ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM-2) is an important risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VD). The role of insulinic therapy on cognitive decline is controversial. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate cognitive impairment in patients with AD and DM-2 treated with either oral antidiabetic drugs or combination of insulin with other diabetes medications. METHODS: 104 patients with mild-to-moderate AD and DM-2 were divided into two groups, according to antidiabetic pharmacotherapy: group A, patients treated with oral antidiabetic drugs and group B, patients treated with insulin combined with other oral antidiabetic medications. Cognitive functions were assessed by the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Clinician's Global Impression (CGI), with a follow-up of 12 months. RESULTS: At the end of the study, the MMSE scores showed a significant worsening in 56.5% patients of group A and in 23.2% patients of group B, compared to baseline MMSE scores (P=.001). Also CGI-C scores showed a significant worsening for all domains after 12 months in group A vs group B (P=.001). The two groups were matched for body mass index, serum lipids, triglycerides, Apo epsilon4 allele and smoke habit. Conversely, ischemic heart disease and hypertension were significantly higher in group B (P=.002). After adjustment for this risk variables, our results remained significant (P=.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that insulinic therapy could be effective in slowing cognitive decline in patients with AD.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/complications , Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy , Cognition Disorders/drug therapy , Cognition Disorders/etiology , Diabetes Complications/drug therapy , Diabetes Complications/psychology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/psychology , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Insulin/therapeutic use , Aged , Alzheimer Disease/psychology , Apolipoproteins E/genetics , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Cognition Disorders/psychology , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Neuropsychological Tests , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM), neuromuscular, hereditary or immunological disorders are the most common identified causes of blepharoptosis. However, in about 15-25% they remained uncertain. OBJECTIVE: To determined the role of glucose metabolism abnormality in idiopathic blepharoptosis. METHODS: We identified 162 patients with unilateral idiopathic blepharoptosis and 128 control subjects. In all we evaluated a glucose and insulin levels at fasting and after 2 h-OGTT. In addition we determined insulin resistance (IR), by HOMA-index. RESULTS: Following a 2 h-OGTT the prevalence of undiagnosed glucose metabolism abnormality was significantly higher in blepharoptosis patients vs. control group (P<.001). The IR was documented in 129 patients (78%), of whom 55 (34%) had Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT), 36 (22%) newly diagnosed DM (NDDM) and 38 (30%) only IR. The Body Mass Index, blood pressure, serum lipids, triglycerides and smoking were not associated with an increased risk of developing ptosis. Conversely, waist circumference were significantly increased in blepharoptosis patients (P=.003). CONCLUSIONS: In this study we focused on emerging evidence that prediabetic status may represent a risk factor for developing blepharoptosis. We propose that 2 h-OGTT and mainly HOMA-index should be determined as a rule in all patients with idiopathic blepharoptosis.
