ABSTRACT
Smoking is the most important risk factor for both lung cancer (LC) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of myeloid cell nuclear factor-κB in the regulation of tumor cell growth signaling. We subjected mice lacking myeloid RelA/p65 (rela(Δ-/-)) to a metastatic LC model. Cigarette smoke (CS) exposure significantly increased the proliferation of Lewis lung carcinoma cell tumors in wild-type mice. In CS-exposed rela(Δ-/-) mice, the tumor growth was largely inhibited. Transcriptome and pathway analysis of cancer tissue revealed a fundamental impact of myeloid cells on various growth signaling pathways, including the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway. In conclusion, myeloid RelA/p65 is necessary to link smoke-induced inflammation with LC growth and has a role in the activation of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling in tumor cells.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism , Cell Proliferation , Lung Neoplasms/metabolism , Myeloid Cells/metabolism , Transcription Factor RelA/physiology , Wnt Signaling Pathway , Animals , Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/etiology , Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/metabolism , Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/pathology , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/etiology , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/secondary , Cell Line, Tumor , Coculture Techniques , Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/metabolism , Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta , Humans , Lung Neoplasms/etiology , Lung Neoplasms/pathology , Macrophages, Alveolar/metabolism , Mice , Mice, Knockout , Neoplasm Transplantation , Pneumonia/etiology , Pneumonia/metabolism , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism , Smoking/adverse effects , Transcriptome , Tumor Burden , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism , beta Catenin/metabolismABSTRACT
Nitinol alloys (Nitinol) exhibit a dramatically enhanced elasticity, known as "superelasticity", which is becoming integral to the design of a variety of new medical products. Elasticity is the most apparent of the advantages afforded by this material, but by no means the only or most important. Also discussed in this paper are features such as biocompatibility, kink resistance, constancy of stress, physiological compatibility, shape memory deployment, dynamic interference and fatigue resistance. Each of these properties is discussed and highlighted through example. Examples presented include stents, filters, retrieval baskets, and surgical tools.
Subject(s)
Alloys , Biocompatible Materials , Materials Testing , Surgical Equipment , Elasticity , Endoscopes , Equipment Design , Eyeglasses , Humans , Pacemaker, Artificial , Prostheses and Implants , Stents , Stress, Mechanical , Temperature , Vena Cava FiltersABSTRACT
Design considerations and material selection play important roles in the development of surgical instruments for minimally-invasive procedures. Substituting shape-memory or superelastic metals or alloys for conventional materials can lead to a significant improvement in the overall performance of those instruments. In addition, simplicity of design, a reduced number of parts, and ease of assembly and disassembly result in cost reductions.
Subject(s)
Alloys , Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures/instrumentation , Surgical Instruments/standards , Elasticity , Equipment Design , Humans , Materials Testing , Surgical Instruments/economics , Tensile StrengthABSTRACT
This paper deals with future aspects and developments in endoscopic sutures, needles, needle drivers, and sewing devices. Shape memory alloys such as superelastic nickel-titanium can be used for surgical needles and hingeless needle drivers. A sewing device consists of a T-Needle which can be shuttled between the jaws of specially designed instruments. The jaws possess small elements that grip the needle tips. The "Needle Rotor" facilitates intracorporeal swivelling and positioning of the needle because one jaw can be moved longitudinally over the other. A new "cutting knot pusher" permits immediate cutting of a slip knot subsequent to tightening.