ABSTRACT
A serosurvey of IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was performed during March and April 2020. Among 6,586 leftover sera, 24 (0.36%) were positive, with higher prevalence in females, older individuals and residents of large urban areas. Seroprevalence was estimated at 0.02% and 0.25%, respectively, in March and April, infection fatality rate at 2.66% and 0.54%. Our findings confirm low COVID-19 incidence in Greece and possibly the effectiveness of early measures.
Subject(s)
Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Coronavirus/immunology , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Age Distribution , Aged , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , Child , Child, Preschool , Coronavirus/isolation & purification , Coronavirus Infections/virology , Female , Greece/epidemiology , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle Aged , Pandemics , Pneumonia, Viral/virology , Prevalence , SARS-CoV-2 , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Sex Distribution , Young AdultABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To determine the extent of treatment traces, the roughness depth, and the quantity of titanium nitride (TiN) removed from the surface of CAD/CAM abutments after treatment with various instruments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve TiN coated CAD/CAM abutments were investigated for an in vitro study. In the test group (9), each abutment surface was subjected twice (150 g vs. 200 g pressure) to standardized treatment in a simulated prophylaxis measure with the following instruments: acrylic scaler, titanium curette, and ultrasonic scaler with steel tip. Three abutments were used as control group. Average surface roughness (Sa) and developed interfacial area ratio (Sdr) of treated and untreated surfaces were measured with a profilometer. The extent of treatment traces were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: Manipulation with ultrasonic scalers resulted in a significant increase of average surface roughness (Sa, P<.05) and developed interfacial area ratio (Sdr, P<.018). Variable contact pressure did not yield any statistically significant difference on Sa-values for all instruments (P=.8). Ultrasonic treatment resulted in pronounced surface traces and partially detachment of the TiN coating. While titanium curettes caused predominantly moderate treatment traces, no traces or detectable substance removal has been determined after manipulation with acrylic curettes. CONCLUSION: Inappropriate instruments during regular plaque control may have an adverse effect on the integrity of the TiN coating of CAD/CAM abutments. To prevent defects and an increased surface roughness at the transmucosal zone of TiN abutments, only acrylic scaling instruments can be recommended for regular maintenance care.
ABSTRACT
In this placebo controlled double blind cross over study multiple daily dosing with 500 mg acetylic salicylic acid did not influence heart rate variability in 16 healthy male volunteers aged 25 (22-28) years (median; range) to a relevant extent (p > 0.05).
