ABSTRACT
This paper details various rapid and sensitive methods for the extraction and derivatisation of propranolol, metoprolol, sotalol, atenolol, pindolol, timolol, oxprenolol, alprenolol and penbutolol in equine urine and in human post mortem whole blood and urine. Three solid-phase extraction methods are described involving the use of either XtrackT XRDAH515, Bond Elut Certify or Sep-Pak C18 cartridges. Two derivatisation methods are also described involving the formation of cyclised silyl or pentafluoropropionate derivatives with either chloromethyldimethylchlorosilane or pentafluoropropionic anhydride, respectively. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry analysis was carried out in select-ion monitoring mode. All these methods were evaluated using drug-free human post mortem blood, urine and equine urine fortified at various levels with the beta-blockers mentioned above. The application of some of these methods on a forensic case study is also presented. This work does not include samples from equine administration trials of beta-blockers.
Subject(s)
Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/analysis , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methods , Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/blood , Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/urine , Animals , Horses , Humans , Ions , Postmortem ChangesABSTRACT
A survey of the concentrations of cortisol in blood and urine samples taken from thoroughbred and standardbred horses after racing is presented. Statistical analysis showed the only significant difference between thoroughbred and standardbred horses was a higher cortisol concentration in thoroughbred urine. Urine volume and pH had no significant influence on the urinary cortisol concentration, however 9.5% of the urinary cortisol variation could be explained due to the influence of plasma cortisol concentration. The results of cortisol and ACTH administrations are also shown and compared with the survey results.
Subject(s)
Horses/metabolism , Hydrocortisone/metabolism , Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/pharmacology , Animals , Female , Horses/blood , Horses/urine , Hydrocortisone/blood , Hydrocortisone/pharmacokinetics , Hydrocortisone/urine , Kinetics , Reference ValuesABSTRACT
A classification system is described for drugs using thin-layer chromatography (TLC), gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry. The TLC classifications are based on division of the plate into zones relative to a set of mixed drug standards. The GLC classification is based on Kovats' retention indices. The procedure for classifying drugs is presented, together with a list of over 200 classified drugs.
