ABSTRACT
A 96-well high-throughput cocrystal screening workflow has been developed consisting of solvent-mediated sonic blending synthesis and on-plate solid/solution stability characterization by XRPD. A strategy of cocrystallization screening in selected blend solvents including water mixtures is proposed to not only manipulate solubility of the cocrystal components but also differentiate physical stability of the cocrystal products. Caffeine-oxalic acid and theophylline-oxalic acid cocrystals were prepared and evaluated in relation to saturation levels of the cocrystal components and stability of the cocrystal products in anhydrous and hydrous solvents. AMG 517 was screened with a number of coformers, and solid/solution stability of the resulting cocrystals on the 96-well plate was investigated. A stability trend was observed and confirmed that cocrystals comprised of lower aqueous solubility coformers tended to be more stable in water. Furthermore, cocrystals which could be isolated under hydrous solvent blending condition exhibited superior physical stability to those which could only be obtained under anhydrous condition. This integrated HTS workflow provides an efficient route in an API-sparing approach to screen and identify cocrystal candidates with proper solubility and solid/solution stability properties.
Subject(s)
Benzothiazoles/chemistry , High-Throughput Screening Assays/methods , Pyrimidines/chemistry , Solvents/chemistry , X-Ray Diffraction/methods , Caffeine/chemistry , Crystallization , Drug Stability , Oxalic Acid/chemistry , Solubility , Theophylline/chemistryABSTRACT
mTOR is a critical regulator of cellular signaling downstream of multiple growth factors. The mTOR/PI3K/AKT pathway is frequently mutated in human cancers and is thus an important oncology target. Herein we report the evolution of our program to discover ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitors that demonstrate improved pharmacokinetic properties and selectivity compared to our previous leads. Through targeted SAR and structure-guided design, new imidazopyridine and imidazopyridazine scaffolds were identified that demonstrated superior inhibition of mTOR in cellular assays, selectivity over the closely related PIKK family and improved in vivo clearance over our previously reported benzimidazole series.
Subject(s)
Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Pyridazines/chemistry , Pyridines/chemistry , TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Animals , Benzimidazoles/chemistry , Binding Sites , Binding, Competitive , Crystallography, X-Ray , Drug Design , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Half-Life , Humans , Imidazoles/chemistry , Male , Mice , Microsomes, Liver/metabolism , Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism , Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Protein Structure, Tertiary , Pyridazines/chemical synthesis , Pyridazines/pharmacokinetics , Pyridines/chemical synthesis , Pyridines/pharmacokinetics , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Structure-Activity Relationship , TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolismABSTRACT
mTOR is part of the PI3K/AKT pathway and is a central regulator of cell growth and survival. Since many cancers display mutations linked to the mTOR signaling pathway, mTOR has emerged as an important target for oncology therapy. Herein, we report the discovery of triazine benzimidazole inhibitors that inhibit mTOR kinase activity with up to 200-fold selectivity over the structurally homologous kinase PI3Kα. When tested in a panel of cancer cell lines displaying various mutations, a selective inhibitor from this series inhibited cellular proliferation with a mean IC(50) of 0.41 µM. Lead compound 42 demonstrated up to 83% inhibition of mTOR substrate phosphorylation in a murine pharmacodynamic model.
Subject(s)
Benzimidazoles/pharmacology , Drug Discovery , TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Triazines/pharmacology , Benzimidazoles/chemistry , Cell Line, Tumor , Crystallography, X-Ray , Humans , Hydrogen Bonding , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Models, Molecular , Structure-Activity Relationship , Triazines/chemistryABSTRACT
Intrinsic dissolution, powder dissolution, and the pharmacokinetics (PK) of 12 carboxylic acid co-crystals of AMG 517 were determined and compared. Dissolution studies were performed in fasted simulated intestinal fluid (FaSIF). A control dissolution experiment was conducted with the free base in FaSIF plus sorbic acid to compare with the AMG 517 sorbic acid co-crystal (SRA). Suspension formulations in 1% polyvinylpyrrolidone K25 in water were administered orally at 100 mg/kg to rats. All co-crystals were found to have faster intrinsic and powder dissolution rates in FaSIF as well as higher area under the concentration-time curves (AUC) in rat PK investigations compared with the free base. The control dissolution experiment indicates that the increase in dissolution rate of SRA over the free base is not due to the presence of sorbic acid in the dissolution medium. Linear correlation of dissolution rate and AUC among the 12 co-crystals was moderate, indicating that in vitro dissolution is a valuable method to predict whether a co-crystal will improve the exposure of a poorly soluble pharmaceutical ingredient; however, in vivo testing may be required to determine the extent.
Subject(s)
Benzothiazoles/pharmacokinetics , Carboxylic Acids/pharmacokinetics , Pyrimidines/pharmacokinetics , Administration, Oral , Animals , Area Under Curve , Benzothiazoles/administration & dosage , Benzothiazoles/chemistry , Carboxylic Acids/administration & dosage , Carboxylic Acids/chemistry , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical , Crystallization , Drug Compounding , Male , Povidone/chemistry , Powders , Pyrimidines/administration & dosage , Pyrimidines/chemistry , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Solubility , Technology, Pharmaceutical/methodsABSTRACT
The dissolution and pharmacokinetics (PK) of two carboxylic acid co-crystals (cinnamic acid and benzoic acid) with the corresponding amide co-crystals (cinnamamide and benzamide) of AMG 517 were investigated. Powder and intrinsic dissolution studies were performed in fasted simulated intestinal fluid (FaSIF). Suspension formulations in 1% polyvinylpyrrolidone K25 in water were administered orally at 100 mg/kg to rats. The four co-crystals were found to have faster intrinsic and powder dissolution rates in FaSIF than the free base. This correlated with a 2.4- to 7.1-fold increase in the area under the concentration-time curve in rat PK investigations. When contrasting the acid to its corresponding amide co-crystal, cinnamamide shows improvement over cinnamic acid, while benzamide and benzoic acid perform similarly.
