The role of action prediction and inhibitory control for joint action coordination in toddlers.

From early in life, young children eagerly engage in social interactions. Yet, they still have difficulties in performing well-coordinated joint actions with others. Adult literature suggests that two processes are important for smooth joint action coordination: action prediction and inhibitory control. The aim of the current study was to disentangle the potential role of these processes in the early development of joint action coordination. Using a simple turn-taking game, we assessed 2½-year-old toddlers' joint action coordination, focusing on timing variability and turn-taking accuracy. In two additional tasks, we examined their action prediction capabilities with an eye-tracking paradigm and examined their inhibitory control capabilities with a classic executive functioning task (gift delay task). We found that individual differences in action prediction and inhibitory action control were distinctly related to the two aspects of joint action coordination. Toddlers who showed more precision in their action predictions were less variable in their action timing during the joint play. Furthermore, toddlers who showed more inhibitory control in an individual context were more accurate in their turn-taking performance during the joint action. On the other hand, no relation between timing variability and inhibitory control or between turn-taking accuracy and action prediction was found. The current results highlight the distinct role of action prediction and inhibitory action control for the quality of joint action coordination in toddlers. Underlying neurocognitive mechanisms and implications for processes involved in joint action coordination in general are discussed.

Online monitoring of cellular metabolism in the MCF-7 carcinoma cell line treated with phytoestrogen extracts.

BACKGROUND: Phytoestrogens are naturally occurring, plant-derived, nonsteroidal phytochemicals with anticarcinogenic potential. The aim of this study was to isolate phytoestrogens from the flax root of Linum usitatissimum and to test their effect on cellular metabolism in the human mammalian carcinoma cell line MCF-7 using the Bionas 2500 analysis system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Metabolically relevant parameters such as acidification, oxygen consumption and cell adhesion were registered continuously over 8 and 24 hours on six sensor chips in parallel at different concentrations of flax root extracts. RESULTS: The extracts from flax roots of L. usitatissimum reduced extracellular acidification, respiration and adhesion in a concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: The Bionas 2500 analysis system allows multiparametric online monitoring of cellular processes and can be used to detect the mode of action of anticarcinogenic compounds in cellular metabolism.