ABSTRACT
Changes in the methylation pattern in particular gene promoters as well as genetic sequence mutations play an important role in carcinogenesis. Molecular methods like pyrosequencing provide the specific analysis of these epigenetic and genetic modifications. In this review the relevance of these alterations for prostate cancer and the function of pyrosequencing will be described and explained on the basis of a search of the PubMed literature database. At present, in uro-oncology only a few studies outlining methylation in prostate cancer and pyrosequencing have been published. Nevertheless, it becomes evident that epigenetic mechanisms as well as specific gene sequence alterations have an impact on the carcinogenesis of prostate cancer and knowledge of these factors might open perspectives in diagnostic approaches of the future.
Subject(s)
Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics , DNA Mutational Analysis/trends , Genetic Markers/genetics , Genetic Testing/trends , Prostatic Neoplasms/diagnosis , Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics , Sequence Analysis, DNA/trends , Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics , Humans , Male , Medical Oncology/trends , Urology/trendsABSTRACT
Chronic inflammation seems of importance in multiple types of cancer. Numerous reports have revealed a potential link between chronic prostatatic inflammation and prostate cancer. The aim of this paper is to review the epidemiological, moprphological, molecular and clinical aspects of prostattic inflammation and prostate cancer.
Subject(s)
Prostatic Neoplasms/etiology , Prostatitis/complications , Aged , Atrophy , Cell Division/physiology , Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology , Chronic Disease , Cross-Sectional Studies , Free Radicals/metabolism , Humans , Male , Prostate/pathology , Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia/epidemiology , Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia/etiology , Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia/pathology , Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia/prevention & control , Prostatic Neoplasms/epidemiology , Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology , Prostatic Neoplasms/prevention & control , Prostatitis/epidemiology , Prostatitis/pathology , Risk Factors , Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial/complications , Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial/epidemiology , Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial/pathologyABSTRACT
In the age of nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy, rates of postoperative erectile dysfunction (ED) have significantly decreased. However, on comparing open retropubic, laparoscopic and robot-assisted procedures, none of these techniques seem to show specific advantages in this respect. PDE5 inhibitors are considered to be the gold standard in the first-line therapy of postoperative ED, as far as relevant contraindications can be excluded. Intraurethral and intracavernosal injections with prostaglandin E1 represent the second-line treatment. Implantation of penile prostheses still remains as the third-line and ultima ratio. Meanwhile, the administration of PDE5 inhibitors has been proven to be most effective. When applying this therapy regimen, these substances are highly useful when they are administered early after the intervention. After curative treatment of prostate cancer, testosterone substitution can be an efficient way to reduce hypo-gonadal symptoms in patients with manifest testosterone deficiency. It may even contribute to the improvement of post- interventional erectile disorders. According to the recent literature, testosterone substitution therapy is safe and does not show any additional risk of recurrence when there is a well considered indication and when patients are carefully selected.
