ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TIRADS) was created to assess risk of thyroid nodules through ultrasound. Plenty classifications methods for thyroid nodules have already been created, but none of them have yet achieved global utilization. This study analyzed the performance of the American College of Radiology (ACR) TIRADS, its reproducibility and the impact of its utilization as a screening method in a large Cancer Center cohort. METHODS: Thyroid nodules which underwent fine-needle aspiration (FNA) in a 1-year period were selected, with their ultrasound images retrospectively classified according to the ACR TI-RADS. Cytological evaluation of the nodules and final histology (whenever available) was used to assess risk of neoplasm (RON) and risk of malignancy (ROM) associated to each ACR-TIRADS category. Further analyses were also carried out according to recommendation or not of FNA by the ACR-TIRADS and nodule size. Inter-observer agreement for the system was also assessed. RESULTS: A total of 1112 thyroid nodules were included. RON for each category according to final cytological diagnosis was 0% for TR1 and TR2, 2.1% for TR3; 15.6% for TR4 and 68.9% for TR5. No significant difference was observed between the RON of the categories for cases above or below 1.0 cm. Nodules that met the criteria for FNA had 3 times greater chance of a positive outcome. Substantial agreement (kappa 0.77) was seen between two different observers. CONCLUSIONS: ACR TI-RADS scoring system has demonstrated to be an accurate method to stratify thyroid nodules in a Cancer Center, with a high reproducibility.
Subject(s)
Thyroid Neoplasms , Thyroid Nodule , Early Detection of Cancer , Humans , Reproducibility of Results , Retrospective Studies , Thyroid Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology , Thyroid Nodule/diagnostic imaging , Thyroid Nodule/pathology , Ultrasonography/methodsABSTRACT
Primary bone lymphoma is a rare neoplasm that can initially present as local pain, a palpable mass, and pathologic fracture. It can also be discovered as an incidental finding on an imaging examination. It is defined as a bone marrow tumor with no involvement of other sites, lasting at least six months. The diagnosis is confirmed by biopsy and immunohistochemical analysis. Although the imaging characteristics are nonspecific, there are certain findings that, when correlated with clinical and epidemiological aspects, can increase the level of suspicion of primary bone lymphoma. The classic imaging aspect is a bone lesion with a soft-tissue component that preserves the cortical layer more than would be expected given the invasive nature of the lesion. Magnetic resonance imaging is the best imaging method to evaluate the extent of involvement of adjacent compartments, whereas computed tomography depicts the cortical layer in greater detail, as well as being an important tool for biopsy guidance. Other imaging modalities are also discussed, such as X-ray, ultrasound, bone scintigraphy, and positron emission tomography/computed tomography. The aim of this paper is to describe the most common findings obtained with the various imaging methods used in patients with a confirmed diagnosis of primary bone lymphoma.
Linfoma ósseo primário é uma neoplasia rara, apresentando-se com dor, massa palpável e fratura patológica ou, ainda, como achado incidental em exames de imagem. É definido por tumor medular ósseo com ausência de acometimento de outros sítios por pelo menos seis meses, sendo confirmado por biópsia e avaliação imuno-histoquímica. As características de imagem são inespecíficas, mas alguns achados, quando associados a outros aspectos clinicoepidemiológicos, podem ajudar e aumentar o nível de suspeição para esta entidade. Lesão óssea com componentes de partes moles e relativa preservação cortical maior que a esperada configura uma das principais características de linfoma ósseo primário. A ressonância magnética é o melhor método de imagem para avaliar a extensão da lesão óssea para os compartimentos de partes moles, enquanto a tomografia computadorizada avalia com detalhes a cortical óssea, sendo também uma ferramenta importante para orientação de biópsias. Outras modalidades de imagem também são discutidas, como radiografia, ultrassonografia, cintilografia óssea e tomografia por emissão de pósitrons/tomografia computadorizada. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever os achados mais frequentes nos diferentes métodos de imagem utilizados em pacientes com linfoma ósseo primário com diagnóstico confirmado em um centro oncológico de referência.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Primary bone lymphoma is a rare neoplasm that can initially present as local pain, a palpable mass, and pathologic fracture. It can also be discovered as an incidental finding on an imaging examination. It is defined as a bone marrow tumor with no involvement of other sites, lasting at least six months. The diagnosis is confirmed by biopsy and immunohistochemical analysis. Although the imaging characteristics are nonspecific, there are certain findings that, when correlated with clinical and epidemiological aspects, can increase the level of suspicion of primary bone lymphoma. The classic imaging aspect is a bone lesion with a soft-tissue component that preserves the cortical layer more than would be expected given the invasive nature of the lesion. Magnetic resonance imaging is the best imaging method to evaluate the extent of involvement of adjacent compartments, whereas computed tomography depicts the cortical layer in greater detail, as well as being an important tool for biopsy guidance. Other imaging modalities are also discussed, such as X-ray, ultrasound, bone scintigraphy, and positron emission tomography/computed tomography. The aim of this paper is to describe the most common findings obtained with the various imaging methods used in patients with a confirmed diagnosis of primary bone lymphoma.
Resumo Linfoma ósseo primário é uma neoplasia rara, apresentando-se com dor, massa palpável e fratura patológica ou, ainda, como achado incidental em exames de imagem. É definido por tumor medular ósseo com ausência de acometimento de outros sítios por pelo menos seis meses, sendo confirmado por biópsia e avaliação imuno-histoquímica. As características de imagem são inespecíficas, mas alguns achados, quando associados a outros aspectos clinicoepidemiológicos, podem ajudar e aumentar o nível de suspeição para esta entidade. Lesão óssea com componentes de partes moles e relativa preservação cortical maior que a esperada configura uma das principais características de linfoma ósseo primário. A ressonância magnética é o melhor método de imagem para avaliar a extensão da lesão óssea para os compartimentos de partes moles, enquanto a tomografia computadorizada avalia com detalhes a cortical óssea, sendo também uma ferramenta importante para orientação de biópsias. Outras modalidades de imagem também são discutidas, como radiografia, ultrassonografia, cintilografia óssea e tomografia por emissão de pósitrons/tomografia computadorizada. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever os achados mais frequentes nos diferentes métodos de imagem utilizados em pacientes com linfoma ósseo primário com diagnóstico confirmado em um centro oncológico de referência.
