ABSTRACT
Given the widespread use and misuse of methamphetamine (METH) and methylphenidate (MPD), especially in relation to women of childbearing age, it is important to consider the long-lasting effects of these drugs on the brain of the developing fetus. Male and female C57Bl/6J mice were prenatally exposed to METH (5mg/kg), MPD (10mg/kg), or saline. Following a 3-month washout, behavioral analysis using the 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task (5CSRTT) was performed on adult mice. After reaching training criteria, performance on a pseudo-random intertrial interval test session revealed decrements in 5CSRTT behavior. Prenatally-treated METH and MPD mice demonstrated significant increases in impulsivity, compulsivity, and motivation for reward compared to their saline controls. There were sex by drug interactions indicating a possible sexually dimorphic response to these prenatal drug exposures. Of particular clinical interest, we find that mice prenatally exposed to METH or MPD express characteristics of both inhibitory control decrements and heightened motivation for rewards, which represent core symptoms of addiction and other impulse control disorders.
Subject(s)
Compulsive Behavior/chemically induced , Impulsive Behavior/chemically induced , Methamphetamine/adverse effects , Methylphenidate/adverse effects , Motivation/drug effects , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/psychology , Reward , Animals , Behavior, Animal/drug effects , Central Nervous System Stimulants/adverse effects , Female , Male , Mice , Pregnancy , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/chemically inducedABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV) represents a potential risk factor for squamous cell cancer of the head and neck (SCCHN). We evaluated the prevalence of HPV DNA in patients with SCCHN diagnosed at the University of Michigan from 1994-1996. METHODS: Patients were stratified by age at diagnosis as "young" (<50 years; median, 39) or "old" (>50 years; median, 66). Fourteen "young" and 14 "old" were matched for tumor site, and 4 additional "old" patients were included. Specimens were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction for HPV DNA using 2 sets of consensus primers. HPV sequences were confirmed by Southern blot hybridization and typed with type-specific probes. RESULTS: Overall, 15 of 32 (46.9%) samples contained HPV sequences. HPV 16 was detected in 9 of 15 (60%), HPV-18 in 1 of 15 (6.6%), and 5 of 15 (33.3%) remained untyped by multiple methods. When stratified, 7 of 14 (50%) "young" were HPV-positive compared with 8 of 18 (44.4%) "old" (p =.76). Survival in patients with HPV-positive SCCHN was significantly longer than that for HPV-negative patients. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of HPV in "young" versus "old" is not significantly different, suggesting similar roles for both groups. Patients with HPV-positive tumors may have a survival advantage relative to patients with HPV-negative tumors.
