ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Information pertaining to clinical presentation and outcome of neonatal New World camelids (NWC) is limited when compared to calves and foals. HYPOTHESIS: Values of variables at admission and subsequent treatment would predict survival in sick neonatal NWC. ANIMALS: Fifty-six client-owned sick neonatal NWC presented over a 10-year period to the Purdue University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed. Inclusion criteria were NWC less than 30 days of age with complete medical records that presented between 2000 and 2010. RESULTS: The median age at presentation was 1 day (range 1-20). The most common diagnoses were systemic inflammatory response syndrome (50%), congenital defects (41%), ophthalmic lesions (21%), sepsis (16%), and gastrointestinal diseases (16%). Sixty-six percent of NWC survived to discharge. Clinicopathologic findings on admission were variable and not specific for disorders. Factors associated with survival were absence of choanal atresia (P = .001, OR: 55.9 [2.5-1,232]), administration of llama plasma (P = .013, OR: 4.9 [1.4-17.7]), and antimicrobial treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMS) (P = .016, OR: 6.5 [1.3-32.2]). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: The use of antibiotics, particularly TMS, and llama plasma are recommended in sick neonatal NWC. Results from this study could contribute toward defining a NWC-specific sepsis scoring system.
Subject(s)
Animals, Newborn , Camelids, New World , Congenital Abnormalities/veterinary , Eye Diseases/veterinary , Sepsis/veterinary , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/veterinary , Animals , Congenital Abnormalities/diagnosis , Congenital Abnormalities/mortality , Congenital Abnormalities/pathology , Congenital Abnormalities/therapy , Eye Diseases/diagnosis , Eye Diseases/mortality , Eye Diseases/pathology , Eye Diseases/therapy , Female , Gastrointestinal Diseases/diagnosis , Gastrointestinal Diseases/mortality , Gastrointestinal Diseases/pathology , Gastrointestinal Diseases/therapy , Gastrointestinal Diseases/veterinary , Male , Odds Ratio , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Sepsis/diagnosis , Sepsis/mortality , Sepsis/pathology , Sepsis/therapy , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/diagnosis , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/pathologyABSTRACT
When larval mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti) infected with the mermithid nematode Romanomermis culicivorax were fed on a diet low in quantity or protein content or both, the number of postparasites which emerged from the hosts decreased and host mortality increased marginally. Parasitic development was prolonged and became asynchronous in nutritionally deprived hosts. Nematodes emerged from insects infected by more than one nematode before the remaining juveniles comprising such infections had completed parasitic development; this resulted in substantial reductions in postparasite nttmbers. Host development was retarded by low protein and/or reduced diets. Postparasites emerging from second and third instars were reduced in size and in the amount of stored nutriment compared to those recovered from hosts fed on a high protein diet ad libitum. A greater proportion of the rnermithids developed into males in hosts fed on reduced diets but not in hosts fed on low protein diets.
