ABSTRACT
Defects in ureteral continuity and function can originate from various etiologies such as stricture, radiotherapy, tuberculosis, tumor, trauma or perforation due to iatrogenic injury. The surgical options for the management of ureteral defects are complex and depend on the location of the defect. The aim of the surgical management of ureteral stricture is the reconstruction of an anti-refluxive and nonobstructive flow of urine to preserve kidney function. There are numerous possibilities for the reconstruction of ureteral defects ranging from ureteroneocystostomy with or without psoas-hitch- or Boari-flap to ileal ureteral replacement. Nearly all these techniques can either be done in open surgery or in a laparoscopically or robotic-assisted manner. The technique of robotic-assisted reconstruction of ureteral defects is challenging but offers a great opportunity. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of current surgical procedures in ureteric reconstruction.
Subject(s)
Cystostomy/methods , Ileum/surgery , Plastic Surgery Procedures/methods , Replantation/methods , Surgical Flaps , Ureter/surgery , Ureteral Obstruction/surgery , Urologic Surgical Procedures, Male/methods , Female , Humans , Laparoscopy , Retrospective Studies , Treatment Outcome , Ureter/abnormalities , Ureter/injuries , Ureteral Obstruction/etiologyABSTRACT
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have significantly improved the systemic therapy of metastatic disease in genitourinary malignancies. With the European Medicines Agency (EMA) approval of the antibodies nivolumab and pembrolizumab directed against programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) as well as the PD-L1 antibody atezolizumab, three agents are available for the treatment of metastatic urothelial carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma. This article describes the underlying mode of action of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade and other ICIs to activate the immune system for effective tumor rejection. Future therapeutic strategies are focusing on the combination of ICI with targeted therapies to enhance the immune defense, especially in the local tumor microenvironment. A further clinical need exists for the establishment of biomarkers to predict a therapy response under ICI, in particular for the role of the PD-L1 status. Biomarkers for predicting primary or acquired therapy resistance are also of clinical importance to enable good patient selection for ICI therapy.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Renal Cell , Carcinoma, Transitional Cell , Immunotherapy , Kidney Neoplasms , Carcinoma, Renal Cell/therapy , Humans , Immunotherapy/trends , Kidney Neoplasms/therapy , Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor , Tumor MicroenvironmentABSTRACT
After surgical resection of renal cell carcinoma by laparoscopic or open partial or complete nephrectomy, medical aftercare based on the current guidelines should be provided. This seems desirable, especially because one third of patients after initial curative tumor resection develop recurrence over time. In this article, the current recommendations for follow-up will be systematically presented based on the accepted German S3 guideline and the European Association of Urology (EAU) guideline. Another point of this article will be the presentation of the currently applied risk scores to predict prognosis with a focus on molecular markers. The goal is to improve the prediction of survival and to facilitate risk-adjusted aftercare.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Renal Cell/surgery , Kidney Neoplasms/surgery , Nephrectomy , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Laparoscopy , Neoplasm Recurrence, LocalABSTRACT
Only for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in a local stage curative treatment option by surgical resection exists. For metastatic disease the 5year survival rate decreases radically. A factor that contributes to this is the low sensibility to radiation and chemotherapeutics. Since the approval of the tyrosine kinase inhibitors in 2006 effective drugs for the treatment of mRCC is available. The specific inhibition of the vascular-endothelial-growth (VEGF)-receptor and the "mammalian Target of Rapamycin" (mTOR) leads to a prolongation of the progression-free survival as well as the overall survival rate. For a long time, the current target therapy with TKI appeared to be exhausted, but since recently research has gone a step further. Thus, Cabozantinib and Lenvatinib in the combination with Everolimus have been approved for second-line therapy in mRCC. For the first time a clinical study demonstrated positive results for an adjuvant treatment with sunitinib in patients with a high-risk RCC. Furthermore, in april 2016 the immune checkpoint inhibitor Nivolumab was approved for second-line therapy in mRCC in Germany. The following report examines briefly the current therapeutic recommendations, new findings and drug approvals and ongoing clinical trials.
