[Forensic expert evaluation of adverse outcomes of health care delivery in criminal proceedings]. / Sudebno-ekspertnaya otsenka neblagopriyatnykh iskhodov okazaniya meditsinskoi pomoshchi v ugolovnom protsesse.

THE AIM OF THE STUDY: Is to analyze the historical development and current state of the Institute of Commission Forensic Medical Examination of adverse outcomes of health care delivery in the domestic criminal proceedings. The article describes the main historical periods of development, summarizes the main problems and identifies the place of commission forensic medical examination for medical cases in current system of forensic medical activity.

[Logical methods for determination of causality in «medical cases¼]. / Ispol'zovanie priemov formal'noi logiki pri vyyavlenii prichinnoi svyazi po «vrachebnomu delu¼.

The objective of this study is to determine the place of formal logic methods for determination of causality in 'medical cases'. The study was carried out using the dialectical method, as well as analysis, generalization, induction, deduction, comparison, and the statistical method. Using the principle of causality, the authors stipulate that causality is not only a tool of categorical comprehension of the world, but also a form of thinking activity that allows us to directly discover cause-and-effect patterns. The principle of conditio sine qua non is used in conjunction with other methods of formal logic to identify causality. Further dialectical methods of cognition are applied, which involve appealing to the categories of possibility and reality, necessity and randomness, essence and phenomenon, etc. A mistake made at the stage of applying the methods of formal logic leads to an erroneous conclusion on the whole situation of establishing causality. The article demonstrates this with the example of 'medical cases'. The correct application of logical methods of detecting causality does not yet predetermine the correctness of the final decision on the causality. The authors conclude that the forensic expert examines only individual aspects of legally significant causality in the permissible use of the construct of direct causality, and in general the legal assessment of the presence or absence of causality is made in the process of qualification of the criminal situation, involving the establishment of socially dangerous act as an independent component of legally significant causal relationship, the guilt of the person and other elements of the crime.

Effect of Cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8) on Blood Pressure and Blood Content of Calcitonin-Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) in Rats with Hypertension Caused by Fructose or Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Synthesis.

We studied the effect of CCK-8 on BP and blood content of CGRP in rats with hypertension caused by fructose or inhibition of NO synthase with L-NAME. The decrease in the CGRP content was found during the development of fructose-induced hypertension, but not L-NAME-caused hypertension. Administration of CCK-8 to fructose-fed animals reduced BP and increased the content of CGRP. In rats with hypertension caused by NO deficit, CCK-8 lowered BP, but did not affect the content of CGRP. These findings suggest that CGRP mediates the hypotensive effect of CCK-8 in fructose-induced hypertension, but not in NO-deficient hypertension.

[Questions to experts when appointing a commission of forensic medical examinations based on adverse outcomes of medical care]. / Voprosy ekspertam pri naznachenii komissionnykh sudebno-meditsinskikh ekspertiz po faktam neblagopriyatnykh iskhodov okazaniya meditsinskoi pomoshchi.

Presented the reviews of the recommendations to the forensic community on raising questions when prescribing forensic medical examinations in case of adverse outcomes of medical care is given. Were analyzed 50 decisions of investigators of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation on the conduct of forensic medical examinations in the regional bureaus of forensic medical examination, as well as non-state experts.

Effect of Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation of Nerves on Blood Pressure and Blood Content of Neuropeptide CGRP and Nitric Oxide in Hypertensive Rats with Metabolic Disturbances.

The development of arterial hypertension in male Wistar rats with fructose-induced metabolic syndrome (12.5% of fructose solution as the only drinking source for 10 weeks) along with impaired glucose tolerance and increased serum concentration of triglycerides and LPO products caused a decrease in the content of serum blood calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Low-frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (1 mA, 2 Hz, 10 min daily for 2 weeks) performed in 8 weeks after the beginning of fructose treatment reduced systolic BP and serum concentration of triglycerides and LPO produces and improved glucose tolerance. After stimulation, CGRP content in rats maintained on fructose diet returned to normal values and the content of nitric oxide metabolites increased. We hypothesize that CGRP and nitric oxide are involved in mechanisms mediating the therapeutic effect of low-frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on arterial hypertension developing in metabolic syndrome.

Soft Bottom Communities in Marine Lakes Sisjajarvi and Linjalampi (Barents Sea).

Based on the data of benthic surveys of 2010-2012, three benthic communities: a shallow-water community with the dominance of Scoloplos spp., Nucula tennuis, and Scalibregma inflatum; a deep-water community with the dominance of Chaetosone sp.; and a community of mixed sediments, have been distinguished in soft sediments in marine lakes Sisjajarvi and Linjalampi. These communities are typically marine and similar to other communities in shallow areas of the Barents Sea. They mostly differ in a high abundance of the polychaete Scalibregma inflatum and a small number of echinoderms from the communities in other bays of the Barents Sea. The abundance of the polychaete S. inflatum indicates indirectly possible cases of anoxia in Lake Sisjajarvi.

The one-step synthesis of polymer-based magnetic γ-Fe2O3/carboxymethyl cellulose nanocomposites.

A novel one-step procedure is described for synthesizing water soluble biocompatible nanocomposites from maghemite nanoparticles and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The procedure allows the magneto-sensitive nanocomposites with a controlled content of the inorganic phase. The maghemite formation has been proved by X-ray diffraction analysis and Mossbauer spectroscopy. An average diameter of the maghemite nanoparticles is equal to 11nm according to transmission electron microscopy. As shown by FTIR spectroscopy, the nanoparticles bind to the polymer matrix via electrostatic and coordination interactions. The diameter of the nanocomposites in dilute aqueous solutions vary from 50nm at the iron content of 2-4.3wt.% to 140nm at the iron content of 5.2-8.6wt.%. The study of specific magnetization of the nanocomposites vs. applied magnetic field indicates their ferromagnetic properties. The saturation magnetization and coercive force of the sample with the maximum maghemite content (8.6wt.%) are 11.5emu/g and 30.08Oe, respectively. The nanocomposite motion has been shown to be controlled by an external magnetic field. The biocompartible maghemite-CMC nanocomposites seem to be promising for encapsulation and delivery of biologically active compounds.

[ROLE OF CAPSAICIN-SENSITIVE NERVES IN THE REGULATION OF DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE BLOOD CONTENT UNDER NORMAL AND FRUCTOSE-INDUCED METABOLIC SYNDROME].

The effects of the stimulation of capsaicin-sensitive nerves (capsaicin, 1 mg/kg, s/c) and their eafferentation (capsaicin, 150 mg/kg, s/c) on the blood content of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) was investigated in normal rats and rats with fructose-induced metabolic syndrome (12.5% fructose solution, 10 weeks). An increase in blood of tryglyceride, lipid peroxidation, glucose (fasting and after loading glucose, 2 mg/kg, i/p) was considered as symptoms of metabolic syndrome. It was shown that in normal rats drinking tap water the stimulation of capsaicin-sensitive nerves resulted in the increase of DHEAS content while their deafferentation reduced the concentration of this hormone in the blood. The fructose diet caused the decrease in content of DHEAS, triglyceridemia, lipid peroxidation, impaired tolerance glucose. In rats with the metabolic syndrome the stimulation capsaicin-sensitive nerves prevented the fructose-induced decrease of DHEAS content as well as decreased the symptoms of metabolic syndrome. In fructose fed rats the stimulation-induced effects were prevented by the deafferentation of capsaicin-sensitive nerves. It is suggested that capsaicin-sensitive nerves contribute both to the regulation of blood content of DHEAS under normal and fructose-induced metabolic syndrome.

Inhibitory Effect of Polyethylene Oxide and Polypropylene Oxide Triblock Copolymers on Aggregation and Fusion of Atherogenic Low Density Lipoproteins.

Triblock copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(propylene oxide) (so-called pluronics) were shown to influence the aggregation and fusion of atherogenic low density lipoproteins (atLDL) and be able to inhibit these processes. The character of the influence and the degree of the stabilizing effect depended on the structure, relative hydrophobicity, and concentration of the copolymer. Pluronics L61, P85, and L64 characterized by the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value from 3 to 16 had the greatest ability to suppress the aggregation of atLDL. Pluronic L81 with the higher hydrophobicity (HLB = 2) partially inhibited atLDL aggregation at low concentrations but stimulated it at high concentrations. The influence of pluronics did not have a direct connection with their ability for micelle formation, but it was realized through individual macromolecules. We suppose that effects of pluronics could be due to their interaction with the lipid component of LDL and to a possible influence of these copolymers on the structure and hydrophilic-lipophilic characteristics of lipoproteins.

[The specific morphological and biochemical features of inhalation poisoning with ammonia].

This experimental study using the laboratory animals (rats and rabbits) has demonstrated the morphological and biochemical changes associated with inhalation poisoning with ammonia. Certain regular features of this form of intoxication were revealed. Specifically, the determination of the major biochemical characteristics of blood makes it possible to evaluate the performance of the hepatobiliary and cardiovascular systems. The results of blood pH measurement give evidence of its alkalinization.

[Prophylactic use of anti-influenza and anti-pneumococcal vaccines in industrial workers].

Efficiency of vaccination against respiratory tract infections was proved by long worldwide experience. The article covers analysis of vaccination results in 26,852 workers of major industrial enterprises of RUSAL company in 12 cities of Russia, using anti-influenza vaccine Vaxigrip, and combined vaccination in 466 workers with anti-influenza vaccine Vaxigrip and anti-pneumococcal vaccine Pneumo 23. Reference group of non-vaccinated workers randomly included 7,520 workers of the same enterprises and comparable in age and length of service. Efficiency of vaccination was assessed in a year through analysis of transitory disablement morbidity due to respiratory tract infections and clinical data. Vaccinated with Vaxigrip and Pneumo 23, the workers with chronic bronchitis demonstrated inconstant cough in statistically significantly more rare occasions in comparison with non-vaccinated workers (24,75% vs. 75,25% in vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups respectively, p < 0,05). In the group vaccinated with Vaxigrip, the transitory disablement morbidity equalled 42,06 per 1000 workers. In the group vaccinated with Vaxigrip and Pneumo 23, the transitory disablement morbidity equalled 46,07 per 1000 workers. In the group of non-vaccinated workers, the morbidity equalled 158,6 per 1,000 workers.

[Comparative analysis of occupational health services practice of international companies of oil and gas industry and ILO Convention "Occupational Health Services"].

A comparative analysis of current work practices of occupational health services of international companies of Russian oil & gas industry and provisions of ILO Convention 161 and Recommendation 171 "Occupational Health Services" has been carried out. Proposals for improvement and harmonization of labor legislation related to this problem have been formulated.

[The effect of destruction of rat capsaicin-sensitive nerves on blood pressure in rats with metabolic syndrome].

The effect of destruction of capsaicin-sensitive nerve (capsaicin 150 mg/kg, s/c) on blood pre- ssure was investigated in rats with metabolic syndrome induced by fructose (12.5% in drinking water for 10 weeks). The blood plasma concentrations of glucose, triglyceride (TG) and products of lipid perioxidation were defined in these rats. The systolic blood pressure was measured by non-invasive method using the Coda system (Coda, Kent Scientific, USA). The fructose diet caused impaired tolerance glucose, arterial hypertension, increased the contents of TG and products of lipid peroxidation. In capsaicin--pretreated rats (deafferentiation of capsaicin-sensitive nerve) the fructose intake did not evoke impairment tolerance glucose, the increase of systolic blood pressure and the plasma content of triglyceride. The increase of lipid perioxidation in fructose fed rats was not prevented by capsaicin pretreatment. The authors suggest that capsaicin-sensitive nerves contribute to the development of insulin resistance and arterial hypertension in the metabolic syndrome.

[Effects of capsaicin on oxidative modification of blood plasma proteins and arterial blood pressure in fructose-fed rats].

The influence of the activation of capsaicin-sensitive nerves with capsaicin on the oxidative modification of blood plasma proteins and arterial blood pressure was studied in Wistar rats fed with 12.5% fructose in drinking water for 10 weeks. The obtained results indicate that fructose feeding induces an increase in the arterial blood pressure and the content of plasma blood protein carbonyl derivates. At the same time, in hypertensive rats, the stimulation of sensory nerves by capsaicin (1 mg/kg, i.p.) decreases the content of oxidized proteins in the plasma and normalizes the arterial blood pressure. It is suggested that capsaicin-sensitive nerves are involved in the regulation of oxidative destruction of proteins as well as in blood pressure control under metabolic disturbances produced by prolonged fructose feeding.

Supersymmetric dualities beyond the conformal window.

Using the superconformal (SC) indices techniques, we construct Seiberg type dualities for N=1 supersymmetric field theories outside the conformal windows. These theories are physically distinguished by the presence of chiral superfields with small or negative R charges.

[Analysis of genetic variation in dogs (American Pit Bull Terrier breed) with high inbreeding level using microsatellite markers].

The level of gene polymorphism of 10 microsatellite loci in 27 American Pit Bull Terrier dogs which have a high value of the percentage of blood and inbreeding coefficient achieved 43.8% was studied. The excess of heterozigosity over expected for this level of inbreeding coefficient was established. Suggestion that the high level of heterozigosity is the result of the selection against homozygotes was made.

[Morphological parameters of the liver in rats during changes in nitric oxide content and deafferentation with capsaicin].

The aim of this investigation was to study the morphological changes of rat liver during the blockade of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and its increased content in the intact rats and after the damage of capsaicin-sensitive nerves. It was shown that the damage of capsaicin-sensitive nerves resulted in dystrophic and necrotic changes in the liver, associated with the inflammatory reaction. These changes were enhanced by the blockade of NO-synthase. NO deficiency, caused by NO-synthase blockade, lead to disturbances of vascular bed control, resulting in ischemia and hypoxia, and, as a consequence, in dystrophic and necrotic changes in hepatocytes. The data obtained indicate that in the development of dystrophic changes after the modification of the function of capsaicin-sensitive nerves, along with the decrease in the sensory neuropeptide content, the significant role is played by NO-dependent machanisms. Administration of NO precursor, L-arginine, after deafferentation with capsaicin, inhibited the inflammatory reactions in the liver.

[Application of the capillary electrophoresis technique for the study of the products of explosion and combustion of mixed explosives and pyrotechnic compositions in the forensic medical practice].

The authors describe methods of cation-anion analysis of aqueous media by the capillary electrophoresis technique with reference to the detection of the products of explosion and combustion of mixed explosives and pyrotechnic compositions. The possibility to use the results thus obtained for the study of an explosion injury is discussed. Optimal conditions for the separation of chloride, nitrite, nitrate, sulfate, sulfide, chlorate, and perchlorate ions are determined. The efficiency of the proposed methods for the characteristic of the cation-anion composition of the aqueous medium to identify the products of explosion and combustion of mixed explosives and pyrotechnic compounds is exemplified by their application in the forensic medical practice. It is concluded that the above techniques can be used to study explosion injuries.

[The use of laser-assisted scanning confocal microscopy for the detection of foreign particles in internal organ tissues].

The objective of this study was to evaluate the possibility and effectiveness of using laser-assisted scanning confocal microscopy for the detection of foreign particles in internal organ tissues for the purpose of forensic medical diagnosis of fatal cases of acute and chronic drug intoxication. Lung tissue samples stained with hematoxylin and eosin exhibited autofluorescent foreign particles localized in vascular lumen. Microphotographs and autofluorescence spectral profiles of the examined tissues are presented.