A dual Purkinje cell rate and synchrony code sculpts reach kinematics.

Cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) encode movement kinematics in their population firing rates. Firing rate suppression is hypothesized to disinhibit neurons in the cerebellar nuclei, promoting adaptive movement adjustments. Debates persist, however, about whether a second disinhibitory mechanism, PC simple spike synchrony, is a relevant population code. We addressed this question by relating PC rate and synchrony patterns recorded with high density probes, to mouse reach kinematics. We discovered behavioral correlates of PC synchrony that align with a known causal relationship between activity in cerebellar output. Reach deceleration was positively correlated with both Purkinje firing rate decreases and synchrony, consistent with both mechanisms disinhibiting target neurons, which are known to adjust reach velocity. Direct tests of the contribution of each coding scheme to nuclear firing using dynamic clamp, combining physiological rate and synchrony patterns ex vivo, confirmed that physiological levels of PC simple spike synchrony are highly facilitatory for nuclear firing. These findings suggest that PC firing rate and synchrony collaborate to exert fine control of movement.

A dominant role for the beta 4 nicotinic receptor subunit in nicotinic modulation of glomerular microcircuits in the mouse olfactory bulb.

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) regulate information transfer across the main olfactory bulb by instituting a high-pass intensity filter allowing for the filtering out of weak inputs. Excitation-driven inhibition of the glomerular microcircuit via GABA release from periglomerular cells appears to underlie this effect of nAChR activation. The multiplicity of nAChR subtypes and cellular locations raises questions about their respective roles in mediating their effects on the glomerular output. In this study, we address this issue by targeting heteromeric nAChRs using receptor knockouts (KOs) for the two dominant nAChR ß-subunit genes known to be expressed in the central nervous system. KOs of the ß2-nAChR subunit did not affect nAChR currents from mitral cells (MCs) but attenuated those from the external tufted (ET) cells. In slices from these animals, activation of nAChRs still effectively inhibited excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) and firing on MCs evoked by the olfactory nerve (ON) stimulation, thereby indicating that the filter mechanism was intact. On the other hand, recordings from ß4-KOs showed that nAChR responses from MCs were abolished and those from ET cells were attenuated. Excitation-driven feedback was abolished as was the effect of nAChR activation on ON-evoked EPSCs. Experiments using calcium imaging showed that one possible consequence of the ß2-subunit activation might be to alter the time course of calcium transients in juxtaglomerular neurons suggesting a role for these receptors in calcium signaling. Our results indicate that nAChRs containing the ß4-subunit are critical in the filtering of odor inputs and play a determinant role in the cholinergic modulation of glomerular output. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, using receptor gene knockouts we examine the relative contributions of heteromeric nAChR subtypes located on different cell types to this effect of receptor activation. Our results demonstrate that nAChRs containing the ß4-subunit activate MCs resulting in feedback inhibition from glomerular interneurons. This period of inhibition results in the selective filtering of weak odor inputs providing one mechanism by which nAChRs can enhance discrimination between two closely related odors.

Activation of 5-HT2A receptors by TCB-2 induces recurrent oscillatory burst discharge in layer 5 pyramidal neurons of the mPFC in vitro.

The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is a region of neocortex that plays an integral role in several cognitive processes which are abnormal in schizophrenic patients. As with other cortical regions, large-bodied layer 5 pyramidal neurons serve as the principle subcortical output of microcircuits of the mPFC. The coexpression of both inhibitory serotonin 5-HT1A receptors on the axon initial segments, and excitatory 5-HT2A receptors throughout the somatodendritic compartments, by layer 5 pyramidal neurons allows serotonin to provide potent top-down regulation of input-output relationships within cortical microcircuits. Application of 5-HT2A agonists has previously been shown to enhance synaptic input to layer 5 pyramidal neurons, as well as increase the gain in neuronal firing rate in response to increasing depolarizing current steps. Using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings obtained from layer 5 pyramidal neurons of the mPFC of C57/bl6 mice, the aim of our present study was to investigate the modulation of long-term spike trains by the selective 5-HT2A agonist TCB-2. We found that in the presence of synaptic blockers, TCB-2 induced recurrent oscillatory bursting (ROB) after 15-20 sec of tonic spiking in 7 of the 14 cells. In those seven cells, ROB discharge was accurately predicted by the presence of a voltage sag in response to a hyperpolarizing current injection. This effect was reversed by 5-10 min of drug washout and ROB discharge was inhibited by both synaptic activity and coapplication of the 5-HT2A/2C antagonist ketanserin. While the full implications of this work are not yet understood, it may provide important insight into serotonergic modulation of cortical networks.