ABSTRACT
This paper explores memory from a cognitive neuroscience perspective and examines associated neural mechanisms. It examines the different types of memory: working, declarative, and non-declarative, and the brain regions involved in each type. The paper highlights the role of different brain regions, such as the prefrontal cortex in working memory and the hippocampus in declarative memory. The paper also examines the mechanisms that underlie the formation and consolidation of memory, including the importance of sleep in the consolidation of memory and the role of the hippocampus in linking new memories to existing cognitive schemata. The paper highlights two types of memory consolidation processes: cellular consolidation and system consolidation. Cellular consolidation is the process of stabilizing information by strengthening synaptic connections. System consolidation models suggest that memories are initially stored in the hippocampus and are gradually consolidated into the neocortex over time. The consolidation process involves a hippocampal-neocortical binding process incorporating newly acquired information into existing cognitive schemata. The paper highlights the role of the medial temporal lobe and its involvement in autobiographical memory. Further, the paper discusses the relationship between episodic and semantic memory and the role of the hippocampus. Finally, the paper underscores the need for further research into the neurobiological mechanisms underlying non-declarative memory, particularly conditioning. Overall, the paper provides a comprehensive overview from a cognitive neuroscience perspective of the different processes involved in memory consolidation of different types of memory.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Composite perigenual defects (CPGDs) are exacting the expertise of the reconstructive surgeons. Segmental skeletal defects continue to be a challenge for both orthopedic and plastic surgeons. There are many techniques available for the reconstruction of segmental skeletal defects in the perigenual region. This study explores the outcomes of pedicled chimeric propelled osteomyocutaneous fibula flap reconstruction of post traumatic and post excisional composite perigenual defects (CPGDs) MATERIALS AND METHODS: It was a retrospective study conducted from 2011 to 2016 including 16 patients (5 post excisional defects and 11 post traumatic defects). 14 males and 2 females were included. Ages of the patients were ranging from 24 to 46 years. All had their CPGDs reconstructed with chimeric pedicled propelled fibula osteomyocutaneous flap RESULTS: All 15 patients on an average of 26 months follow-up assumed pain free unrestrictive walking. Fracture of hardware and transferred fibula occurred in one case 2 1/2 years following the surgery. Other patients had good functional recovery in an average of 26 months follow up. The average MSTS score of 15 patients was 23.9. CONCLUSION: This anatomically construed procedure will be addendum to the armamentarium of reconstruction in both post excisional limb salvage milieu and secondary posttraumatic context for the perigenual composite defects. With high healing potential, infection culling capacity, high osteogenic potential and good supportive hardwares the pedicled osteomyocutaneous fibula flap may usher in better outcome in composite perigenual defects reconstruction.
