ABSTRACT
The epidemiological pattern of gastrointestinal bleed in western countries has been steadily changing over the last few years given the rising prevalence of an elderly population. In a one year prospective study at a referral hospital in Zurich, Switzerland, hospitalised patients were investigated with regards to the epidemiology of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. Of 7406 hospitalisations, a total number of 224 GI bleeds were registered (53% women, mean age 71 +/- 16, 63% with relevant co morbidities). Of 197 patients with GI bleeds, 51% had upper and 37% lower gastrointestinal bleedings. 2% had concurrent upper and lower gastrointestinal bleedings and 10% remained unexplained. The following spectrum of lesions identified as bleeding sources was: 24% ulcer bleedings, 16% diverticular bleedings, 10% colitis, 10% esophagitis and 6% Mallory-Weiss lesions. The frequency of bleeds significantly increased with patient's age. In addition, diverticular bleeding in the elderly was highly associated with intake of Aspirin. The prognosis of gastrointestinal bleeding in elderly patients in this study was excellent with a bleeding associated mortality of only 3.1%.
Subject(s)
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/epidemiology , Age Factors , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Angiodysplasia/complications , Angiodysplasia/epidemiology , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/adverse effects , Aspirin/adverse effects , Colitis/complications , Colitis/epidemiology , Colorectal Neoplasms/complications , Colorectal Neoplasms/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Diverticulum/complications , Diverticulum/epidemiology , Duodenal Ulcer/complications , Duodenal Ulcer/epidemiology , Esophageal and Gastric Varices/complications , Esophageal and Gastric Varices/epidemiology , Female , Fibrinolytic Agents/adverse effects , Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/chemically induced , Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/etiology , Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/mortality , Hemorrhoids/complications , Hemorrhoids/epidemiology , Hospitalization , Humans , Male , Mallory-Weiss Syndrome/complications , Mallory-Weiss Syndrome/epidemiology , Middle Aged , Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage/epidemiology , Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage/etiology , Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/adverse effects , Prospective Studies , Sex Factors , Switzerland/epidemiologyABSTRACT
AIM OF STUDY: To investigate the short- and long-term outcome of patients with isolated lateral malleolar fracture type B treated with a single hemicerclage out of metallic wire or PDS cord. METHODS: Over an 8-year period 97 patients were treated with a single hemicerclage for lateral malleolar fracture type B and 89 were amenable to a follow-up after mean 39 months, including interview, clinical examination and X-ray controls. RESULTS: The median operation time was 35 minutes (range 15-85 min). X-ray controls within the first two postoperative days revealed an anatomical restoration of the upper ankle joint in all but one patient. The complication rate was 8%: hematoma (2 patients), wound infection (2), Sudeck's dystrophy (2) and deep vein thrombosis (1). Full weight-bearing was tolerated at median 6.0 weeks (range 2-26 weeks). No secondary displacement, delayed union or consecutive arthrosis of the upper ankle joint was observed. All but one patient had restored symmetric joint mobility. Ninety-seven percent of patients were satisfied or very satisfied with the outcome. Following bone healing, hemicerclage removal was necessary in 19% of osteosyntheses with metallic wire and in none with PDS cord. CONCLUSION: The single hemicerclage is a novel, simple and reliable osteosynthesis technique for isolated lateral type B malleolar fractures and may be considered as an alternative to the osteosynthesis procedures currently in use.
