Improving Indigenous health equity within the emergency department: a global review of interventions.

INTRODUCTION: Indigenous health equity interventions situated within emergency care settings remain underexplored, despite their potential to influence patient care satisfaction and empowerment. This study aimed to systematically review and identify Indigenous equity interventions and their outcomes within acute care settings, which can potentially be utilized to improve equity within Canadian healthcare for Indigenous patients. METHODS: A database search was completed of Medline, PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, Scopus and CINAHL from inception to April 2023. For inclusion in the review, articles were interventional and encompassed program descriptions, evaluations, or theoretical frameworks within acute care settings for Indigenous patients. We evaluated the methodological quality using both the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist and the Ways Tried and True framework. RESULTS: Our literature search generated 122 publications. 11 articles were selected for full-text review, with five included in the final analysis. Two focusing on Canadian First Nations populations and three on Aboriginal Australians. The main intervention strategies included cultural safety training, integration of Indigenous knowledge into care models, optimizing waiting-room environments, and emphasizing sustainable evaluation methodologies. The quality of the interventions was varied, with the most promising studies including Indigenous perspectives and partnerships with local Indigenous organizations. CONCLUSIONS: Acute care settings, serving as the primary point of access to health care for many Indigenous populations, are well-positioned to implement health equity interventions such as cultural safety training, Indigenous knowledge integration, and optimization of waiting room environments, combined with sustainable evaluation methods. Participatory discussions with Indigenous communities are needed to advance this area of research and determine which interventions are relevant and appropriate for their local context.

RéSUMé: INTRODUCTION: Les interventions sur l'équité en santé des Autochtones dans les milieux de soins d'urgence demeurent sous-explorées, malgré leur potentiel d'influencer la satisfaction des patients et leur autonomisation. Cette étude visait à examiner et à déterminer systématiquement les interventions en matière d'équité envers les Autochtones et leurs résultats dans les milieux de soins de courte durée, qui pourraient être utilisés pour améliorer l'équité au sein des soins de santé canadiens pour les patients autochtones. MéTHODES: Une recherche dans la base de données a été effectuée de Medline, PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, Scopus et CINAHL de la création à avril 2023. Pour être inclus dans la revue, les articles étaient interventionnels et comprenaient des descriptions de programmes, des évaluations ou des cadres théoriques dans les milieux de soins de courte durée pour les patients autochtones. Nous avons évalué la qualité méthodologique à l'aide de la liste de contrôle de l'Institut Joanna Briggs et du cadre Ways Tried and True. RéSULTATS: Notre recherche documentaire a généré 122 publications. 11 articles sélectionnés pour la revue de texte intégral, dont cinq inclus dans l'analyse finale. Deux se concentrent sur les populations des Premières nations canadiennes et trois sur les Australiens autochtones. Les principales stratégies d'intervention comprenaient la formation sur la sécurité culturelle, l'intégration des connaissances autochtones dans les modèles de soins, l'optimisation des environnements des salles d'attente et l'accent mis sur les méthodes d'évaluation durables. La qualité des interventions était variée, avec les études les plus prometteuses, y compris les perspectives autochtones et les partenariats avec les organisations autochtones locales. CONCLUSIONS: Les établissements de soins de courte durée, qui servent de principal point d'accès aux soins de santé pour de nombreuses populations autochtones, sont bien placés pour mettre en œuvre des interventions en matière d'équité en santé, comme la formation en sécurité culturelle, l'intégration des connaissances autochtones, l'optimisation des environnements des salles d'attente, associée à des méthodes d'évaluation durables. Discussions participatives avec Les communautés autochtones sont nécessaires pour faire avancer ce domaine de recherche et déterminer quelles interventions sont pertinentes et appropriées pour leur contexte local.

Sex Workers in Canada Face Unequal Access to Healthcare: A Systems Thinking Approach.

OBJECTIVES: Despite Canada's universal health system, sex workers across the country face an alarmingly high number of barriers when they seek to healthcare services. This has resulted in unmet healthcare needs and substantially poorer health outcomes than the general Canadian population. The objective of this study was to use a systems thinking approach to gain an in-depth understanding of the barriers sex workers face and how access could be improved. METHODS: The analysis was conducted using a systems thinking methodology, which incorporates systems tools and inquiry processes. The methodology comprised 2 domains of inquiry: (1) Problem Landscape, (2) Solutions Landscape. Systems tools and methods, such as causal loop diagrams, iceberg diagram, and systems mapping, investigated the problem landscape for understanding the interconnected nature of the issue, alongside review of both published and gray literature. An environmental scan explored the current solutions landscape. These methods connected through systemic inquiry processes, including ongoing review and application of diverse perspectives, boundary judgments, interrelationships; enabled gaps and levers of change to be determined. RESULTS: The main barriers sex workers face are stigma, criminalization, accessibility, and cost of healthcare. The stigma of sex work stems from otherization, paternalism, and moralistic, faith-based beliefs. The barriers unique to sex work are stigma and criminalization; both of which surface as avoidance, dislike, and/or fear of medical professionals. Five gaps each with a lever of change to improve access were identified: (1) Stigma - Collectivization and external collaboration, (2) Criminal status of sex work - Decriminalization, (3) Lack of adequate education - Improved healthcare professional training and anti-discriminatory health policies, (4) Lack of support - Increased community-based healthcare services, (5) Cost of healthcare - Universal coverage of "secondary" healthcare components. CONCLUSION: Through reducing the stigma surrounding sex work, making changes that improve the healthcare services that sex workers receive, and collaboration between involved parties, sex workers can be prevented from falling through the cracks of the Canadian healthcare system; lessening the health inequities sex workers face and improving their health outcomes.