Impact of Anxiety During Hospitalization on the Clinical Outcome of Patients With Osteoporotic Thoracolumbar Vertebral Fracture.

STUDY DESIGN: Multicenter prospective cohort study. OBJECTIVES: Anxiety in combination with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs) of the spine remains understudied. The purpose of this study was to analyze whether anxiety has an impact on the short-term functional outcome of patients with an OVCF. Furthermore, a direct impact of the fracture on the patient's anxiety during hospitalization should be recognized. METHODS: All inpatients with an OVCF of the thoracolumbar spine from 2017 to 2020 were included. Trauma mechanism, analgetic medication, anti-osteoporotic therapy, timed-up-and-go test (TuG), mobility, Barthel index, Oswestry-Disability Index (ODI) and EQ5D-5L were documented.For statistical analysis, the U test, chi-square independence test, Spearman correlation, General Linear Model for repeated measures, Bonferroni analysis and Wilcoxon test were used. The item anxiety/depression of the EQ5D-5L was analyzed to describe the patients' anxiousness. RESULTS: Data from 518 patients from 17 different hospitals were evaluated. Fracture severity showed a significant correlation (r = .087, P = .0496) with anxiety. During the hospital stay, pain medication (P < .001), anti-osteoporotic medication (P < .001), and initiation of surgical therapy (P < .001) were associated with less anxiety. The anxiety of a patient at discharge was negatively related to the functional outcomes at the individual follow-up: TuG (P < .001), Barthel index (P < .001), ODI (P < .001) and EQ5D-5L (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Higher anxiety is associated with lower functional outcome after OVCF. The item anxiety/depression of the EQ5D-5L provides an easily accessible, quick and simple tool that can be used to screen for poor outcomes and may also offer the opportunity for a specific anxiety intervention.

Does the intraoperative 3D-flat panel control of the planned implant position lead to an optimization and increased in safety in the anatomically demanding region C1/2?

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability and advantages of intraoperative imaging using a 3D flat panel in the treatment of C1/2 instabilities. MATERIALS: Prospective single-centered study including surgeries at the upper cervical spine between 06/2016 and 12/2018. Intraoperatively thin K-wires were placed under 2D fluoroscopic control. Then an intraoperative 3D-scan was carried out. The image quality was assessed based on a numeric analogue scale (NAS) from 0 to 10 (0 = worst quality, 10 = perfect quality) and the time for the 3D-scan was measured. Additionally, the wire positions were evaluated regarding malpositions. RESULTS: A total of 58 patients were included (33f, 25 m, average age 75.2 years, r.:18-95) with pathologies of C2: 45 type II fractures according to Anderson/D'Alonzo with or without arthrosis of C1/2, 2 Unhappy triad of C1/2 (Odontoid fracture Type II, anterior or posterior C1 arch-fracture, Arthrosis C1/2) 4 pathological fractures, 3 pseudarthroses, 3 instabilities of C1/2 because of rheumatoid arthritis, 1 C2 arch fracture). 36 patients were treated from anterior [29 AOTAF (combined anterior odontoid and transarticular C1/2 screw fixation), 6 lag screws, 1 cement augmented lag screw] and 22 patients from posterior (regarding to Goel/Harms). The median image quality was 8.2 (r.: 6-10). In 41 patients (70.7%) the image quality was 8 or higher and in none of the patients below 6. All of those 17 patients the image quality below 8 (NAS 7 = 16; 27.6%, NAS 6 = 1, 1.7%), had dental implants. A total of 148 wires were analyzed. 133 (89.9%) showed a correct positioning. In the other 15 (10.1%) cases a repositioning had to be done (n = 8; 5.4%) or it had to be drawn back (n = 7; 4.7%). A repositioning was possible in all cases. The implementation of an intraoperative 3D-Scan took an average of 267 s (r.: 232-310 s). No technical problems occurred. CONCLUSION: Intraoperative 3D imaging in the upper cervical spine is fast and easy to perform with sufficient image quality in all patients. Potential malposition of the primary screw canal can be detected by initial wire positioning before the Scan. The intraoperative correction was possible in all patients. Trial registration German Trials Register (Registered 10 August 2021, DRKS00026644-Trial registration: German Trials Register (Registered 10 August 2021, DRKS00026644- https://www.drks.de/drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=trial.HTML&TRIAL_ID=DRKS00026644 ).

Effect of subsequent vertebral body fractures on the outcome after posterior stabilization of unstable geriatric fractures of the thoracolumbar spine.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was analyzing the effect of subsequent vertebral body fractures on the clinical outcome in geriatric patients with thoracolumbar fractures treated operatively. METHODS: Retrospectively, all patients aged ≥ 60 with a fracture of the thoracolumbar spine included. Further inclusion parameters were acute and unstable fractures that were treated by posterior stabilization with a low to moderate loss of reduction of less than 10°. The minimal follow-up period was 18 months. Demographic data including the trauma mechanism, ASA score, and the treatment strategy were recorded. The following outcome parameters were analyzed: the ODI score, pain level, satisfaction level, SF 36 score as well as the radiologic outcome parameters. RESULTS: Altogether, 73 patients were included (mean age: 72 years; 45 women). The majority of fractures consisted of incomplete or complete burst fractures (OF 3 + 4). The mean follow-up period was 46.6 months. Fourteen patients suffered from subsequent vertebral body fractures (19.2%). No trauma was recordable in 5 out of 6 patients; 42.8% of patients experienced a low-energy trauma (significant association: p < 0.01). There was a significant correlation between subsequent vertebral body fracture and female gender (p = 0.01) as well as the amount of loss of reduction (p = 0.02). Thereby, patients with subsequent vertebral fractures had significant worse clinical outcomes (ODI: 49.8 vs 16.6, p < 0.01; VAS pain: 5.0 vs 2.6, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Patient with subsequent vertebral body fractures had significantly inferior clinical midterm outcome. The trauma mechanism correlated significantly with both the rate of subsequent vertebral body fractures and the outcome. Another risk factor is female gender.

Risk factors for revision surgery in operative treatment of traumatic injuries of the olecranon and prepatellar bursa.

INTRODUCTION: Traumatic lacerations of the prepatellar (PB) and olecranon bursa (OB) are common injuries. The aim of this study was to gain descriptive data and to identify risk factors associated with complications that made revision surgery after primary bursectomy necessary. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this retrospective monocentric study at a level I trauma center, all patients with traumatic lacerations of the PB or OB who were treated with primary surgical bursectomy from 2015 to 2020 were analyzed. RESULTS: 150 consecutive patients were included. In 44% of cases, the PB was affected (n = 66), in 56% the OB (n = 84). The reoperation rate after surgical bursectomy was 10.7% (n = 16). The main cause of reoperation was wound infection (50%; n = 8). The most common pathogen of postoperative infections was Staphylococcus aureus (87.5%). Several comorbidities have been identified as risk factors for reoperation after primary surgical bursectomy, such as heart diseases, arterial hypertension, the use of antihypertensives and anticoagulation. In contrast, surgical expertise, use of drains, postoperative immobilization, and postoperative antibiotics had no statistically significant effect. A significantly higher postoperative infection rate (17.6%) was observed in patients who were operated more than 48 h after initial trauma. CONCLUSIONS: Given the limited recommendations for therapy of these common injuries, further investigations should focus on standardized therapeutic options for lacerations of the PB or OB. Delayed surgical interventions after trauma were associated with higher complication rates. Therefore, urgent surgery within 48 h after trauma may help to prevent revisions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level of evidence IV.

Intraoperative 3D imaging in intraarticular tibial plateau fractures - Does it help to improve the patients' outcomes?

BACKGROUND: In tibial plateau fractures (TPF) the restoration of an anatomical joint surface as well as an exact subchondral screw position for postoperative stability is crucial for the outcome. The aim of this study was to determine whether the additional use of an intraoperative 3D imaging intensifier (3D) might help to improve the outcome of complex TPF. METHODS: We performed a retrospective case-control study of a level 1 trauma center. Patients with AO/OTA 41 B3 and C-TPF operated on using a 3D imaging intensifier between November 2015 and December 2018 (3D group) were included. The outcomes of this patients were compared to patients operated without 3D imaging between January 2005 to December 2014 (2D group). The comparison of the groups was performed by matched pair analysis. The functional outcome of both groups was measured by KOOS and Lysholm Score after a follow-up period of at least 12 months. Operation time, infections and postoperative revisions were registered. RESULTS: In total, 18 patients were included in the 3D group (mean age: 51.0± 16.4 years; 12 females) and an equal number of matching partners from the 2D group (mean age: 50.3± 15.2 years; 11 females) were found (p=0.82; p=0.79). We found 9x B3, 2x C1, 1x C2, 6x C3 fractures according to AO/OTA for each group (p=1.00) with comparable ASA score (p=0.27). The mean operation time was 127.9± 45.9 min and 116.1± 45.7 min for the 3D and 2D group (p=0.28). The mean follow-up time was 20.9± 10.7 months for the 3D and 55.5± 34.7 months for the 2D group (p< 0.001). For the 3D group a mean Lysholm overall score of 67.4± 26.8 and KOOS overall score of 72.6± 23.5 could be assessed. In contrast, a mean Lysholm overall score of 62.0± 21.4 and KOOS overall score of 65.8± 21.6 could be measured in the 2D group (p=0.39; p=0.31). Thereby, functional outcome of the 3D group showed a significant higher KOOS Sport/Rec sub score of 54.7± 35.0 in comparison to the 2D group with 26.7± 31.6 (p= 0.01). Postoperative revisions had to be performed in 27.8% of cases in both groups (p=1.00). Due to the 3D imaging an intraoperative revision was performed in 33.3% (6/18). CONCLUSION: In our study we could show that re-reduction of the fracture or implant re-positioning were performed in relevant numbers based on the 3D imaging. This was associated with a midterm clinical benefit in regard to better KOOS Sport/Rec scores. TRIAL REGISTRATION: AZ 488 /20-ek.

Midterm outcome after posterior stabilization of unstable Midthoracic spine fractures in the elderly.

BACKGROUND: The evidence for the treatment of midthoracic fractures in elderly patients is weak. The aim of this study was to evaluate midterm results after posterior stabilization of unstable midthoracic fractures in the elderly. METHODS: Retrospectively, all patients aged ≥65 suffering from an acute unstable midthoracic fracture treated with posterior stabilization were included. Trauma mechanism, ASA score, concomitant injuries, ODI score and radiographic loss of reduction were evaluated. Posterior stabilization strategy was divided into short-segmental stabilization and long-segmental stabilization. RESULTS: Fifty-nine patients (76.9 ± 6.3 years; 51% female) were included. The fracture was caused by a low-energy trauma mechanism in 22 patients (35.6%). Twenty-one patients died during the follow-up period (35.6%). Remaining patients (n = 38) were followed up after a mean of 60 months. Patients who died were significantly older (p = 0.01) and had significantly higher ASA scores (p = 0.02). Adjacent thoracic cage fractures had no effect on mortality or outcome scores. A total of 12 sequential vertebral fractures occurred (35.3%). The mean ODI at the latest follow up was 31.3 ± 24.7, the mean regional sagittal loss of reduction was 5.1° (± 4.0). Patients treated with long segmental stabilization had a significantly lower rate of sequential vertebral fractures during follow-up (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Unstable fractures of the midthoracic spine are associated with high rates of thoracic cage injuries. The mortality rate was rather high. The majority of the survivors had minimal to moderate disabilities. Thereby, patients treated with long segmental stabilization had a significantly lower rate of sequential vertebral body fractures during follow-up.

[Challenges of primary hip arthroplasty with high hip dislocation]. / Herausforderungen der primären Hüftendoprothetik bei hoher Hüftluxation.

BACKGROUND: Endoprosthetic care of high hip dislocation is a surgical challenge. The hip anatomy is greatly altered in these patients, including a rather flat and small acetabulum with impaired bone quality and a relevant chance of a bony defect of the acetabular roof. Additionally, the front coverage and in some cases even the dorsal coverage of the hip are missing. The proximal femur is characterized with an increased antetorsion, a coxa valga position and an enlarged greater trochanter. The medullary cavity is narrowed, the offset is reduced, and the absolut leg length can be enlarged. Further anatomic variations can have been caused by previous surgeries. AIM OF THE TREATMENT: The goal of the endoprosthetic care is the re-creation of a hip with an anatomic center of rotation, an anatomic offset and equal leg length. TREATMENT: This can be achieved by a medial shift of the acetabular cup. An acetabular osteotomy including central cancellous bone graft or a bony graft to reinforce the acetabular roof might be necessary. In cases in which an anatomic acetabular cup placement is not possible, a more cranial placement can be done. Further strategies that are essential in several cases are shortening or re-orientation osteotomies of the femur, reaming of the medullary cavity and correct implant selection. Additionally, thorough soft tissue management is of main importance. Generally, the surgery should be well prepared preoperatively.

Low-grade infections as a possible cause of arthrofibrosis after total knee arthroplasty.

PURPOSE: Arthrofibrosis after total knee arthroplasty represents a considerable burden for the patient and a therapeutic challenge for the practitioner. One possible cause discussed in the literature is a low-grade infection. This hypothesis should be examined within the scope of this retrospective study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Nineteen patients with clinical symptoms of arthrofibrosis after primary total knee arthroplasty were examined between January, 1999 and January, 2012. Incorrect positioning was radiologically ruled out. All patients were examined clinically (score of Freeman as well as Blauth and Jäger), radiologically (component and leg alignment, patella height according to Insall and Salvati), microbiologically (culture-based procedures), molecular biologically (PCR) and histologically in the course of an open revision of the prosthesis. RESULTS: According to the score of Freeman et al. (1977), a highly significant improvement in pain (p = 0.007) and in the overall score (p = 0.003) was shown. The knee joint mobility did not change significantly (p = 0.795). PCR was negative in 17 patients. One patient showed a PCR-positive result of the synovial membrane for Corynebacterium spp., while Staphylococcus warneri was detected in the culture. Another patient had a positive result of synovia PCR for Enterococcus cecorum as well as Corynebacterium spp. However, this culture was sterile. In 16 patient samples, no bacterial growth was detectable. Two samples were not evaluable. The main histopathological findings were synovialitis and fibrosis. CONCLUSION: The hypothesis of low-grade-infection-induced arthrofibrosis after total knee arthroplasty could not be confirmed in this study. However, based on this small study population the conclusion needs to be confirmed by new and larger studies, ideally prospectively designed including a control group.

[Thoracolumbar spinal fractures in the elderly : Classification and treatment]. / Thorakolumbale Wirbelsäulenfrakturen beim alten Menschen : Klassifikation und Therapie.

Thoracolumbar fractures in the elderly are frequently associated with osteoporosis. Osteoporosis can cause fractures or be a significant comorbidity in traumatic fractures. The OF classification is based on conventional X­ray, computed tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It is easy to use and provides a clinically relevant classification of the fractures. Therapeutic decisions are made based on the clinical and radiological situation by using the OF score. The score takes the current clinical situation including patient-specific comorbidities into consideration. The treatment recommendations are based on an expert consensus opinion and include conservative and operative options. If surgery is indicated, vertebral body augmentation, percutaneous stabilization and even open surgery can be used.

Incomplete burst fractures of the thoracolumbar spine: a review of literature.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this review was to analyze the biomechanical basis of incomplete burst fractures of the thoracolumbar spine, summarize the available treatment options with evidence from the literature, and to propose a method to differentiate fracture severity. METHODS: The injury pattern, classification, and treatment strategies of incomplete burst fractures of the thoracolumbal spine have been described following a review of the literature. All level I-III studies, studies with long-term results and comparative studies were included and summarized. RESULTS: Details of five randomized control trials were included. Additionally, three comparative studies and two studies with long-term outcomes were detailed in this review. The fracture severity reported in the included studies varied tremendously. Most classification used did not adequately describe the complexity of fracture configuration. A wide variety of treatment strategies were outlined, ranging from non-operative therapy to aggressive surgical intervention with combined anterior-posterior approaches. Thus, the treatment of incomplete burst fractures of the thoracolumbar spine is quite diverse and remains controversial. CONCLUSIONS: Incomplete burst fractures can differ tremendously regarding the degree of instability they confer to the thoracolumbar spine. Based on a detailed review of the literature, it is clear that good results can be obtained with both non-operative and operative strategies to treat these injuries. In the authors' opinion, the intervertebral disc plays a key role in determining the long-term clinical and radiological outcome. Thus, an incorporation of the intervertebral disc pathology into the existing classification systems would be a valuable prognostic factor.

Summary of Meta-Analyses Dealing with Single-Row versus Double-Row Repair Techniques for Rotator Cuff Tears.

BACKGROUND: Several meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials have been performed to analyze whether double-row (DR) rotator cuff repair (RCR) provides superior clinical outcomes and structural healing compared to single-row (SR) repair. The purpose of this study was to sum up the results of meta-analysis comparing SR and DR repair with respect on clinical outcomes and re-tear rates. METHODS: A literature search was undertaken to identify all meta-analyses dealing with randomized controlled trials comparing clinical und structural outcomes after SR versus DR RCR. RESULTS: Eight meta-analyses met the eligibility criteria: two including Level I studies only, five including both Level I and Level II studies, and one including additional Level III studies. Four meta-analyses found no differences between SR and DR RCR for patient outcomes, whereas four favored DR RCR for tears greater than 3 cm. Two meta-analyses found no structural healing differences between SR and DR RCR, whereas six found DR repair to be superior for tears greater than 3 cm tears. CONCLUSION: No clinical differences are seen between single-row and double-row repair for small and medium rotator cuff tears after a short-term follow-up period with a higher re-tear rate following single-row repairs. There seems to be a trend to superior results with double-row repair in large to massive tear sizes.

[Complex Pathologies of the Spine: Trauma meets Degeneration]. / Komplexpathologien an der Wirbelsäule: Trauma trifft Degeneration ­ eine Bestandsaufnahme.

Treating vertebral body fractures is challenging when there is relevant pre-existing spinal degeneration. Both vertebral body fractures and spinal degeneration are related to the physiological aging process. The increases in both are linked to increases in life expectancy. Several factors promote spinal degeneration and increase fracture risk, such as disc degeneration, spinal imbalance and osteoporosis. The main diagnostic and therapeutic challenge is to identify the sources of pain and to start appropriate therapy. A structured and advanced algorithm is then essential. Unstable fractures must always be stabilised. However, surgical strategy may be greatly influenced if there are also degenerative diseases, such as segmental decompression, multisegmental instrumentation or fusion, or complex reconstructive spondylodesis, including osteotomies. Notwithstanding this, the individual therapy concept has to be adapted to the demands and pathology of the individual patient.

[Injuries of the thoracolumbar spine in children]. / Verletzungen der kindlichen thorakolumbalen Wirbelsäule.

BACKGROUND: Injuries of the thoracolumbar spine in children are rare and challenging for the treating physician. Besides knowledge of fracture treatment, the anatomical particularities of the spine in children are of great importance. METHODS: The article gives an overview of the diagnosis and therapy with the most common classification of injuries of the thoracolumbar spine. RESULTS: Taking into account the children's age and the fracture morphology most cases can be treated conservatively, especially because the young spine has great potential for remodelling. The older the child becomes, the more smoothly the transition to adult treatment occurs; thus, unstable fractures should be treated with surgery. CONCLUSION: The difficult indication and the specific characteristics of surgery necessitate treatment in a spine centre with experience with surgery on children.

[Delayed indications for additive ventral treatment of thoracolumbar burst fractures : What correction loss is to be expected]. / Zeitverzögerte Indikationsstellung zur additiv ventralen Versorgung thorakolumbaler Berstungsfrakturen : Welcher Korrekturverlust ist zu erwarten.

INTRODUCTION: There is a general consensus that unstable vertebral body fractures of the thoracolumbar junction with a B type fracture or a high load shear index need to be surgically stabilized, primarily by a dorsal approach. The authors believe that there are indications for an additional ventral spondylodesis in cases of reduction loss or a relevant intervertebral disc lesion in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 6 weeks after dorsal stabilization. However, in cases of unstable vertebral fractures it remains unclear if a delayed anterior spondylodesis will lead to unacceptable loss of initial reduction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 59 patients were included in this study during 2013 and 2014. All patients suffered from a traumatic vertebral fracture of the thoracolumbar junction and were initially treated with a dorsal short segment stabilization. All vertebral body fractures had a load shear index of at least 5 or were B type fractures. An x-ray control was carried out after 2 and 6 weeks and MRI was additionally performed after 6 weeks. An additional ventral spondylodesis was recommended in patients showing a reduction loss of at least 5° and in patients with relevant intervertebral disc lesions. The extent of the reduction loss was analyzed. Other parameters of interest were the fracture level, fracture classification, patient age and surgical technique (e.g. implant, index screw, laminectomy and cement augmentation). RESULTS: The patient collective consisted of 23 women and 36 men (average age 51 years ± 17 years). The mean reduction loss was 5.1° (± 5.2°) after a mean follow-up of 60 days (± 56 days). The reduction loss was significantly higher when polyaxial implants were used compared to monoaxial dorsal fixators (10.8° versus 4.0°, p < 0.001). There was a significantly higher reduction loss in those patients who received a laminectomy (11.3° versus 4.3°, p = 0.01) but there were no significant differences if an index screw was used (4.5° versus 5.3°). Additionally, there was a significantly lower reduction in the subgroup of patients 60 years or older who were stabilized using cement-augmented screws (3.9° versus 11.3°, p = 0.02). The mean reduction loss was 2.8° (± 2.5°) in patients treated with a monoaxial implant, cement-augmented if 60 years or older and without laminectomy (n = 39). There was no significant correlation between reduction loss and the other parameters of interest, such as fracture morphology with classification according to the working group on questions of osteosynthesis (AO) and McCormack or fracture level. CONCLUSION: Delayed indications for an additional ventral spondylodesis in patients with unstable thoracolumbar vertebral fractures and initial dorsal stabilization will cause no relevant reduction loss if monoaxial implants are used and laminectomy can be avoided. Additionally, cement augmentation of the pedicle screws seems to be beneficial in patients 60 years of age or older.

[Current concepts for treatment of massive rotator cuff tears]. / Aktuelle Behandlungskonzepte für Massenrupturen der Rotatorenmanschette.

The ideal treatment for massive rotator cuff tears is influenced by the morphology and chronicity of the tear, tissue quality, the degree of concomitant osteoarthritis, and patient-specific factors. Traditionally, massive rotator cuff tears have wrongly been equated with irreparable tears. A variety of improvements in surgical technique and materials now permit successful arthroscopic management of many massive rotator cuff tears when non-operative management has failed. This study provides an overview of the current treatment options for large and massive rotator cuff tears, including their expected outcomes. Finally, a possible treatment algorithm is suggested.

[Release of moveable segments after dorsal stabilization : Impact on affected discs]. / Freigabe von Bewegungssegmenten nach dorsaler Stabilisierung : Auswirkung auf die betroffenen Bandscheiben.

BACKGROUND: Bisegmental dorsal stabilization is a common treatment option for instable compression fractures of the thoracolumbar spine; however, it remains unknown to what extent bridging compromises intervertebral discs. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine the disc height and functional features in comparison to healthy intervertebral discs after removal of the dorsal fixator and particularly under consideration of the time span between dorsal stabilization and implant removal (IR). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The IR was performed in 19 patients after an average of 13 months (range 8-24 months) after dorsal stabilization of instable vertebral compression fractures of the thoracolumbar junction and lumbar spine. An additional ventral monosegmental spondylodesis was performed in 10 patients with incomplete burst fractures. Thus, a total of 28 intervertebral discs were temporarily bridged (bridged discs), with an adjacent endplate fracture in 10 (injured discs) and no adjacent bony lesion in 18 discs (healthy discs). The intervertebral discs superior and inferior to the instrumentation were selected as controls (control discs). Standardized conventional lateral radiographs were taken prior to and after IR as well as after 6 months. Additionally, standardized lateral radiographs in flexion and extension were taken. The intervertebral disc height (disc height) was determined by two independent board approved orthopedic observers by measuring the anterior, central and dorsal intervertebral disc spaces on all lateral radiographs as well as the intervertebral disc angles (disc angle) defined by the intervertebral upper and lower endplates in the flexion and extension views. Intradisc function (disc function) was defined as the difference between the disc angle in extension and flexion. The measurements were repeated after 12 months. Univariate analysis was performed using ANOVA and significance was set at p < 0.05. Interobserver and intraobserver comparisons of the disc heights and the disc angles were determined with intraclass correlation coefficients. RESULTS: No significant differences were seen in disc function and disc height between the controls and the bridged discs at all times of measurement; however, injured discs showed a significantly reduced disc height and disc angle in extension compared to healthy discs (p = 0.028 and p = 0.027, respectively). Additionally, patients with IR during the first 12 months had significantly reduced disc heights compared to those patients with delayed IR within the second postoperative year (p = 0.018). Interobserver and intraobserver agreement for disc function was 0.80 (95 % confidence interval CI: 0.68-0.88) and 0.85 (95 % CI 0.76-0.90), respectively. The interobserver and intraobserver correlations for disc height were 0.85 (95 % CI: 0.76-0.90) and 0.93 (95 % CI 0.88-0.95), respectively. CONCLUSION: Bridging of an intervertebral disc with IR within 24 months does not cause immediate loss of disc function or reduction of disc height; however, temporary bridging in combination with an adjacent endplate fracture causes significant reduction of disc height and loss of extension. Additionally, no beneficial effects could be seen by reducing the time span between stabilization and IR to below 12 months.

[Posttraumatic arthritis of the glenohumeral joint. Joint-preserving therapy options]. / Posttraumatische Arthrosen des Glenohumeralgelenks. Gelenkerhaltende Therapieoptionen.

BACKGROUND: The management of glenohumeral osteoarthritis in younger patients with high activity levels remains a challenge to orthopedic surgeons. The clinical results of joint replacement surgery are commonly unsatisfactory in this particular cohort with the associated problem of limited longevity of the implant. OBJECTIVES: This paper reviews the indications, techniques and outcomes of joint-preserving arthroscopic surgery for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the shoulder. METHODS: A selective literature search was performed and personal surgical experiences are reported. RESULTS: Besides significant pain reduction, improved range of motion and increased patient satisfaction, arthroscopic surgery can delay the need for total shoulder arthroplasty. A comprehensive approach that addresses all concomitant pathologies of the shoulder joint is of particular importance. Recent studies have shown that a glenohumeral joint space of less than 2 mm predicts significantly poorer results with arthroscopic therapy. CONCLUSION: Arthroscopic procedures are a good option to treat young, active patients with osteoarthritis of the shoulder. Patient selection and setting a consensus for appropriate preoperative expectations are of particular relevance.

[Bony Bankart lesions]. / Die ossäre Bankart-Läsion.

Fractures of the anteroinferior glenoid rim, termed bony Bankart lesions, have been reported to occur in up to 22% of first time anterior shoulder dislocations. The primary goal of treatment is to create a stable glenohumeral joint and a good shoulder function. Options for therapeutic intervention are largely dependent on the chronicity of the lesion, the activity level of the patient and postreduction fracture characteristics, such as the size, location and number of fracture fragments. Non-operative treatment can be successful for small, acute fractures, which are anatomically reduced after shoulder reduction. However, in patients with a high risk profile for recurrent instability initial Bankart repair is recommended. Additionally, bony fixation is recommended for acute fractures that involve more than 15-20% of the inferior glenoid diameter. On the other hand chronic fractures are generally managed on a case-by-case basis depending on the amount of fragment resorption and bony erosion of the anterior glenoid with high recurrence rates under conservative therapy. When significant bone loss of the anterior glenoid is present, anatomical (e.g. iliac crest bone graft and osteoarticular allograft) or non-anatomical (e.g. Latarjet and Bristow) reconstruction of the anterior glenoid is often indicated.

[Incomplete cranial burst fracture in the thoracolumbar junction. Results 6 years after thoracoscopic monosegmental spondylodesis]. / Kraniale inkomplette Berstungsfraktur im thorakolumbalen Übergang. 6-Jahres-Ergebnisse nach thorakoskopischer monosegmentaler Spondylodese.

INTRODUCTION: Ventral thoracoscopic spondylodesis of the thoracolumbar spine is an elegant treatment strategy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the years 2002 and 2003 a total of 16 patients with incomplete cranial burst fractures were treated by ventral thoracoscopic monosegmental spondylodesis and were included in this study prospectively. The data acquisition was done preoperatively, postoperatively and after 3, 6, 12 and 18 months. After 6 years a follow-up examination was performed in 13 of these patients (5 men and 8 women, average age 36.3 years, follow-up rate 81%) and 8 patients were treated ventrally only whereas 5 patients were treated dorsoventrally. RESULTS: The operative reduction of the kyphotic malalignment was superior in the dorsoventrally treated patients. The persistent gain of monosegmental correction after 6 years seemed to be higher in the patient group treated dorsoventrally. The average physical component summary (PSC) scores were comparable to a control group of the same age and revision surgery was performed in two patients both related to the iliac crest bone graft. CONCLUSIONS: The ventral and dorsoventral therapy strategies showed good and very good functional outcomes, respectively. The dorsoventral treatment concept secured a persistent gain of monosegmental correction which seemed to be superior compared to a ventral only therapy strategy.