Human volunteer, in vitro, and molecular level evaluation of an optimized taste-masked isoniazid-chitosan spray-dried microparticle matrix.

For the first time, isoniazid (INH) bitterness value, threshold, and sensitivity (low, moderate, high, and extremely high) was determined in six human volunteers. INH demonstrated a large range in bitterness sensitivity. The current work demonstrates the design of a taste-masked isoniazid (INH)-loaded chitosan microspheres (INH-LCM) using an ionic-gelation and spray drying technique. A 24 full factorial design with three center points was employed to optimize and study the independent variables (chitosan concentration, sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP)-volume, feed rate, and air inlet temperature) effects on the critical quality attributes (percent yield [PY] and entrapment efficiency [EE]). Statistically significant models were developed for PY (p = 0.0357; adjusted R2 = 0.6078) and EE (p = 0.0190; adjusted R2 = 0.6713). A multicriteria prediction profiler was utilized to determine the optimum formulation and process parameters. Two verification batches confirmed excellent predictability and lot-to-lot consistency. In vitro dissolution was used to evaluate the taste masking ability of INH-LCM. The in vitro dissolution test of the optimized INH-LCM suggested that taste masking would be accomplished for the "low" and "moderate" bitterness taste sensitivity groups. Further in vitro and human volunteer taste panel studies with INH-LCM are required for better understand the potential taste masking capability for the "high" and "extremely high" bitterness taste sensitivity groups. The in vitro dissolution method and FTIR data analysis support that TPP crosslinked chitosan may provide taste masking by two mechanisms: (1) acts as a physical barrier and delays INH dissolution; and (2) provides a chemical barrier by forming hydrogen bonds between INH's bitter tasting amino group and chitosan.

Vegetable-derived magnesium stearate functionality evaluation by DM(3) approach.

This study quantifies the lubricating efficiency of two grades of crystalline vegetable-derived magnesium stearate (MgSt-V) using the DM(3) approach, which utilizes design of experiments (D) and multivariate analysis techniques (M3) to evaluate the effect of a material's (M1) molecular and macroscopic properties and manufacturing factors (M2) on critical product attributes. A 2(3) factorial design (2 continuous variables plus 1 categorical factor) with three center points for each categorical factor was used to evaluate the effect of MgSt-V fraction and blend time on running powder basic flow energy (BFE), tablet mechanical strength (TMS), disintegration time (DT), and running powder lubricant sensitivity ratio (LSR). Molecular characterization of MgSt-V employed moisture sorption-desorption analysis, (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and powder X-ray diffraction. MgSt-V macroscopic analysis included mean particle size, specific surface area, particle morphology, and BFE. Principal component analysis and partial least squares multivariate analysis techniques were used to develop predictive qualitative and quantitative relationships between the molecular and macroscopic properties of MgSt-V grades, design variables, and resulting tablet formulation properties. MgSt-V fraction and blending time and their square effects showed statistical significant effects. Significant variation in the molecular and macroscopic properties of MgSt-V did not have a statistically significant impact on the studied product quality attributes (BFE, TMS, DT, and LSR). In setting excipient release specifications, functional testing may be appropriate in certain cases to assess the effect of statistically significant different molecular and macroscopic properties on product quality attributes.

Physico-Mechanical Properties of Coprocessed Excipient MicroceLac® 100 by DM(3) Approach.

PURPOSE: To determine the effect of relative humidity (RH) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) on the physico-mechanical properties of coprocessed MacroceLac(®) 100 using 'DM(3)' approach. METHODS: Effects of RH and 5% w/w HPMC on MacroceLac(®) 100 Compressibility Index (CI) and tablet mechanical strength (TMS) were evaluated by 'DM(3)'. The 'DM(3)' approach evaluates material properties by combining 'design of experiments', material's 'macroscopic' properties, 'molecular' properties, and 'multivariate analysis' tools. A 4X4 full-factorial experimental design was used to study the relationship of MacroceLac(®) 100 molecular properties (moisture content, dehydration, crystallization, fusion enthalpy, and moisture uptake) and macroscopic particle size and shape on CI and TMS. A physical binary mixture (PBM) of similar composition to MacroceLac(®) 100 was also evaluated. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), principle component analysis, and partial least squares (PLS) were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: MANOVA CI ranking was: PBM-HPMC > PBM > MicroceLac(®)100 > MicroceLac(®)100-HPMC (p < 0.0001). MANOVA showed PBM's and PBM-HPMC's TMS values were lower than MicroceLac(®)100 and MicroceLac(®)100-HPMC (p < 0.0001). PLS showed that % RH, HPMC, and several molecular properties significantly affected CI and TMS. CONCLUSIONS: Significant MicroceLac(®)100 changes occurred with % RH exposure affecting performance attributes. HPMC physical addition did not prevent molecular or macroscopic matrix changes.

Application of multivariate methods to evaluate the functionality of bovine- and vegetable-derived magnesium stearate.

This work distinguishes and quantifies the effects of bovine- and vegetable-derived magnesium stearate (MgSt) molecular and macroscopic properties on lubrication efficiency using multivariate analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least-square regression (PLS) were used to evaluate and quantify the lubricant effectiveness on a model tablet formulation. PCA score and loading plots showed a separation of model formulations based on the MgSt sources, which indicated different bovine- and vegetable-derived MgSt lubrication potential. PLS quantified the MgSt molecular [enthalpy of dehydration (ΔHd), enthalpy of melting (ΔHm), percent crystallinity, and moisture content] and macroscopic [particle size (d50 ), specific surface area (SSA-MgSt), and MgSt Hausner ratio (HF-MgSt)] properties, their interactions, and square effects on formulation powder flow and tableting properties relating to MgSt's lubrication effectiveness. For crystalline MgSt, moisture content, HF-MgSt, d50 , and SSA-MgSt showed a major influence on the lubrication efficiency compared with the other MgSt molecular properties (percent crystallinity, ΔHm, and ΔHd). Amorphous MgSt showed poor lubrication, and none of its molecular or macroscopic properties showed significant effects on lubrication efficiency.