Monodisperse and LPS-free Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin: interactions with human ß2 integrins and erythrocytes.

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic cocco-bacillus and a frequent member of the human oral flora. It produces a leukotoxin, LtxA, belonging to the repeats-in-toxin (RTX) family of bacterial cytotoxins. LtxA efficiently kills neutrophils and mononuclear phagocytes. The known receptor for LtxA on leukocytes is integrin α(L)ß(2) (LFA-1 or CD11a/CD18). However, the molecular mechanisms involved in LtxA-mediated cytotoxicity are poorly understood, partly because LtxA has proven difficult to prepare for experiments as free of contaminants and with its native structure. Here, we describe a protocol for the purification of LtxA from bacterial culture supernatant, which does not involve denaturing procedures. The purified LtxA was monodisperse, well folded as judged by the combined use of synchrotron radiation circular dichroism spectroscopy (SRCD) and in silico prediction of the secondary structure content, and free of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. The analysis by SRCD and similarity to a lipase from Pseudomonas with a known three dimensional structure supports the presence of a so-called beta-ladder domain in the C-terminal part of LtxA. LtxA rapidly killed K562 target cells transfected to express ß(2) integrin. Cells expressing α(M)ß(2) (CD11b/CD18) or α(X)ß(2) (CD11c/CD18) were killed as efficiently as cells expressing α(L)ß(2). Erythrocytes, which do not express ß(2) integrins, were lysed more slowly. In ligand blotting experiments, LtxA bound only to the ß(2) chain (CD18). These data support a previous suggestion that CD18 harbors the major binding site for LtxA as well as identifies integrins α(M)ß(2) and α(X)ß(2) as novel receptors for LtxA.

Osteopontin enhances phagocytosis through a novel osteopontin receptor, the alphaXbeta2 integrin.

Osteopontin (OPN) is a cytokine with multiple functions, including immune defense mechanisms against invading microorganisms. OPN-deficient mice are impaired in clearing intracellular pathogens, suggesting an important role of OPN during phagocytosis, but it remains to be defined how OPN may enhance this innate immune process. Here, we demonstrate that OPN binds to monocytes, but not resting T cells, NK cells, or B cells, and mediates chemoattraction of IL-1-activated human monocytes. Moreover, OPN binds in a specific manner to all known serotypes of the two bacterial species Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus and opsonizes these bacteria for phagocytosis. We identify the integrin alpha(X)beta(2) (CD11c/CD18), which is highly expressed on the cell surface of monocytes, as a novel OPN receptor. To eliminate the contribution from other molecular interactions between the bacteria and the phagocyte, we show that OPN-coated synthetic beads are phagocytosed in an alpha(X)beta(2) integrin-dependent manner. The ligand recognition does not involve the RGD motif previously reported to support binding of OPN to integrins. Taken together, these data identify the alpha(X)beta(2) integrin as a novel OPN receptor that is required for OPN-mediated phagocytosis, thereby elucidating an important mechanism of an innate immune function of OPN.

Fast in vitro translation system immobilized on a surface via specific biotinylation of the ribosome.

The ribosome is the macromolecular machine responsible for translating the genetic code into polypeptide chains. Despite impressive structural and kinetic studies of the translation process, a number of challenges remain with respect to understanding the dynamic properties of the translation apparatus. Single-molecule techniques hold the potential of characterizing the structural and mechanical properties of macromolecules during their functional cycles in real time. These techniques often necessitate the specific coupling of biologically active molecules to a surface. Here, we describe a procedure for such coupling of functionally active ribosomes that permits single-molecule studies of protein synthesis. Oxidation with NaIO4 at the 3' end of 23S rRNA and subsequent reaction with a biotin hydrazide produces biotinylated 70S ribosomes, which can be immobilized on a streptavidin-coated surface. The surface-attached ribosomes are fully active in poly(U) translation in vitro, synthesizing poly(Phe) at a rate of 3-6 peptide bonds/s per active ribosome at 37 degrees C. Specificity of binding of biotinylated ribosomes to a streptavidin-coated quartz surface was confirmed by observation of individual fluorescently labeled, biotinylated 70S ribosomes, using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. Functional interactions of the immobilized ribosomes with various components of the protein synthesis apparatus are shown by use of surface plasmon resonance.

Structural insight into the function of myelin basic protein as a ligand for integrin alpha M beta 2.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease where phagocytic cells infiltrate the nerve tissue and act as terminal agents in destruction of the myelin sheath. However, the mechanism that triggers the ability of these cells to recognize myelin remains obscure. We show that myelin basic protein (MBP), a major autoantigen in MS, is a potent and specific ligand for the integrin alpha(M)beta(2) (Mac-1, CD11b/CD18) expressed mainly on phagocytic cells. MBP undergoes a dramatic conformational change when liberated from the lipid-rich environment of the myelin sheath. The MS drug glatiramer acetate mimics the conformationally labile regions of MBP, interacts in the unfolded state strongly with alpha(M)beta(2), and inhibits the MBP binding to alpha(M)beta(2). Our study reveals a link between MBP, glatiramer acetate, and the alpha(M)beta(2) integrin, and suggests a new model for MS pathogenesis based on the recognition of unfolded MBP by the alpha(M)beta(2) integrin.

[Effects of aluminum ions on the mouse protein synthesis in vivo and in vitro]. / Aliuminio jonu itaka peles baltymu sintezei in vivo ir in vitro.

Impact of aluminium ions on the translation process in mice liver, kidney, skeletal muscle and heart was investigated in vivo as well as on the protein synthesis in liver cell-free translation system in vitro. We find that at early stages of intoxication the effect of aluminium ions on protein synthesis in muscle tissues differs qualitatively from that one in liver or kidneys. Most noticeable aluminium-induced changes of protein synthesis in organs in vivo occur within the first 15-20 h after intoxication. We show that aluminium ions activates protein synthesis in liver and kidneys (at 8-16 h) while in skeletal muscle and heart does not. These results indirectly are supported by the data of experiments in vitro, which demonstrate that at low concentration aluminium ions activates protein synthesis in the cell-free translation system prepared from liver.