiety for optimal activity. In addition, derivatives 8 and 16, containing the 2, 3-dihydroxybenzanilide structural motif, were potent inhibitors of the autophosphorylation of the KinA kinase, with IC50s of 2.8 and 6. 3 µM, respectively. Compound 8 also inhibited the TCS mediating vancomycin resistance (VanS/VanR) in a genetically engineered Enterococcus faecalis cell line at concentrations subinhibitory for growth. Closantel (1), tetrachlorosalicylanilide (9), and several related derivatives (2, 7, 10, 11, 20) had antibacterial activity against the drug-resistant organisms, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF).

Novel inhibitors of bacterial two-component systems with gram positive antibacterial activity: pharmacophore identification based on the screening hit closantel.

This SAR study has shown that the salicylanilide is the pharmacophore for inhibition of the bacterial two-component system. Hydrophobic substituents improve the potency of inhibitors in this series; however, hydrophobicity is not the sole determinant for inhibition; structural and electronic requirements also exist. Closantel (1) was found to inhibit a two-component system and to have antibacterial activity against drug resistant S. aureus and E. faecium.

DNA gyrase inhibitory activity of ellagic acid derivatives.

Ellagic acid was found to inhibit E. coli DNA gyrase supercoiling with approximately the same potency as nalidixic acid. Tricyclic analogs of ellagic acid, which vary in the number and position of the hydroxy groups as well as their replacement with halogens, have been synthesized. The biological activity of these analogs is discussed.

Regulatory elements in the promoter of the vitelline membrane gene VM32E of Drosophila melanogaster direct gene expression in distinct domains of the follicular epithelium.

The Drosophila vitelline membrane protein gene VM32E is expressed according to a precise temporal and spatial program in the follicle cells. Results from germ line transformation experiments using different fragments of the -465/-39 VM32E region fused to the hsp/lacZ reporter gene revealed that the region -348/-39 is sufficient to confer the wild-type expression pattern. Within this segment, distinct cis-regulatory elements control VM32E expression in ventral and dorsal follicle cells. The region between -135/-113 is essential for expression of the VM32E gene in the ventral columnar follicle cells. Expression in the dorsal domain requires the two regions -348/-254 and -118/-39. Furthermore, the region -253/-119 appears to contain a negative element that represses gene activity in anterior centripetal cells. We suggest that the expression of the VM32E gene throughout the follicular epithelium is controlled by specific cis-regulatory elements acting in distinct spatial domains and following a precise developmental program.

Felbamate antagonizes isoniazid- and FG 7142-induced reduction of GABAA receptor function in mouse brain.

Injection of the antiepileptic drug, felbamate (2-phenyl-1,3-propanediol dicarbamate), into mice reduced in a dose-dependent manner (150-300 mg/kg i.p.) the isoniazid (200 mg/kg s.c.)-induced increase in ex vivo binding of t-[35S]butylbicyclophosphorothionate ([35S]TBPS) to cerebral cortical and hippocampal membranes. The same doses of felbamate reduced significantly the number of mice exhibiting isoniazid-induced seizures. A dose of felbamate (50 mg/kg) ineffective in isoniazid-treated mice completely antagonized the increase of [35S]TBPS binding elicited by FG 7142 (N-methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxamide), a benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonist. The above effects of felbamate resembled those of diazepam. Accordingly, the combination of ineffective doses of felbamate (50 mg/kg) and diazepam (0.2 mg/kg) elicited a marked decrease of [35S]TBPS binding. The results indicate that facilitation of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor function may play a role in the anticonvulsant action of felbamate.

Effects of dexamethasone and surgical hypotension on hepatic morphologic features and enzymes of dogs.

Effects of corticosteroids and surgical stress on hepatic morphologic features and enzymes were studied in 18 mature dogs of mixed breeding: group 1, control (n = 3); group 2, dexamethasone (n = 5); group 3, dexamethasone and surgery (n = 5); and group 4, surgery (n = 5). Dexamethasone (2.2 mg/kg of body weight twice a day subcutaneously) was administered for 8 days in groups 2 and 3 dogs. All dogs were anesthetized with thiopental for 10 minutes on days 0, 2, and 4. On day 2, dogs in groups 3 and 4 were intubated and maintained on methoxyflurane and oxygen, and a liver biopsy, hemilaminectomy (T13-L1), and 15 minutes of hypotension (75/45 mm of Hg) induced by methoxyflurane were done. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, ALP isoenzymes, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity were determined on days 0, 2, 3, 5, and 8. All dogs were euthanatized and necropsied on day 8. Serum hepatic enzyme activity and hepatic morphologic characteristics were normal for group 1 control dogs. The mean ALP and ALT were significantly (P less than 0.05) increased in dogs in groups 2, 3, and 4. In group 2, the mean ALP (days 5 to 8) and ALT (day 8) were significantly (P less than 0.05) increased. In group 3, the mean ALP and ALT activities were significantly increased on days 2 to 8. In group 4, the mean ALP was significantly increased on days 2 to 8 and the mean ALT was significantly increased on days 3 and 5. All other values were normal. A single isoenzyme band (Rf = 0.399 +/- 0.023, mean +/- SD) was identified in all dogs. Hepatic morphologic changes attributed to dexamethasone were mild-to-moderate vacuolation in a diffuse distribution on day 2 (group 3) and aggregates of moderate-to-severe vacuolation in mainly a periportal distribution on day 8 (groups 2 and 3).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)