Cancer incidence in an urban community: an historical cohort study.

This historical cohort study tested the hypothesis that residents of an industrialized urban community were at higher risk of cancer than residents of a comparable, but non-industrialized, community. The exposed (C1) and the unexposed (C2) cohorts resided in their respective neighbourhoods between 1952 and 1956. All incident cancers were identified through linkage with the Ontario Cancer Registry for 1964-1982. Cancer incidence rates in the two cohorts were 7.0 and 7.3 per 1,000 person-years, respectively. Relative risk estimates for all cancers, lung cancer and cancers associated with environmental exposure, were not significantly different from 1.0. Only colorectal cancers were significantly more frequent in the C1 than the C2 cohort, and these only in one sub-analysis. Overall, we conclude that if there was increased risk of cancer related to environmental pollution in the industrially exposed community, it was less than a two-fold increase.

Smoking cessation with young women in public family planning clinics: the impact of physician messages and waiting room media.

This study evaluated the impact of a media program and a physician-delivered message in encouraging smoking cessation among young black women in public family planning clinics. Incorporated into the clinic visit, the 3- to 5-min physician message was intended to elicit a commitment from participants to take steps toward quitting, namely, to think about quitting, set a target date, enlist the help of family and friends, throw away matches and cigarettes, and to then quit "cold turkey." The media program consisted of specially designed posters in waiting rooms showing models of people in the process of quitting and a continuously run movie dealing with women and smoking. A total of 1,179 female smokers were recruited into the study when they came to three separate clinics in Baltimore, Maryland, to receive gynecological examinations and/or contraceptive services. Four separate interventions were tested: (I) a baseline questionnaire about smoking habits and related information; (II) baseline questionnaire plus media program; (III) baseline questionnaire plus physician message; and (IV) baseline questionnaire plus media program plus physician message. Conditions I and II were administered in Clinic A on alternating weeks, Condition III was administered in Clinic B, and Condition IV was administered in Clinic C. Follow-up was conducted at 3 and 12 months. Follow-up rates were 88.1% at 3 months, 79.9% at 12 months, and 84.1% for both 3 and 12 months. Among women receiving the physician message (Conditions III and IV), 9.9% reported not smoking at 12 months; the lowest selfreported cessation rate was 3.1% in Condition I. When verified through analyzing cotinine in saliva, quit rates were 0.09% in Condition I, 2.4% in Condition II, 3.7% in Condition III, and 2.1% in Condition IV. The fact that participants receiving the physician message quit smoking at a significantly greater rate than those who did not indicates the need for further study of the impact of physician-delivered smoking cessation messages and ways to increase their effectiveness.