Stone composition of renal stone formers from different global regions.

OBJECTIVE: To study urinary stone composition patterns in different populations around the world. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were collected by reviewing charts of 1204 adult patients of 10 countries with renal or ureteral stones (> 18 years) in whom a stone analysis was done and available. Any method of stone analysis was accepted, but the methodology had to be registered. RESULTS: In total, we observed 710 (59%) patients with calcium oxalate, 31 (1%) with calcium phosphate, 161 (13%) with mixed calcium oxalate/calcium phosphate, 15 (1%) with carbapatite, 110 (9%) with uric acid, 7 (< 1%) with urate (ammonium or sodium), 100 (9%) with mixed with uric acid/ calcium oxalate, 56 (5%) with struvite and 14 (1%) with cystine stones. Calciumcontaining stones were the most common in all countries ranging from 43 to 91%. Oxalate stones were more common than phosphate or mixed phosphate/oxalate stones in most countries except Egypt and India. The rate of uric acid containing stones ranged from 4 to 34%, being higher in Egypt, India, Pakistan, Iraq, Poland and Bulgaria. Struvite stones occurred in less than 5% in all countries except India (23%) and Pakistan (16%). Cystine stones occurred in 1% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of different types of urinary stones varies from country to country. Calcium-containing stones are prevalent in all countries. The frequency of uric acid containing stones seems to depend mainly on climatic factors, being higher in countries with desert or tropical climates. Dietary patterns can also lead to an increase in the frequency of uric acid containing stones in association with high obesity rates. Struvite stones are decreasing in most countries due to improved health conditions.

Obesity rates in renal stone formers from various countries.

OBJECTIVE: To collect evidence on the rate of obesity in renal stone formers (RSFs) living in different climatic areas and consuming different diets. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data of adult renal stone formers were retrospectively collected by members of U-merge from 13 participant centers in Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria (2), China, India, Iraq (2), Italy (2), Nigeria, Pakistan and Poland. The following data were collected: age, gender, weight, height, stone analysis and procedure of stone removal. RESULTS: In total, 1689 renal stone formers (1032 males, 657 females) from 10 countries were considered. Average age was 48 (±14) years, male to female ratio was 1.57 (M/F 1032/657), the average body mass index (BMI) was 26.5 (±4.8) kg/m2. The obesity rates of RSFs in different countries were significantly different from each other. The highest rates were observed in Pakistan (50%), Iraq (32%), and Brazil (32%), while the lowest rates were observed in China (2%), Nigeria (3%) and Italy (10%). Intermediate rates were observed in Argentina (17%), Bulgaria (17%), India (15%) and Poland (22%). The age-adjusted obesity rate of RSFs was higher than the age-adjusted obesity rate in the general population in Brazil, India, and Pakistan, whereas it was lower in Argentina, Bulgaria, China, Italy, and Nigeria, and similar in Iraq and Poland. CONCLUSIONS: The age-adjusted obesity rate of RSFs was not higher than the age-adjusted obesity rate of the general population in most countries. The relationship between obesity and the risk of kidney stone formation should be reconsidered by further studies carried out in different populations.

Metabolic risk factors in children with kidney stone disease: an update.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of kidney stones in children has significantly increased in the past few decades, with concomitant increased morbidity and healthcare costs worldwide. Assessing metabolic risk factors is essential for diagnosis and specific treatment. The objective of this retrospective study is to identify the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of children under 17 years of age, as well as the metabolic risk factors of nephrolithiasis. METHODS: A total of 300 children with kidney stone disease were included to undergo several clinical tests using a standardized protocol. RESULTS: The mean age was 11.2 years, and the male:female ratio was 1.15:1.0. Biochemical abnormalities were found in 89.3% of all cases. A single urine metabolic risk factor was present in 52.6% (n = 141) of the patients, and multiple risk factors were present in 36.7% (n = 106). Idiopathic hypercalciuria (alone or in combination) and hypocitraturia (alone or in combination) were the most frequent risk factors identified in 47.0% and 39.6% of these patients, respectively. Renal colic and/or unspecified abdominal pain were the most frequent forms of presentation (76.9%), followed by hematuria in 64.4% with 97.5% of stones located in the upper urinary tract. A positive family history in first-degree and second-degree relatives was found in 64.8% of boys and 61.8% of girls. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that specific urinary metabolic risk factors can be found in most children with kidney stones, with hypercalciuria and hypocitraturia being the most common diagnoses. Graphical abstract .

[Idiopathic hypercalciuria: can the diuretics be avoided?] / Hipercalciuria idiopática ¿Se pueden evitar los diuréticos?

Idiopathic hypercalciuria is defined as calcium excretion greater than 220 and 300 mg/day in women and men respectively, or greater than 4 mg/kg body weight. In women with osteoporosis it is observed in 19% of cases, while in kidney stones cases varies between 50 and 70%. We selected 206 hypercalciuric patients from our database, with and without renal lithiasis, to whom a restricted diet had been indicated. We divided them, according to the response, into a dependent diet and an independent diet. We considered 122 patients with diagnosis of hypercalciuria diet dependent (105 women and 17 men), which were followed with dietary control (800 mg of calcium, around 1 g of animal proteins and < 100 mEq sodium a day). The appearance of stones, or the recurrence of stones, was not considered, nor was bone involvement. After an average of 17 months, everyone had their calciuria controlled and there were even 16 (13%) who, after 42 months of follow-up, continued to be normocalciuric only on a diet. We conclude that the division of the hypercalciurias is fundamental, according to their response to a restricted diet, in order to avoid or postpone the use of diuretics and its adverse effects, with an adequate management of the diet.

La hipercalciuria idiopática se define como la excreción de calcio superior a 220 y 300 mg/día en mujeres y hombres respectivamente o bien mayor a 4 mg/kg peso. En mujeres con osteoporosis se observa en el 19% de los casos, mientras que en litiasis renal varía entre el 50 y 70%. Seleccionamos 206 pacientes hipercalciúricos, de nuestra base de datos, con y sin litiasis renal, a los que se les había indicado una dieta restringida. Luego los dividimos, de acuerdo a la respuesta, en dieta dependiente y dieta independiente. De estos solo consideramos 122 pacientes con diagnósticos de hipercalciuria dieta-dependiente (105 mujeres y 17 hombres), que fueron seguidos con control dietario (800 mg de calcio, alrededor de 1 g de proteínas animales y < 100 mEq de sodio diarios). No se consideró la aparición de cálculos, o la recurrencia de los mismos, como tampoco el compromiso óseo. Luego de una media de 17 meses todos tenían controlada la calciuria e incluso hubo 16 (13%) que luego de 42 meses de seguimiento persistían normocalciúricos solo con dieta. Concluimos que es fundamental la división de las hipercalciurias, según su respuesta a una dieta restringida, con el fin de evitar o postergar el uso de diuréticos y sus efectos adversos, con una administración adecuada de la dieta.

Hipercalciuria idiopática ¿se pueden evitar los diuróticos? / Idiopathic hypercalciuria: can the diuretics be avoided?

La hipercalciuria idiopática se define como la excreció;n de calcio superior a 220 y 300 mg/día en mujeres y hombres respectivamente o bien mayor a 4 mg/kg peso. En mujeres con osteoporosis se observa en el 19% de los casos, mientras que en litiasis renal varía entre el 50 y 70%. Seleccionamos 206 pacientes hipercalció;ºricos, de nuestra base de datos, con y sin litiasis renal, a los que se les había indicado una dieta restringida. Luego los dividimos, de acuerdo a la respuesta, en dieta dependiente y dieta independiente. De estos solo consideramos 122 pacientes con diagnó;sticos de hipercalciuria dieta-dependiente (105 mujeres y 17 hombres), que fueron seguidos con control dietario (800 mg de calcio, alrededor de 1 g de proteínas animales y < 100 mEq de sodio diarios). No se consideró; la aparició;n de cálculos, o la recurrencia de los mismos, como tampoco el compromiso ó;seo. Luego de una media de 17 meses todos tenían controlada la calciuria e incluso hubo 16 (13%) que luego de 42 meses de seguimiento persistían normocalció;ºricos solo con dieta. Concluimos que es fundamental la divisió;n de las hipercalciurias, segó;ºn su respuesta a una dieta restringida, con el fin de evitar o postergar el uso de diuró;©ticos y sus efectos adversos, con una administració;n adecuada de la dieta.

Idiopathic hypercalciuria is defined as calcium excretion greater than 220 and 300 mg / day in women and men respectively, or greater than 4 mg / kg body weight. In women with osteoporosis it is observed in 19% of cases, while in kidney stones cases varies between 50 and 70%. We selected 206 hypercalciuric patients from our database, with and without renal lithiasis, to whom a restricted diet had been indicated. We divided them, according to the response, into a dependent diet and an independent diet. We considered 122 patients with diagnosis of hypercalciuria diet dependent (105 women and 17 men), which were followed with dietary control (800 mg of calcium, around 1 g of animal proteins and < 100 mEq sodium a day). The appearance of stones, or the recurrence of stones, was not considered, nor was bone involvement. After an average of 17 months, everyone had their calciuria controlled and there were even 16 (13%) who, after 42 months of follow-up, continued to be normocalciuric only on a diet. We conclude that the division of the hypercalciurias is fundamental, according to their response to a restricted diet, in order to avoid or postpone the use of diuretics and its adverse effects, with an adequate management of the diet.

Respuesta de la calciuria a suplementos de vitamina D / Calcium response to vitamin D supplementation

Múltiples estudios muestran la importancia de mantener niveles suficientes de vitamina D para prevenir varias enfermedades crónicas. Sin embargo, la suplementación de vitamina D sobre la calciuria es controvertida. El objetivo de este trabajo prospectivo, intervencionista, fue evaluar la respuesta de la calciuria en mujeres con hipercalciuria y normocalciuria, luego de conseguir niveles adecuados de 25 OH D. Se estudiaron 63 mujeres con hipercalciuria idiopática (9 con litiasis renal) y 50 mujeres normocalciúricas. Ambos grupos presentaron déficit/insuficiencia de 25 OH D y fueron suplementadas con vitamina D2 o D3 semanales o vitamina D3 en dosis de 100 000 UI mensuales. A todas se les midió la calciuria basal y final al alcanzar el valor de 25 OH D deseado (> 30 ng/dl). No observamos cambios significativos en los valores de la calciuria inicial y final en las que recibieron vitamina D2 o D3 semanal ni en las que recibieron dosis mensuales. Sin embargo, un subgrupo de mujeres: 19% (n = 12) de las hipercalciúricas y 12% (n = 6) de las normocalciúricas (con vitamina D semanal) aumentaron la calciuria en forma significativa. Mientras que, con dosis mensuales, un 40% (n = 4/10) de las hipercalciúricas y 44% (n = 4/9) de las hipercalciúricas con litiasis renal aumentaron la calciuria. En conclusión, niveles adecuados de 25 OH D son seguros en la mayoría de las pacientes. En aquellas que requieren dosis de carga mensuales podrían observarse aumentos de la calciuria en forma significativa con riesgo de formar cálculos renales o perder masa ósea, cuando están genéticamente predispuestas.

Several studies show the importance of serum vitamin D sufficient levels to prevent multiple chronic diseases. However, vitamin D supplementation and its effects on urine calcium excretion remain controversial. The objective of this prospective and interventional study was to evaluate urine calcium excretion in women with normal calciuria or hypercalciuria, once serum vitamin D sufficiency was achieved. We studied 63 women with idiopathic hypercalciuria, (9 with renal lithiasis) and 50 normocalciuric women. Both groups had serum vitamin D levels low (deficiency or insufficiency). Baseline urine calcium excretion was measured before being supplemented with vitamin D2 or D3 weekly or vitamin D3 100.000 IU monthly. Once serum vitamin D levels were corrected achieving at least 30 ng/ml, a second urine calcium excretion was obtained. Although in the whole sample we did not observe significant changes in urine calcium excretion according to the way of supplementation, some of those with weekly supplementation had significant higher urine calcium excretion, 19% (n = 12) of hypercalciuric women and 12% (n = 6) of the normocalciuric group. Monthly doses, also showed higher urine calcium excretion in 40% of hypercalciuric women (n = 4/10) and in 44% (n = 4/9) of the renal lithiasis hypercalciuric patients. In conclusion, different ways of vitamin D supplementation and adequate serum levels are safe in most patients, although it should be taken into account a subgroup, mainly with monthly loading doses, that could increase the calciuria significantly eventually rising renal lithiasis risk or bone mass loss, if genetically predisposed.

[Calcium response to vitamin D supplementation]. / Respuesta de la calciuria a suplementos de vitamina D.

Several studies show the importance of serum vitamin D sufficient levels to prevent multiple chronic diseases. However, vitamin D supplementation and its effects on urine calcium excretion remain controversial. The objective of this prospective and interventional study was to evaluate urine calcium excretion in women with normal calciuria or hypercalciuria, once serum vitamin D sufficiency was achieved. We studied 63 women with idiopathic hypercalciuria, (9 with renal lithiasis) and 50 normocalciuric women. Both groups had serum vitamin D levels low (deficiency or insufficiency). Baseline urine calcium excretion was measured before being supplemented with vitamin D2 or D3 weekly or vitamin D3 100.000 IU monthly. Once serum vitamin D levels were corrected achieving at least 30 ng/ml, a second urine calcium excretion was obtained. Although in the whole sample we did not observe significant changes in urine calcium excretion according to the way of supplementation, some of those with weekly supplementation had significant higher urine calcium excretion, 19% (n = 12) of hypercalciuric women and 12% (n = 6) of the normocalciuric group. Monthly doses, also showed higher urine calcium excretion in 40% of hypercalciuric women (n = 4/10) and in 44% (n = 4/9) of the renal lithiasis hypercalciuric patients. In conclusion, different ways of vitamin D supplementation and adequate serum levels are safe in most patients, although it should be taken into account a subgroup, mainly with monthly loading doses, that could increase the calciuria significantly eventually rising renal lithiasis risk or bone mass loss, if genetically predisposed.

Antecedentes familiares y diagnóstico bioquímico en 1948 formadores de cálculos renales / Family history and biochemical diagnosis in 1948 kidney stone formers

INTRODUCTION: The presence of family history of nephrolithiasis is associated with an increased risk of renal lithiasis. Different epidemiological studies have shown a family component in the incidence of it, which is independent of dietary and environmental factors. The role of heredity is evident in monogenic diseases such as cystinuria, Dent's disease or primary hyperoxaluria, while a polygenic inheritance has been proposed to explain the tendency to form calcium oxalate stones. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to evaluate the family history of patients with renal lithiasis and the correlation of family history with its corresponding biochemical alteration, considering only those with a single metabolic alteration. METHODS: a prospective and retrospective observational and analytical study that included 1948 adults over 17 years of age and a normal control group of 165 individuals, all evaluated according to an ambulatory protocol to obtain a biochemical diagnosis. They were asked about their family history of nephrolithiasis and classified into five groups according to the degree of kinship and the number of people affected in the family. RESULTS: a positive family history of nephrolithiasis was found in 27.4% of renal stone formers, predominantly in women, compared to 15.2% of normal controls. The family history of nephrolithiasis was observed especially in 31.4% of patients with hypomagnesuria and in 29.6% of hypercalciuric patients. The rest of the biochemical alterations had a positive family history between 28.6% in hyperoxaluria and 21.9% in hypocitraturia. The highest percentage of family history of nephrolithiasis was found in cystinuria (75%) although there were few patients with this diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: the inheritance has a clear impact on urolithiasis independently of the present biochemical alteration. Family history of nephrolithiasis of the first and second degree was observed between 21 and 32% of patients with renal lithiasis, with hypercalciuria and hypomagnesuria being the biochemical alterations with more family history

INTRODUCCIÓN: La presencia de antecedentes familiares de nefrolitiasis se asocia con un mayor riesgo de litiasis renal. Diferentes estudios epidemiológicos han mostrado un componente familiar en la incidencia de la misma, que es independiente de los factores dietéticos y ambientales. El papel de la herencia es evidente en enfermedades monogénicas como la cistinuria, la enfermedad de Dent o la hiperoxaluria primaria, mientras que se ha propuesto una herencia poligénica para explicar la tendencia a la formación de cálculos de oxalato de calcio. OBJETIVO: Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la historia familiar de los pacientes con litiasis renal y la correlación de los antecedentes familiares con su correspondiente alteración bioquímica, considerando solo aquellos con una única alteración metabólica. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional y analítico prospectivo y retrospectivo que incluyó a 1948 adultos mayores de 17 años y un grupo control normal de 165 individuos, evaluados todos siguiendo un protocolo ambulatorio para obtener un diagnóstico bioquímico. Se les preguntó acerca de su historia familiar de nefrolitiasis y se clasificó en cinco grupos según el grado de parentesco y el número de personas afectadas en la familia. Resultados: Se encontró historia familiar positiva de nefrolitiasis en el 27,4% de los formadores de cálculos renales, predominando en mujeres, frente al 15,2% de los controles normales. La historia familiar de nefrolitiasis se observó especialmente en el 31,4% de los pacientes con hipomagnesuria y en el 29,6% de los hipercalciúricos. El resto de las alteraciones bioquímicas tuvo antecedentes familiares positivos entre el 28,6% en la hiperoxaluria y el 21,9% en la hipocitraturia. El porcentaje más alto de antecedentes familiares de nefrolitiasis se encontró en la cistinuria (75%) aunque hubo pocos pacientes con este diagnóstico. CONCLUSIONES: La herencia tiene un claro impacto en la urolitiasis independientemente de la alteración bioquímica presente. Se observan antecedentes familiares de nefrolitiasis de primer y segundo grado entre el 21 y 32% de los pacientes con litiasis renal, siendo la hipercalciuria y la hipomagnesuria las alteraciones bioquímicas con más antecedentes familiares

[Asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism in women]. / Hiperparatiroidismo primario asintomático en mujeres.

Primary hyperparathyroidism may have different characteristics. One is the asymptomatic form. This is a mild variant of hypercalcemic hyperparathyroidism, characterized by a calcemia not greater than 1 mg/dl above the upper limit of the method, a high intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), absence of renal stones, renal function impairement, and osteoporosis, less than 50 years of age, and less than 400 mg/day calciuria. It is not a surgical entity, but its evolution may require it. Twenty-four postmenopausal women, all older than 50 years, with a diagnosis of asymptomatic hyperparathyroidism, were studied. Clinical manifestations, densitometric changes, biochemical parameters and bone remodeling were analyzed and the results were compared with the classic and normocalcemic variants of the disease. Diagnostic criteria were established and observed that only 2 (8.3%) of patients, during a follow up of 44 ± 12 months, had need for a parathyroidectomy. In conclusion, the asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism is a benign disorder, of periodic clinical follow-up, which rarely may require surgery.

Hiperparatiroidismo primario asintomático en mujeres / Asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism in women

El hiperparatiroidismo primario puede tener diferentes características. Una de ellas es la forma asintomática. Esta es una variante leve del hiperparatiroidismo primario hipercalcémico, que se caracteriza por una calcemia no mayor a 1 mg/dl sobre el límite superior del método, hormona paratiroidea intacta (PTHi) elevada, ausencia de litiasis renal, deterioro de la función renal y de osteoporosis, edad menor de 50 años, y calciuria menor a 400 mg/día. No es una entidad quirúrgica, pero en su evolución puede llegar a serlo. Se estudiaron 24 mujeres postmenopáusicas, todas mayores de 50 años, con diagnóstico de hiperparatiroidismo asintomático, se describieron las manifestaciones clínicas, los cambios densitométricos, los parámetros bioquímicos y del remodelado óseo y se compararon los resultados con las variantes clásica y normocalcémica de la enfermedad. Se establecieron los criterios diagnósticos y se observó que solo 2 (8.3%) de las pacientes, durante un seguimiento de 44 ± 12 meses tuvo necesidad de paratiroidectomía. En definitiva, el hiperparatiroidismo primario asintomático es una alteración benigna, de seguimiento clínico periódico que, en pocas ocasiones, durante el seguimiento puede requerir cirugía.

Primary hyperparathyroidism may have different characteristics. One is the asymptomatic form. This is a mild variant of hypercalcemic hyperparathyroidism, characterized by a calcemia not greater than 1 mg/dl above the upper limit of the method, a high intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), absence of renal stones, renal function impairement, and osteoporosis, less than 50 years of age, and less than 400 mg/day calciuria. It is not a surgical entity, but its evolution may require it. Twenty-four postmenopausal women, all older than 50 years, with a diagnosis of asymptomatic hyperparathyroidism, were studied. Clinical manifestations, densitometric changes, biochemical parameters and bone remodeling were analyzed and the results were compared with the classic and normocalcemic variants of the disease. Diagnostic criteria were established and observed that only 2 (8.3%) of patients, during a follow up of 44 ± 12 months, had need for a parathyroidectomy. In conclusion, the asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism is a benign disorder, of periodic clinical follow-up, which rarely may require surgery.

Kidney stones: Composition, frequency and relation to metabolic diagnosis.

Nephrolithiasis is one of the most frequent urologic diseases. The aim of this paper is to study the composition and frequency of 8854 patient kidney stones and in a subset of them their metabolic risk factors to be related to their type of calculi. Physicochemical and crystallographic methods were used to assess kidney stone composition. In a subset of 715 patients, we performed an ambulatory metabolic protocol with diagnostic purposes. From the total sample 79% of stones were made of calcium salts (oxalate and phosphate), followed by uric acid stones in 16.5%, calcium salts and uric acid in 2%, other salts in 1.9% and cystine in 0.6%. Male to female ratio was almost three times higher in calcium salts and other types of stones, reaching a marked male predominance in uric acid stones, M/F 18.8 /1.0. The major risk factors for calcium stones are idiopathic hypercalciuria, followed by unduly acidic urine pH and hyperuricosuria. In uric acid stones unduly acidic urine pH and less commonly hyperuricosuria are the most frequent biochemical diagnosis. Our results show that analysis of kidney stones composition and the corresponding metabolic diagnosis may provide a scientific basis for the best management and prevention of kidney stone formation, as well as it may help us to study the mechanisms of urine stone formation.

Kidney stones: composition, frequency and relation to metabolic diagnosis

Nephrolithiasis is one of the most frequent urologic diseases. The aim of this paper is to study the composition and frequency of 8854 patient kidney stones and in a subset of them their metabolic risk factors to be related to their type of calculi. Physicochemical and crystallographic methods were used to assess kidney stone composition. In a subset of 715 patients, we performed an ambulatory metabolic protocol with diagnostic purposes. From the total sample 79% of stones were made of calcium salts (oxalate and phosphate), followed by uric acid stones in 16.5%, calcium salts and uric acid in 2%, other salts in 1.9% and cystine in 0.6%. Male to female ratio was almost three times higher in calcium salts and other types of stones, reaching a marked male predominance in uric acid stones, M/F 18.8 /1.0. The major risk factors for calcium stones are idiopathic hypercalciuria, followed by unduly acidic urine pH and hyperuricosuria. In uric acid stones unduly acidic urine pH and less commonly hyperuricosuria are the most frequent biochemical diagnosis. Our results show that analysis of kidney stones composition and the corresponding metabolic diagnosis may provide a scientific basis for the best management and prevention of kidney stone formation, as well as it may help us to study the mechanisms of urine stone formation.

La litiasis renal es una de las enfermedades urológicas más frecuentes. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la composición y frecuencia de 8854 cálculos renales y evaluar en un subgrupo de ellos la relación de los factores de riesgo metabólicos con el tipo de cálculo hallado. Se utilizaron métodos fisicoquímicos y cristalográficos para evaluar la composición de los cálculos renales. En un subgrupo de 715 pacientes, se pudo realizar un protocolo metabólico ambulatorio con fines diagnóstico. De la muestra total, 79.0% de los cálculos fueron de sales de calcio (oxalato y fosfato), seguido por cálculos de ácido úrico en 16.5%, sales de calcio y ácido úrico en 2.0%, otras sales en 1.9% y cistina en 0.6%. La relación hombre/mujer fue casi tres veces mayor en las sales de calcio y otros tipos de cálculos, alcanzando un marcado predominio en varones con cálculos de ácido úrico, M/F 18.8/1.0. Los principales factores de riesgo para los cálculos de calcio fueron la hipercalciuria idiopática, seguida del pH urinario excesivamente ácido y la hiperuricosuria. En los cálculos de ácido úrico el pH urinario excesivamente ácido y con menor frecuencia la hiperuricosuria fueron los diagnósticos más frecuentes. Nuestros resultados muestran que el análisis de la composición de los cálculos renales y el correspondiente diagnóstico metabólico pueden proporcionar una base científica para el mejor manejo y prevención en la formación de cálculos renales, así como que nos puede ayudar a estudiar los mecanismos de formación de los mismos.

Hiperparatiroidismo primario normocalcémico

Presentamos las características clínicas, bioquímicas y densitométricas de 35 pacientes con hiperparatiroidismo primario (HPP) normocalcémico, que se caracteriza por un nivel elevado de hormona paratiroidea intacta (PTHi) con el calcio sérico y iónico persistentemente normales, una vez descartadas posibles causas de hiperparatiroidismo secundario. Del total, 30 fueron mujeres (90%) y 5 varones (10%). Se seleccionó un grupo control de 55 pacientes con hiperparatiroidismo primario hipercalcémico: 51 mujeres (93%) y 4 varones (7%). El promedio de edad al diagnóstico de HPP normocalcémico fue de 61.4 ± 11.7 años y del HPP hipercalcémico de 56.4 ± 11.3 años. Además de las diferencias esperables de la calcemia, el calcio iónico, el fósforo y la calciuria de 24 horas, no encontramos cambios significativos en el resto de las variables bioquímicas. Tampoco encontramos diferencias en los valores densitométricos, la presencia de osteopenia u osteoporosis y el número de fracturas entre ambos tipos de HPP. Sí hubo una diferencia significativa en la presencia de litiasis renal entre el HPP normocalcémico (11.4%) vs el HPP clásico (49.1%), p < 0.0005, en parte vinculada a la presencia de hipercalciuria en el HPP clásico. Dos de los 35 pacientes con HPP normocalcémico evolucionaron al HPP hipercalcémico durante un seguimiento de 4 años. Nuestros resultados apoyan la hipótesis que el HPP normocalcémico podría ser una forma temprana del HPP clásico, teniendo ambos similares repercusiones clínicas a nivel renal y óseo.

This report shows our conclusions on the clinical, biochemical and densitometry characteristics of 35 normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) patients. This condition is defined by a high level of intact parathyroid hormone (iPTHI) with persistently normal serum and ionized calcium in the absence of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Our selection consisted of 30 women (90%) and 5 men (10%). The control group of 55 hypercalcemic patients with primary hyperparathyroidism included 51 women (93%) and 4 men (7%). The average age at diagnosis of normocalcemic PHPT was 61.4 ± 11.7 years and 56.4 ± 11.3 years in hypercalcemic PHPT. Besides the expected differences in serum calcium, ionized calcium, phosphorus and 24 h urinary calcium, we found no significant changes in other biochemical variables, and no differences in densitometry evaluations such as the presence of osteopenia or osteoporosis and the number of fractures in the two types of PHPT. But there was a significant difference in the presence of renal lithiasis between normocalcemic PHPT (11.4%) and clasic PHPT (49.1%) p < 0.0005, to some extent associated to the presence of hypercalciuria in classic PHPT. Two of the 35 patients with normocalcemic PHPT became classic hypercalcemic PHPT over a 4 year follow-up period. Our findings support the hypothesis that the normocalcemic PHPT could be an early stage of the classic PHPT, both having similar clinical effects to metabolic renal and bone levels.

[Normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism]. / Hiperparatiroidismo primario normocalcémico.

This report shows our conclusions on the clinical, biochemical and densitometry characteristics of 35 normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) patients. This condition is defined by a high level of intact parathyroid hormone (iPTHI) with persistently normal serum and ionized calcium in the absence of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Our selection consisted of 30 women (90%) and 5 men (10%). The control group of 55 hypercalcemic patients with primary hyperparathyroidism included 51 women (93%) and 4 men (7%). The average age at diagnosis of normocalcemic PHPT was 61.4 ± 11.7 years and 56.4 ± 11.3 years in hypercalcemic PHPT. Besides the expected differences in serum calcium, ionized calcium, phosphorus and 24 h urinary calcium, we found no significant changes in other biochemical variables, and no differences in densitometry evaluations such as the presence of osteopenia or osteoporosis and the number of fractures in the two types of PHPT. But there was a significant difference in the presence of renal lithiasis between normocalcemic PHPT (11.4%) and clasic PHPT (49.1%) p < 0.0005, to some extent associated to the presence of hypercalciuria in classic PHPT. Two of the 35 patients with normocalcemic PHPT became classic hypercalcemic PHPT over a 4 year follow-up period. Our findings support the hypothesis that the normocalcemic PHPT could be an early stage of the classic PHPT, both having similar clinical effects to metabolic renal and bone levels.

Hiperparatiroidismo primario normocalcémico. / [Normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism].

This report shows our conclusions on the clinical, biochemical and densitometry characteristics of 35 normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) patients. This condition is defined by a high level of intact parathyroid hormone (iPTHI) with persistently normal serum and ionized calcium in the absence of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Our selection consisted of 30 women (90

) and 5 men (10

). The control group of 55 hypercalcemic patients with primary hyperparathyroidism included 51 women (93

) and 4 men (7

). The average age at diagnosis of normocalcemic PHPT was 61.4 ± 11.7 years and 56.4 ± 11.3 years in hypercalcemic PHPT. Besides the expected differences in serum calcium, ionized calcium, phosphorus and 24 h urinary calcium, we found no significant changes in other biochemical variables, and no differences in densitometry evaluations such as the presence of osteopenia or osteoporosis and the number of fractures in the two types of PHPT. But there was a significant difference in the presence of renal lithiasis between normocalcemic PHPT (11.4

) and clasic PHPT (49.1

) p < 0.0005, to some extent associated to the presence of hypercalciuria in classic PHPT. Two of the 35 patients with normocalcemic PHPT became classic hypercalcemic PHPT over a 4 year follow-up period. Our findings support the hypothesis that the normocalcemic PHPT could be an early stage of the classic PHPT, both having similar clinical effects to metabolic renal and bone levels.

Long term effect of thiazides on bone mass in women with hypercalciuric nephrolithiasis / Efecto a largo plazo de tiziadas sobre la masa ósea en mujeres con hipercalciuria nefrolitiasis

Background: Decreased bone mineral density and increased prevalence of bone fractures have been found in patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria. It is not yet clear if thiazide treatment prevent these events. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated bone mass and biochemical markers of bone turnover in response to thiazide therapy in 52 consecutive female patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria and nephrolithiasis. Patients were divided in two subgroups according to their menopausal status: 25 were pre-menopausal (Group I) and 27 were postmenopausal (Group II). Results: Osteoporosis was found in 12 patients at baseline, 9 at the lumbar spine and 6 at the femoral neck. Two were pre-menopausal and 10 were postmenopausal. Patients with osteoporosis were analyzed separately (Group III). There was a significant and persistent reduction in urinary calcium with preservation of bone mass in all the groups after a median follow-up of 51 months. Few adverse effects were found using low doses of hydrochlorothiazide / amiloride. Only in the group III we found a statistcally significant an increase in BMD at the lumbar spine of 9.5% and an increase in BMD at femoral neck of 4.4% that did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: We conclude that correction of hypercalciuria during long term treatment with low-dose hydrochlorothiazide//amiloride in women with nephrolithiasis prevents bone loss and in those with osteoporosis can lead to a significant increase in bone mineral density at the lumbar spine. Few adverse effects were seen during treatment and no interruption of therapy was necessary.(AU)

Introducción: Reducción de la densidad mineral ósea y aumento de la prevalencia de fracturas óseas se han encontrado en pacientes con hipercalciuria idiopática. Aún no está claro si el tratamiento con tiazidas prevenir estos eventos. Métodos: Evaluamos retrospectivamente la masa ósea y los marcadores bioquímicos de recambio óseo en respuesta a la terapia con tiazidas en 52 pacientes femeninos consecutivos con hipercalciuria idiopática y nefrolitiasis. Los pacientes fueron divididos en dos subgrupos de acuerdo a su estado de la menopausia : 25 fueron pre-menopáusicas (Grupo I) y 27 eran posmenopáusicas (Grupo II). Resultados: La osteoporosis se encontró en 12 pacientes al inicio del estudio, 9 en la columna lumbar y 6 en el cuello femoral. Dos eran premenopáusicas y 10 eran posmenopáusicas. Los pacientes con osteoporosis se analizaron por separado (Grupo III). Hubo una reducción significativa y persistente en el calcio urinario con la preservación de la masa ósea en todos los grupos después de una mediana de seguimiento de 51 meses. Pocos efectos adversos se encuentran utilizando dosis bajasde hidroclorotiazida / amilorida. Sólo en el grupo III encontramos un aumento estadísticamente significativo en la DMO de la columna lumbar del 9,5% y un aumento de la densidad mineral ósea en el cuello femoral de 4,4% que no alcanzó significación estadística. Conclusión: Llegamos a la conclusión de que la corrección de la hipercalciuria durante el tratamiento a largo plazo con dosis bajas de hidroclorotiazida / / amilorida en mujeres con nefrolitiasis previene la pérdida ósea y en aquellos con osteoporosis puede conducir a un aumento significativo en la densidad mineral ósea en la columna lumbar. Pocos se observaron efectos adversos durante el tratamiento y no hay interrupción de la terapia era necesario.(AU)

Long term effect of thiazides on bone mass in women with hypercalciuric nephrolithiasis / Efecto a largo plazo de tiziadas sobre la masa ósea en mujeres con hipercalciuria nefrolitiasis

Background: Decreased bone mineral density and increased prevalence of bone fractures have been found in patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria. It is not yet clear if thiazide treatment prevent these events. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated bone mass and biochemical markers of bone turnover in response to thiazide therapy in 52 consecutive female patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria and nephrolithiasis. Patients were divided in two subgroups according to their menopausal status: 25 were pre-menopausal (Group I) and 27 were postmenopausal (Group II). Results: Osteoporosis was found in 12 patients at baseline, 9 at the lumbar spine and 6 at the femoral neck. Two were pre-menopausal and 10 were postmenopausal. Patients with osteoporosis were analyzed separately (Group III). There was a significant and persistent reduction in urinary calcium with preservation of bone mass in all the groups after a median follow-up of 51 months. Few adverse effects were found using low doses of hydrochlorothiazide / amiloride. Only in the group III we found a statistcally significant an increase in BMD at the lumbar spine of 9.5% and an increase in BMD at femoral neck of 4.4% that did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: We conclude that correction of hypercalciuria during long term treatment with low-dose hydrochlorothiazide//amiloride in women with nephrolithiasis prevents bone loss and in those with osteoporosis can lead to a significant increase in bone mineral density at the lumbar spine. Few adverse effects were seen during treatment and no interruption of therapy was necessary.

Introducción: Reducción de la densidad mineral ósea y aumento de la prevalencia de fracturas óseas se han encontrado en pacientes con hipercalciuria idiopática. Aún no está claro si el tratamiento con tiazidas prevenir estos eventos. Métodos: Evaluamos retrospectivamente la masa ósea y los marcadores bioquímicos de recambio óseo en respuesta a la terapia con tiazidas en 52 pacientes femeninos consecutivos con hipercalciuria idiopática y nefrolitiasis. Los pacientes fueron divididos en dos subgrupos de acuerdo a su estado de la menopausia : 25 fueron pre-menopáusicas (Grupo I) y 27 eran posmenopáusicas (Grupo II). Resultados: La osteoporosis se encontró en 12 pacientes al inicio del estudio, 9 en la columna lumbar y 6 en el cuello femoral. Dos eran premenopáusicas y 10 eran posmenopáusicas. Los pacientes con osteoporosis se analizaron por separado (Grupo III). Hubo una reducción significativa y persistente en el calcio urinario con la preservación de la masa ósea en todos los grupos después de una mediana de seguimiento de 51 meses. Pocos efectos adversos se encuentran utilizando dosis bajasde hidroclorotiazida / amilorida. Sólo en el grupo III encontramos un aumento estadísticamente significativo en la DMO de la columna lumbar del 9,5% y un aumento de la densidad mineral ósea en el cuello femoral de 4,4% que no alcanzó significación estadística. Conclusión: Llegamos a la conclusión de que la corrección de la hipercalciuria durante el tratamiento a largo plazo con dosis bajas de hidroclorotiazida / / amilorida en mujeres con nefrolitiasis previene la pérdida ósea y en aquellos con osteoporosis puede conducir a un aumento significativo en la densidad mineral ósea en la columna lumbar. Pocos se observaron efectos adversos durante el tratamiento y no hay interrupción de la terapia era necesario.

[Severe osteoporosis treatment with teriparatide]. / Tratamiento de la osteoporosis grave con teriparatide.

The primary objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the treatment of severe osteoporosis with teriparatide (PTH) and to compare our results with those published in the literature. We included 46 patients, 42 women and four men, mean age: 69.15 ± 9.43 years. Six patients were treatment naive and forty previously treated with bisphosphonates. Thirty-two patients had had 93 fractures of which 86 vertebral. Forty-six received PTH for 6 months, twenty-nine for 12 months and twenty completed the 18 months suggested. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine increased significantly at the first control performed at six months of treatment (p < 0.0001), and the femoral neck BMD reached a significant increase at the end of treatment (p = 0.002). Serum osteocalcin values significantly increased from the first month of treatment, followed by Β crosslaps (beta-CTx, serum test) and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, returning all the markers of bone turnover to baseline levels at 18 months. Serum and urinary calcium did not change significantly at any time, but 8 (17.9%) patients developed mild hypercalcemia and 3 (6.5%) asymptomatic hypercalciuria. The treatment was well tolerated and there were no serious adverse events requiring discontinuation. In conclusion, PTH is a safe and useful alternative for the treatment of primary severe osteoporosis. Our results agree with those previously reported in the literature.

Tratamiento de la osteoporosis grave con teriparatide / Severe osteoporosis treatment with teriparatide

El objetivo de este trabajo retrospectivo fue evaluar el tratamiento de la osteoporosis grave con teriparatide (PTH) y comparar nuestros resultados con los publicados en la literatura médica. Se incluyeron cuarenta y seis pacientes, cuarenta y dos mujeres y cuatro varones, edad: 69.15 ± 9.43 años. Seis eran vírgenes de tratamiento y cuarenta tratados previamente con bisfosfonatos. Treinta y dos pacientes habían tenido 93 fracturas de las cuales 86 vertebrales. Cuarenta y seis recibieron PTH 6 meses, 29 pacientes durante 12 meses y 20 completaron los 18 meses sugeridos. La densidad mineral ósea (DMO) de columna lumbar aumentó significativamente desde el primer control a los 6 meses (p < 0.0001). La DMO de cuello de fémur alcanzó un incremento significativo al final del tratamiento (p = 0.002). La osteocalcina aumentó significativamente al mes, seguido por el ß crosslaps (beta-CTx, prueba en suero) al tercer mes y la fosfatasa alcalina ósea, regresando los marcadores de recambio óseo a niveles basales a los 18 meses. Las calcemias y las calciurias no se modificaron significativamente, pero 8 pacientes tuvieron hipercalcemias leves y tres hipercalciurias asintomáticas. El tratamiento fue bien tolerado y no se registraron efectos adversos graves que requirieran suspender el tratamiento. En conclusión, la PTH es una alternativa útil y segura para el tratamiento de la osteoporosis grave. Nuestros resultados concuerdan con los previamente publicados en la literatura médica.(AU)

The primary objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the treatment of severe osteoporosis with teriparatide (PTH) and to compare our results with those published in the literature. We included 46 patients, 42 women and four men, mean age: 69.15 ± 9.43 years. Six patients were treatment naive and forty previously treated with bisphosphonates. Thirty-two patients had had 93 fractures of which 86 vertebral. Forty-six received PTH for 6 months, twenty-nine for 12 months and twenty completed the 18 months suggested. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine increased significantly at the first control performed at six months of treatment (p < 0.0001), and the femoral neck BMD reached a significant increase at the end of treatment (p = 0.002). Serum osteocalcin values significantly increased from the first month of treatment, followed by ß crosslaps (beta-CTx, serum test) and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, returning all the markers of bone turnover to baseline levels at 18 months. Serum and urinary calcium did not change significantly at any time, but 8 (17.9%) patients developed mild hypercalcemia and 3 (6.5%) asymptomatic hypercalciuria. The treatment was well tolerated and there were no serious adverse events requiring discontinuation. In conclusion, PTH is a safe and useful alternative for the treatment of primary severe osteoporosis. Our results agree with those previously reported in the literature.(AU)

Tratamiento de la osteoporosis grave con teriparatide / Severe osteoporosis treatment with teriparatide

El objetivo de este trabajo retrospectivo fue evaluar el tratamiento de la osteoporosis grave con teriparatide (PTH) y comparar nuestros resultados con los publicados en la literatura médica. Se incluyeron cuarenta y seis pacientes, cuarenta y dos mujeres y cuatro varones, edad: 69.15 ± 9.43 años. Seis eran vírgenes de tratamiento y cuarenta tratados previamente con bisfosfonatos. Treinta y dos pacientes habían tenido 93 fracturas de las cuales 86 vertebrales. Cuarenta y seis recibieron PTH 6 meses, 29 pacientes durante 12 meses y 20 completaron los 18 meses sugeridos. La densidad mineral ósea (DMO) de columna lumbar aumentó significativamente desde el primer control a los 6 meses (p < 0.0001). La DMO de cuello de fémur alcanzó un incremento significativo al final del tratamiento (p = 0.002). La osteocalcina aumentó significativamente al mes, seguido por el ß crosslaps (beta-CTx, prueba en suero) al tercer mes y la fosfatasa alcalina ósea, regresando los marcadores de recambio óseo a niveles basales a los 18 meses. Las calcemias y las calciurias no se modificaron significativamente, pero 8 pacientes tuvieron hipercalcemias leves y tres hipercalciurias asintomáticas. El tratamiento fue bien tolerado y no se registraron efectos adversos graves que requirieran suspender el tratamiento. En conclusión, la PTH es una alternativa útil y segura para el tratamiento de la osteoporosis grave. Nuestros resultados concuerdan con los previamente publicados en la literatura médica.

The primary objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the treatment of severe osteoporosis with teriparatide (PTH) and to compare our results with those published in the literature. We included 46 patients, 42 women and four men, mean age: 69.15 ± 9.43 years. Six patients were treatment naive and forty previously treated with bisphosphonates. Thirty-two patients had had 93 fractures of which 86 vertebral. Forty-six received PTH for 6 months, twenty-nine for 12 months and twenty completed the 18 months suggested. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine increased significantly at the first control performed at six months of treatment (p < 0.0001), and the femoral neck BMD reached a significant increase at the end of treatment (p = 0.002). Serum osteocalcin values significantly increased from the first month of treatment, followed by ß crosslaps (beta-CTx, serum test) and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, returning all the markers of bone turnover to baseline levels at 18 months. Serum and urinary calcium did not change significantly at any time, but 8 (17.9%) patients developed mild hypercalcemia and 3 (6.5%) asymptomatic hypercalciuria. The treatment was well tolerated and there were no serious adverse events requiring discontinuation. In conclusion, PTH is a safe and useful alternative for the treatment of primary severe osteoporosis. Our results agree with those previously reported in the literature.