d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate surface scaffold polysarcosine based polymeric nanoparticles of enzalutamide for the treatment of colorectal cancer: In vitro, in vivo characterizations.

In this study, Enzalutamide (ENZ) loaded Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) nanoparticles coated with polysarcosine and d-α-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) were prepared using a three-step modified nanoprecipitation method combined with self-assembly. A three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken design was implemented with Design-Expert® software to evaluate the impact of three independent variables on particle size, zeta potential, and percent entrapment efficiency through a numeric optimization approach. The results were corroborated with ANOVA analysis, regression equations, and response surface plots. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscope images revealed nanosized, spherical polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) with a size distribution ranging from 178.9 ± 2.3 to 212.8 ± 0.7 nm, a zeta potential of 12.6 ± 0.8 mV, and entrapment efficiency of 71.2 ± 0.7 %. The latter increased with higher polymer concentration. Increased polymer concentration and homogenization speed also enhanced drug entrapment efficiency. In vitro drug release was 85 ± 22.5 %, following the Higuchi model (R2 = 0.98) and Fickian diffusion (n < 0.5). In vitro cytotoxicity assessments, including Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Estimation, Apoptosis analysis, cell cycle analysis, Reactive oxygen species estimation, Wound healing assay, DNA fragmentation assay, and IC50 evaluation with Sulforhodamine B assay, indicated low toxicity and high efficacy of polymeric nanoparticles compared to the drug alone. In vivo studies demonstrated biocompatibility and target specificity. The findings suggest that TPGS surface-scaffolded polysarcosine-based polymer nanoparticles of ENZ could be a promising and safe delivery system with sustained release for colorectal cancer treatment, yielding improved therapeutic outcomes.

A Synoptic Update on Smart Lipid Nanocarrier: Cubosomes, and their Design Development, and Recent Challenges.

Cubosomes are a kind of nanoparticle that is distinct from solid particles in that they are liquid crystalline particles formed by self-assembly of a certain surfactant with a current water ratio. Their unique properties as a result of their microstructure are useful in practical applications. Cubosomes, specifically lyotropic nonlamellar liquid crystalline nanoparticles (LCNs) have gained acceptance as a medication delivery strategy for cancer and other disorders. Cubosomes are produced by the fragmentation of a solid-like phase into smaller particles. Because of its particular microstructure, which is physiologically safe and capable of allowing for the controlled release of solubilized compounds, cubic phase particles are garnering considerable attention. These cubosomes are highly adaptable carriers with promising theranostic efficacy because they can be given orally, topically, or intravenously. Throughout its operation, the drug delivery system regulates the loaded anticancer bioactive's target selectivity and drug release characteristics. This compilation examines recent advances and obstacles in the development and application of cubosomes to treat various cancers, as well as the challenges of turning it into a potential nanotechnological invasion.

Fabrication of D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinates and human serum albumin conjugated chitosan nanoparticles of bosutinib for colon targeting application; in vitro-in vivo investigation.

For more effective chemotherapy and targeted treatment of colorectal cancer, this study seeks to develop chitosan (CH)-human serum albumin (HAS)-D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 (TPGS) nanoparticles (BOS-CH-HSA-TPGS-NPs) coated with Bosutinib (BOS). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) indicated that chitosan's structure was modified by carbodiimide coupling with HSA. We used a Box-Behnken design to find the ideal region for particle size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency, eventually emerging at a formulation with these values: 187.14 ± 3.2 nm, 76.2 ± 0.96 %, and 21.1 ± 2.3 mV. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were all used to characterize the sample in detail. At a phosphate buffer pH of 7.4, in vitro drug release tests showed both Higuchi model release (0.954) and Fickian diffusion (n = 0.5). Compared to free BOS, HCT116 cell lines showed considerably higher cytotoxicity in in vitro cytotoxicity assays. In male albino Wistar rats, the BOS-CH-HSA-TPGS-NPs also showed enhanced pharmacokinetics, targeting efficiency, and biocompatibility. When used to the treatment of colorectal cancer, the BOS-CH-HSA-TPGS NPs show promise as a sustained-release therapy with improved therapeutic effects by addressing the challenges of poor solubility, poor permeability, and toxic side effects.

CD44 targeted delivery of hyaluronic acid-coated polymeric nanoparticles against colorectal cancer.

Aim: To develop hyaluronic acid (HA)-coated poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)-polysarcosine (PSAR) coupled sorafenib tosylate (SF) polymeric nanoparticles for targeted colon cancer therapy. Materials & methods: PLGA-PSAR shells were encapsulated with SF via nanoprecipitation. Interactions were examined with transmission electron microscopy, revealing formulation component interactions. Results: The optimized HA-coated polymeric nanoparticles (238.8 nm, -6.1 mV, 68.361% entrapment) displayed enhanced controlled release of SF. These formulations showed superior cytotoxicity against HCT116 cell lines compared with free drug (p < 0.05). In vivo tests on male albino Wistar rats demonstrated improved pharmacokinetics, targeting and biocompatibility. HA-coated PLGA-PSAR-coupled SF polymeric nanoparticles hold potential for effective colorectal therapy. Conclusion: Colon cancer may be precisely targeted by HA-coated PLGA-PSA-coupled SF polymeric nanoparticles.

A Mini-review Based on Multivesicular Liposomes: Composition, Design, Preparation, Characteristics, and Therapeutic Importance as DEPOFOAM® Technology.

Vesicular delivery systems are a kind of drug delivery system that is gaining popularity due to its sustained release nature. This article was designed to understand the characteristics of a drug carrier called multivesicular liposomes, which have the potential to be the future of sustainedrelease drug delivery systems. Multivesicular liposomes have a honeycomb-like structure made up of non-concentric aqueous polyhedral compartments separated by continuous lipid membranes. Because of their unusual structure, they can encapsulate both hydrophilic and lipophilic pharmaceuticals and release them in a prolonged and controlled manner. They also have high encapsulation efficiency, bioavailability, biocompatibility, and stability, and are biodegradable by nature, making them suitable for treating chronic disorders. Encapsulating drugs into multivesicular liposomes is called DepoFoam® technology, which has the capability to release them in a timely manner, lowering the drug administration frequency. As a result, the FDA has approved several various approaches for this technology to treat chronic conditions. Multivesicular liposomes in the form of DepoFoam® technology hold a promising future as a novel drug delivery system. Much research needs to be done to extend their use across various aspects of the therapeutic field.