Standardization of loop-mediated isothermal amplification for detection of D. nodosus and F. necrophorum causing footrot in sheep and goats.

The loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) was standardized for rapid detection of Dichelobacter nodosus and Fusobacterium necrophorum. A total of 250 foot swabs were screened from sheep (200) and goats (50) from different districts of Rayalaseema, viz., Chittoor, Nellore, Kadapa, and Anantapur. Out of 250 samples 75 (30.0%) and 85 (34.0%) were positive for D. nodosus and F. necrophorum, respectively. All the 250 samples were screened individually for both the organisms by LAMP. Among them, 104 (41.6%) were found to be positive for D. nodosus and 120 (48.0%) were positive for F. necrophorum. The efficacy of LAMP in terms of sample DNA detection limit was compared with the PCR by using standard dilutions of DNA extracted from D. nodosus and F. necrophorum cultures. The detection limit was found to be higher than PCR for both the organisms. The sensitivity of LAMP is compared with PCR by targeting 16S rRNA gene of D. nodosus and lktA gene of F. necrophorum. In case of D. nodosus, out of 250 samples, 75 (30.0%) were positive by PCR and 104 (41.6%) were positive by LAMP. Among 250 samples, 85 (34.0%) were positive by PCR and 120 (48.0%) were positive by LAMP in case of F. necrophorum. The LAMP was found to be more sensitive than PCR in detecting the organisms with high statistical significance.

Supplementation of whole grain flaxseeds (Linum usitatissimum) along with high cholesterol diet and its effect on hyperlipidemia and initiated atherosclerosis in Wistar albino male rats.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Flaxseeds are known to have varying antihypercholesterolemic and antiatherogenic activity due to its lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, alpha-linolenic acid, and omega-3 fatty acids. The beneficial effect of whole grain dietary flaxseed was evaluated experimentally in high cholesterol diet (HCD)-fed Wistar albino rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Wistar albino rats (200 g) were divided into four groups of 12 rats each. Group I rats kept as control and given basal rat chew diet, Group II as positive control for induction of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis by addition of 1% cholesterol and 15% saturated edible oil to the 1000 g of standard rat chew diet (HCD), Group III rats fed with whole grain flaxseed powder at 7.5 g/kg of rat/day in the standard rat chew diet and kept as flaxseed control, and Group IV rats supplemented with flaxseed at 7.5 g/kg of rat/day along with HCD and maintained for 90 days. RESULTS: Group II rats revealed significantly (p<0.05) higher total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and very LDL-C and significantly (p<0.05) reduced levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), whereas tissue antioxidants such as catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione S transferase (GST) were significantly (p<0.05) reduced, and lipid peroxidation products of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) level were nonsignificantly (p<0.05) increased in the heart and liver tissues. Flaxseeds supplementation along with HCD significantly ameliorated the serum levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C along with cellular antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, SOD, GPx, GR, GST, and non-significant amelioration of TBARS in the heart and liver tissues compared to Group II rats. Majority of the histopathologically initiated atherosclerotic changes in the aorta and fatty change in the liver of Group II were not observed in the flaxseed supplemented Group IV; however, interestingly proliferation of endothelial cells with new vascular channel formation in the liver and in between cardiac muscle fibers was observed in Group I and Group IV rats. CONCLUSION: The present study established the hypercholesterolemia with initiated atherosclerotic lesion in the aorta but unable to establish the atheromatous plaque in the aorta. Flaxseed supplementation along with HCD showed significant antihypercholesterolemic effect and ameliorated the changes of initiated atherosclerosis in the aorta. It needs further studies to explore all the possible beneficial effects and angiogenic properties of flaxseeds in the laboratory animals and human trials.

Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of oncogenes from virulent serotype-1 Marek's disease virus in India.

Marek's disease (MD) is one of the most important neoplastic diseases of poultry caused by Marek's disease virus (MDV), an oncogenic avian herpes virus, which is responsible for great economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. Inspite of the usage of HVT and bivalent vaccines in the poultry flocks, MD continues to be a major threat to the poultry industry in India. In the present study, MD outbreaks were reported in poultry farms from different regions of Andhra Pradesh, India. The postmortem examination of dead birds showed presence of lymphomas in different visceral organs suggestive of virulent oncogenic MDVs. Histopathological examination revealed infiltration of pleomorphic lymphoblastoid cells typical of MD. The blood and tissue samples were collected and PCR was standardized targeting a 132 bp tandem repeat region specific for serotype-1 MD viruses. Further, the characterization of the oncogenes i.e. Meq and viral interleukin 8 (vIL-8) was carried out by PCR and nucleotide sequencing. The sequence analysis of Meq gene of different clinical cases from India revealed >99 % homology with RB1B (very virulent) and GA (virulent) strains and that of vIL-8 gene showed >99 % identity with virulent strains LS and LMS. Phylogenetic analysis of oncogenes was carried out with other available sequences in the GenBank. Finally, we conclude that MDV strains obtained in the present outbreaks in India could be designated as virulent or very virulent pathotypes based on nucleotide, amino acid and phylogenetic analysis of the viruses.

Beta-lactamase antimicrobial resistance in Klebsiella and Enterobacter species isolated from healthy and diarrheic dogs in Andhra Pradesh, India.

AIM: The aim of this study was to characterize beta-lactamase antimicrobial resistance in Klebsiella and Enterobacter species isolated from healthy and diarrheic dogs in Andhra Pradesh. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 136 rectal swabs were collected from healthy (92) and diarrheic (44) dogs, bacteriological cultured for Klebsiella and Enterobacter growth and screened for beta-lactamase antimicrobial resistance phenotypically by disc diffusion method and genotypically by polymerase chain reaction targeting blaTEM, blaSHV, blaOXA, blaCTX-M Group 1, 2, blaAmpC, blaACC, and blaMOX genes. RESULTS: A total of 33 Klebsiella and 29 Enterobacter isolates were recovered. Phenotypic beta-lactamase resistance was detected in 66.6% and 25% of Klebsiella and Enterobacter isolates, respectively, from healthy dogs and 66.6% and 60% of Klebsiella and Enterobacter isolates, respectively, from diarrheic dogs. Overall, incidence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) phenotype was found to be 21.2% (7/33) in Klebsiella isolates, whereas none of the Enterobacter isolates exhibited ESBL phenotype. Predominant beta-lactamase genes detected in Klebsiella species include blaSHV (84.8%), followed by blaTEM (33.3%), blaCTX-M Group 1 (15.1%), and blaOXA (6.1%) gene. Predominant beta-lactamase genes detected in Enterobacter species include blaSHV (48.2%), followed by blaTEM (24.1%), blaAmpC (13.7%), and blaOXA (10.3%) gene. CONCLUSION: The present study highlighted alarming beta-lactamase resistance in Klebsiella and Enterobacter species of canine origin in India with due emphasis as indicators of antimicrobial resistance.

Color Stability of Heat-cure Acrylic Resin Subjected to Simulated Short-term Immersion in Fast-acting Denture Cleansers.

BACKGROUND: Regular usage of denture cleansers is recommended in complete denture wearers for effective plaque control, and these cleansers alter the physical properties of acrylic resin over a period of time. Thus, an in vitro study was carried out to assess the effect of denture cleansers on the color stability of heat-cure denture base resin. AIM: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of commercially available fast-acting denture cleansers on the color stability of heat-cure denture base resin at different time intervals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-six heat-cure acrylic resin (Ivoclar Triplex Hot-V) specimens are randomly allocated into four groups - Group A (distilled water as control); Group B (polident - 3 min); Group C (fixodent scope plus); and Group D (stain away plus) comprising of nine samples each. After recording the baseline values, the specimens were immersed in their respective cleansing solutions for a prescribed time interval. This procedure was repeated daily, and the color change (ΔE) was evaluated after 90 and 180 days interval using a colorimeter in a standard "Commission International de l'Eclairage" color system. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Paired t-test and Dunnett's T3 test. RESULTS: All the groups exhibited a variable color change (ΔE) for an immersion period of 90 days. However, significant color differences (P = 0.001) were noticed among the test groups after 180 days. CONCLUSION: The color change of denture base resin was greater for Group D followed by Groups B, C, and A respectively after 180 days of immersion. The ΔE values of all test groups increased with time.

Detection of Avibacterium paragallinarum by Polymerase chain reaction from outbreaks of Infectious coryza of poultry in Andhra Pradesh.

AIM: This study was carried out for the detection of Avibacterium paragallinarum from outbreaks of infectious coryza of poultry. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was standardized for the diagnosis of infectious coryza by using infectious coryza Killed vaccine, ventri biologicals, Pune as source of DNA of A. paragallinarum. Five outbreaks of infectious coryza from Andhra Pradesh were investigated in the present study. A total of 56 infra orbital sinus swabs and 22 nasal swabs were tested by PCR. RESULTS: PCR analysis showed 56 positives (71.7%) for infectious coryza out of total 78 samples tested. Of 56 infra orbital sinus swabs tested, 47 were positive (83.9%) and 9 nasal swabs (40.9%) out of 22 tested had given positive results for infectious coryza. Samples collected from birds at acute stage of disease and samples collected before treatment with antibiotics were given better results on PCR. CONCLUSION: For preventing the economic losses associated with the disease, an early, accurate and rapid diagnosis is essential. PCR is a rapid and highly sensitive diagnostic technique which can substitute conventional cultural examination.

Detection of OvHV-2 from an outbreak of sheep associated malignant catarrhal fever from crossbred cattle of Southern India.

An outbreak of sheep associated malignant catarrhal fever in crossbred cattle in a village of Andhra Pradesh, southern India, affected thirteen adult cows and two calves from a population of forty animals. All the affected animals were died between December and January 2013-14. The clinical and gross postmortem findings were typical of MCF in Indian crossbred cattle. Migrating sheep flocks were suspected source of infection for the cattle. The diagnosis was confirmed by heminested PCR in all the affected cattle and the suspected sheep flock. The PCR provided evidence of ovine herpes virus type 2.

The Comparison of Shear Bond Strength Between Fibre Reinforced Composite Posts with Three Different Composite Core Materials - An In vitro Study.

AIM: The aim of this study is to compare the shear bond strength between fiber reinforced composite post with three different composite core materials. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The materials used for the study were: 30 maxillary central incisors, pre fabricated fiber reinforced composite post (postec plus posts), Multi-core heavy body, Ti-core, Fluoro-core, Etchant gel, Silane coupling agent, Dentin bonding agent, Standardized gutta percha points, Rely-X dual cure composite resin. A total of 30 human maxillary central incisor were selected for this study. They were divided into three groups of 10 specimens each namely A, B and C. RESULTS: The results obtained were analyzed by using one way analysis (ANOVA) and Tukey Honestly Significant Difference and they showed highest mean shear bond strength for group C when compared with group A and group B. There is no significant difference in the shear bond strength values between group A and group B. CONCLUSION: The teeth restored with multicore HB showed highest shear bond strength. The teeth restored with Fluoro core showed lowest shear bond strength. No statistically significant difference exists between the shear bond strength values between Ti-core and Fluoro-core.

Comparative analysis of rationale used by dentists and patient for final esthetic outcome of dental treatment.

AIM: To compare and evaluate the perceptions of esthetics among dentists and patients regarding the final esthetic outcome of a dental treatment. BACKGROUND: Esthetics is a matter of perception and is associated with the way different people look at an object. What constitutes esthetic for a particular person may not be acceptable for another. Hence it is subjective in nature. This becomes more obvious during the post-treatment evaluation of esthetics by dentist and the concerned patient. Opinion seldom matches. Hence, the study is a necessary part of the process of understanding the mind of dentist and patient regarding what constitutes esthetics. TECHNIQUE: A survey has been conducted by means of a questionnaire consisting of 10 questions, on two groups of people. First group consists of 100 dentists picked at random in Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu, India. Second group consisted of 100 patients who required complete denture prosthesis. The second group was divided into two subgroups A and B. Subgroup A consisting of 50 men and subgroup B consisting of 50 women. In each subgroup 25 patients were selected in age group of 40 to 50 and 25 patients were selected in the age group of 50 to 60. The questionnaire was given to both the groups and asked to fill up, which was then statistically analyzed to look for patterns of thought process among them. RESULTS: Results were subjected to statistical analysis by Student's t-test. CONCLUSION: Perceptions of esthetics differs from dentist who is educated regarding esthetic principles of treatment and a patient who is not subjected to such education. Since, the questions were formulated such that patients could better understand the underlying problem, the final outcome of survey is a proof that dentists need to take into account what the patient regards as esthetics in order to provide a satisfactory treatment. CLINICAL AND ACADEMIC SIGNIFICANCE: The current study helps the dentist to better educate the patient regarding esthetics so that patient appreciates the final scientifically based esthetic outcome of treatment. It also helps the dental students to understand the underlying patient's thought process regarding esthetics.

Differential modifying effects of food additive butylated hydroxytoluene toward radiation and 4-nitro-quinoline 1-oxide-induced genotoxicity in yeast.

The modifying effect of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) on 60Co gamma radiation and 4-nitro-quinoline 1-oxide-induced gene conversion and back mutation frequencies was investigated using diploid yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae D7. Cells were exposed to 100 or 400 Gy in the presence of 0.025-0.25 mM BHT. BHT exhibited radioprotection and significantly reduced radiation-induced gene conversion and back mutation frequencies as well as cell killing. In another set of experiments, cells were simultaneously treated with 0.025-0.1 mM BHT and 0.5 µM 4-NQO. BHT significantly enhanced 4-NQO-induced gene conversion and back mutation frequencies. BHT post-treatment did not modify radiation-induced genetic events but enhanced 4-NQO-induced back mutation frequencies, indicating its potential to act as a tumor-promoting agent with 4-NQO.

Dose rate effect on micronuclei induction in human blood lymphocytes exposed to single pulse and multiple pulses of electrons.

The effects of single pulses and multiple pulses of 7 MV electrons on micronuclei (MN) induction in cytokinesis-blocked human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) were investigated over a wide range of dose rates per pulse (instantaneous dose rate). PBLs were exposed to graded doses of 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 Gy of single electron pulses of varying pulse widths at different dose rates per pulse, ranging from 1 × 10(6) Gy s(-1) to 3.2 × 10(8) Gy s(-1). Different dose rates per pulse were achieved by changing the dose per electron pulse by adjusting the beam current and pulse width. MN yields per unit absorbed dose after irradiation with single electron pulses were compared with those of multiple pulses of electrons. A significant decrease in the MN yield with increasing dose rates per pulse was observed, when dose was delivered by a single electron pulse. However, no reduction in the MN yield was observed when dose was delivered by multiple pulses of electrons. The decrease in the yield at high dose rates per pulse suggests possible radical recombination, which leads to decreased biological damage. Cellular response to the presence of very large numbers of chromosomal breaks may also alter the damage.

Survey of mesiodens and its characteristics in 2500 children of Davangere city, India.

AIM: The aim of the present study is to report the prevalence of mesiodens and its characteristics and also to present 25 cases with 27 mesiodentes in 2500 children in Davangere city, India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A survey of 2500 children examined in the Department of Paediatric Dentistry was conducted. Their ages ranged from 3 to 12 years. A total of 27 mesiodentes were diagnosed in 25 patients (1%). The patients' records and radiographs were evaluated and the following variables were studied: age and sex distribution, number, shape, position, eruption status, associated dentition and arch, associated complications and anomalies. RESULTS: In this study were enrolled 16 males and 9 females: 96.2% of the mesiodentes were seen in the maxillary arch while only one in the mandibular arch; 92.5% were observed in the permanent dentition. Most mesiodentes (92.5%) were conical in shape, and about 96.2% were placed vertical in position with only one mesiodens impacted and inverted. Of the 27 mesiodentes, 23 were u%% caused a midline diastema, 14.8% occlusal interference, 7.4% root resorption, and 3.7% had caused delayed eruption of permanent incisors. Rare anomalies like facial talon cusp were found in two mesiodentes (7.4%), and only one (3.7%) had a root anomaly. CONCLUSION: Mesiodens may occur as an isolated finding or can be associated with other odontogenic anomalies.

Studies on naturally occurring infectious bursal disease viruses suggest that a single amino acid substitution at position 253 in VP2 increases pathogenicity.

Three classic IBDV strains were previously isolated from commercial layer chicken flocks and shown to be phylogenetically related to vaccine strains but pathogenic in susceptible chickens. In this study, their viral genomes were sequenced and compared to sequences of vaccines being used in those flocks. The vaccine strains examined were sequenced directly from the manufacturer and had identical genome segment B sequences. Compared to these vaccines, the GA-1, H-30 and CS-2-35 isolates each had one silent mutation in the gene that encodes VP1. Compared to the two vaccines used at the time CS-2-35 was isolated, the segment A sequence of CS-2-35 contained numerous nucleotide and amino acid mutations suggesting the CS-2-35 virus was not closely related to these vaccines. This virus however did have amino acid mutations in VP2 that are reported to be necessary for replication in cell culture and lacked two of the three amino acid mutations previously shown to be necessary for virulence. These data suggest that CS-2-35 was a descendant from an attenuated strain of IBDV. When the segment A genomic sequences of the GA-1 and H-30 viruses were compared to the vaccines being used in those flocks they were most closely related to the attenuated D78 vaccine strain. In genome segment A, three nucleotide mutations in GA-1 and four in H-30 were observed compared to the D78 classic vaccine. These nucleotide mutations caused one amino acid (H253N) change in the GA-1 virus and two amino acids (H253Q and G259D) were different in the H-30 virus. In addition, both the GA-1 and H-30 viruses had the amino acid G76 in VP2 that appears to be unique to the vaccine D78. The data suggest that GA-1 and H-30 are genetically related and have a common ancestor even though they were isolated from geographically distant flocks. The evidence also suggests that GA-1, H-30 and CS-2-35 could be reversions from attenuated vaccine viruses or by coincidence genetically resemble classic IBDV vaccines. It should be noted that some of the classic virus vaccines were not being used according to the manufacturer's recommendations at the time the GA-1, H-30 and CS-2-35 strains were isolated. Together, the molecular and pathogenicity data indicate that a single amino acid mutation from Histidine (H) to Glutamine (Q) or Asparagine (N) at position 253 in VP2 will markedly increase the virulence of an attenuated IBDV.

Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction detection and sequence analysis of the VP2 hypervariable region of Indian very virulent infectious bursal disease isolates.

Bursal samples collected from different field outbreaks in commercially reared chicken flocks from India that were suspected of very virulent (vv) infectious bursal disease (vvIBD) were tested. Two vaccine strains that are commonly being used in India also were included to ascertain their relatedness with the field isolates. When tested with real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), 14 of the 15 samples were found to be positive for vvIBD virus (vvIBDV) genetic sequences as determined by the vv232 and vv256 vvIBDV-specific probes. A melting temperature of 50 C and above was characteristic of vvIBDV strains. The vaccine strain infectious bursal disease intermediate (IBDI)-plus (IBDI+) had a higher melting temperature compared with IBDI, suggesting more relatedness to the vvIBDV strains. The real-time RT-PCR technique can be a useful tool in differentiating classic and vvIBDV strains and thereby assist in adopting more effective control strategies. Sequencing of the VP2 hypervariable region of these isolates further confirmed the results of real-time RT-PCR. All the suspected vvIBDV samples were found to share unique amino acid substitutions at positions 222 A, 256 I, 294 I, and 299 S characteristic of the very virulent strains. More sequence differences occurred at the nucleotide level among the vvIBDVs. They shared exactly the same amino acid sequence among themselves and also with the Bangladesh isolate BD-3-99 and some of the Nigerian isolates. They differed by one amino acid from earlier published Indian, Asian, and European vvIBDV VP2 sequences. The nucleotide sequence of IBDI+ vaccine showed more similarities with vvIBDV sequences; hence, it may be of more value in the control of these very virulent strains.

Characterization of infectious bursal disease viruses from four layer flocks in the United States.

Twenty bursal samples were obtained from four infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV)-vaccinated layer flocks experiencing problems with immune suppression that was thought to be infectious bursal disease. All the samples were found to be positive for IBDV by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the samples identified them as classic molecular group 3 and group 4 viruses. Two samples from each of the four flocks were sequenced, and within a flock, these sequences were identical; however, between flocks, some differences were observed. One virus from each of the four flocks was selected for further analysis. The VP2 hypervariable sequence region of samples GA-1, H-30, and CS-2-35 had nucleotide and amino acid similarities with the D78 and Vi Bursa G classic vaccines that were used in those flocks. The sequence of HPR-2 was similar to the Bursa Vac 4 vaccine used in that flock and the STC virulent classic IBDV strain. The deduced amino acid sequence of these isolates revealed that all the isolates had proline at position 222, which is characteristic of U.S. classic viruses. The phylogenetic analysis of these isolates on the basis of the VP2 hypervariable amino acid sequence clustered GA-1, H-30, and CS-2-35 with the D78 vaccine and HPR-2 with STC. The pathogenicity of these isolates was tested in specific-pathogen-free chickens. Bursa-body weight (B-BW) ratios and histopathologic lesion scores in the bursa were determined. Gross lesions were observed in the bursa, and the B-BW ratios of the birds infected with all four wild-type viruses were significantly different compared with the D78 vaccine and uninoculated control groups. Histopathology of the bursa from groups infected with GA-1, H-30, CS-2-35, and HPR-2 showed different degrees of follicular depletion and necrosis. A very slight lymphoid depletion was observed in the D78-infected group at 5 days postinoculation, and no microscopic lesions were observed in this group at 8 days postinoculation or at any time in the uninoculated control group. The bursa collected from the field virus and D78-infected birds at necropsy revealed the presence of IBDV via RT-PCR, and the VP-2 hypervariable nucleotide sequences of the GA-1, H-30, CS-2-35, HPR-2, and D78 samples were identical to the original viral isolates and vaccine, respectively.

Evidence for the association of synaptotagmin with glutathione S-transferases: implications for a novel function in human breast cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the pattern of changes in GSTs in cancerous and adjacent non-cancerous tissues obtained from breast cancer patients undergoing surgery. DESIGN AND METHODS: Cytosolic GST purification, assay of GST, protein expression levels, and GST-synaptotagmin association were analyzed using standard biochemical techniques like GSH-affinity purification, spectrophotometry, SDS-PAGE, Western blots, and matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF). RESULTS: GST activity in cancerous tissues (0.26 U/mg protein) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) as compared to those from adjacent non-cancerous tissues (0.14 U/mg protein) of breast cancer patients. Further analysis of GST subunits on SDS-PAGE and Western blots using class-specific GST antibodies revealed significant elevation in GST-pi levels in cancer tissues with no appreciable changes in GST-alpha and GST-mu. Along with the elevation of GST-pi levels, high molecular weight proteins (approximately 70 kDa) cross reacting with GST antibodies were detected only in surgically resected tumor biopsies but not in the non-cancerous tissues adjacent to the tumor. Based on MALDI-TOF analysis, the high molecular weight band was identified as synaptotagmin V bound to GST-M1 with 47% sequence coverage after processing on an MS-FIT search engine. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest a novel putative functional role for the GST-synaptotagmin complex in human breast cancers. As this association of GST M1-synaptotagmin was not seen in adjacent non-cancerous tissues, this can be used as a marker for breast cancers.

Chromosome aberration analysis in radiotherapy patients and simulated partial body exposures: biological dosimetry for non-uniform exposures.

Chromosome aberration analysis was carried out in peripheral blood lymphocytes of cancer patients following radiotherapy of lungs, cervix and spine. Radiotherapy in the pelvic region involving large doses (6 Gy) showed an overdispersed distribution of dicentrics. However, when the doses were fractionated (three fractions of 2 Gy) distribution was found to be near Poisson. Spine irradiation covering almost all the lymphocytes pools, indicated a Poisson distribution. The data show that depending on the sites of exposure, the distribution of dicentrics in cells varies and hence there is a non-uniform distribution of lymphocytes in the body. The average dose to the lymphocytes was found to be one sixth of the partial body dose. Based on the non-Poisson distribution of aberrations, the fraction of lymphocytes irradiated, mean dose to the fraction and part of the body exposed was calculated in a case of acute 6 Gy pelvic irradiation. The fraction of cells irradiated was calculated to be 4.11% and the portion of the body exposed was approximately 16.8%. The dose to the irradiated fraction was found to be 5.4 Gy, which is in agreement with the given dose of 6 Gy. In simulated exposures the u values increased systematically with the decrease in fraction of irradiated cells and the calculated dose to the fraction was also in good agreement with the true dose.