Using Simulation Education With Deliberate Practice to Teach Leadership and Resource Management Skills to Senior Resident Code Leaders.

BACKGROUND: Cardiopulmonary arrests are rare, high-stakes events that benefit from using crisis resource management (CRM). Simulation-based education with deliberate practice can promote skill acquisition. OBJECTIVE: We assessed whether using simulation-based education to teach CRM would lead to improved performance, compared to a lecture format. METHODS: We tested third-year internal medicine residents in simulated code scenarios. Participants were randomly assigned to simulation-based education with deliberate practice (SIM) group or lecture (LEC) group. We created a checklist of CRM critical actions (which includes announcing the diagnosis, asking for help/suggestions, and assigning tasks), and reviewed videotaped performances, using a checklist of skills and communications patterns to identify CRM skills and communication efforts. Subjects were tested in simulated code scenarios 6 months after the initial assessment. RESULTS: At baseline, all 52 subjects recognized distress, and 92% (48 of 52) called for help. Seventy-eight percent (41 of 52) did not succeed in resuscitating the simulated patient or demonstrate the CRM skills. After intervention, both groups (n  =  26 per group) improved. All SIM subjects announced the diagnosis compared to 65% LEC subjects (17 of 26, P  =  .01); 77% (20 of 26) SIM and 19% (5 of 26) LEC subjects asked for suggestions (P < .001); and 100% (26 of 26) SIM and 27% (7 of 26) LEC subjects assigned tasks (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The SIM intervention resulted in significantly improved team communication and cardiopulmonary arrest management. During debriefing, participants acknowledged the benefit of the SIM sessions.

Prevention of central venous catheter-related bloodstream infections: is it time to add simulation training to the prevention bundle?

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To study the impact of adding simulation-based education to the pre-intervention mandatory hospital efforts aimed at decreasing central venous catheter-related blood stream infections (CRBSI) in intensive care units (ICU). DESIGN: Pre- and post-intervention retrospective observational investigation. SETTING: 24-bed ICU and a 562-bed university-affiliated, urban teaching hospital. PATIENTS: ICU patients July 2004-June 2008 were studied for the development of central venous catheter related blood stream infections (CRBSI). MEASUREMENTS: ICU patients from July 2004-June 2008 were studied for the development of central venous catheter-related blood stream infections (CRBSI). PRE-INTERVENTION: mandatory staff and physician education began in 2004 to reduce CRBSI. The CRBSI-prevention program included online and didactic courses, and a pre- and post-test. Elements in the pre-intervention efforts included hand hygiene, full barrier precautions, use of Chlorhexidine skin preparation, and mask, gown, gloves, and hat protection for operators. A catheter-insertion cart containing all supplies and checklist were was a mandatory element of this program; a nurse was empowered to stop the procedure for non-performance of checklist items. INTERVENTION: As of July 1, 2006, a mandatory simulation-based program for all intern, resident, and fellow physicians was added to teach central venous catheter (CVC) insertion. MEASUREMENTS: Data collected pre- and post-intervention were CRBSI incidence, number of ICU catheter days, mortality, laboratory pathogen results, and costs. MAIN RESULTS: The pre-intervention CRBSI incidence of 6.47/1,000 catheter days was reduced significantly to 2.44/1,000 catheter days post-intervention (58%; P < 0.05), resulting in a $539,902 savings (USD; 47%), and was attributed to shorter ICU and hospital lengths of stay. CONCLUSIONS: Following simulation-based CVC program implementation, CRBSI incidence and costs were significantly reduced for two years post-intervention.

Does every code need a "reader?" improvement of rare event management with a cognitive aid "reader" during a simulated emergency: a pilot study.

INTRODUCTION: Prompt treatment is necessary to assure patient survival during crisis. Obstetric cardiac arrest (OCA) and malignant hyperthermia (MH) are rarely occurring crises. Cognitive aids (CAs) consolidate management and assist treatment decisions. We investigated a novel method to encourage resident physician CA use during simulated crises. METHODS: Resident physicians were examined during 31 simulated crises of OCA and MH. CAs reviewed in a prior lecture were placed on resuscitation carts. The confederate emergency management team consisted of two anesthesiologists, two critical care nurses, and a medical student who was assigned to act as the CA "Reader." If the subject failed to manage the crisis, the Reader would prompt the subject to use the CA. If the subject still failed to manage the crisis, the Reader would read the aid aloud to the subject. Steps were scored if completed; physiologic variables were recorded. Subject performance was examined before and after Reader introduction. RESULTS: OCA: No subjects performed all critical steps before introduction of the Reader. Twenty-two percent of Anesthesiology (AN) and 31% of Obstetrics (OB) trainees used the CA. MH: All subjects (AN) correctly diagnosed MH and administered the first dantrolene dose at 7.3 ± 2.5 minutes (PETCO2 72 ± 8 mm Hg, temperature 41.5 °C ± 1.3 °C) but skipped critical treatment steps. Thirty-three percent of subjects used the CA. After Reader introduction, all critical actions for both OCA and MH were completed. CONCLUSIONS: Reader introduction resulted in execution of all critical actions. During the debriefing of the simulated scenarios, subjects acknowledged the benefit of the Reader.

Delayed primary closure in damage control laparotomy: the value of the Wittmann patch.

Damage control laparotomy has become an accepted practice in trauma surgery. A number of methods leading to delayed primary closure of the abdomen have been advocated; complications are recognized with all these methods. The approach to staged repair using the Wittmann patch (Star Surgical Inc., Burlington, WI) combines the advantages of planned relaparotomy and open management, while minimizing the rate of complications. The authors hypothesized that use of the Wittmann patch would lead to a high rate of delayed primary closure of the abdomen. The patch consists of two sheets sutured to the abdominal fascia, providing for temporary closure. Advancement of the patch and abdominal exploration can be done at bedside. When the fascial edges can be reapproximated without tension, abdominal closure is performed. Twenty-six patients underwent staged abdominal closure during the study period. All were initially managed with intravenous bag closure. Eighty-three per cent (20 of 24) went on to delayed primary closure of the abdomen, with a mean time of 13.1 days from patch placement to delayed primary closure. The rate of closure using the Wittmann patch is equivalent to other commonly used methods and should be considered when managing patients with abdominal compartment syndrome or severe abdominal trauma.